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    Errors in Measurement

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    gilitig885
    ERRORS IN SENSORS

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Errors in Measurement

    Uploaded by

    gilitig885
    8 views14 pages
    ERRORS IN SENSORS

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    ERRORS IN SENSORS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views14 pages

    Errors in Measurement

    Uploaded by

    gilitig885
    ERRORS IN SENSORS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    Errors in Measurement

    w Limiting Errors (Guarantee Errors)


    w Known Error
    Classification

    Gross Systematic Or Random Or


    Error Cumulative Residual Or
    Error Accidental
    Error

    Instrumental Environmental Observational


    1
    Gross Error
    w Human Mistakes in reading , recording and
    calculating measurement results.
    w The experimenter may grossly misread the
    scale.
    w E.g.: Due to oversight instead of 21.5oC,
    they may read as 31.5oC
    They may transpose the reading while
    recording (like reading 25.8oC and
    record as 28.5oC)
    2
    Systematic Errors
    w INSTRUMENTAL ERROR: These errors arise due
    to 3 reasons-
    • Due to inherent short comings in the instrument
    • Due to misuse of the instrument
    • Due to loading effects of the instrument
    w ENVIRONMENTAL ERROR: These errors are due
    to conditions external to the measuring device. These
    may be effects of temperature, pressure, humidity,
    dust or of external electrostatic or magnetic field.
    w OBSERVATIONAL ERROR: The error on account
    of parallax is the observational error.
    3
    Residual error
    This is also known as residual error. These
    errors are due to a small factors which
    change or fluctuate from one measurement
    to another.
    The happenings or disturbances about which
    we are unaware are lumped together and
    called “Random” or “Residual”. Hence the
    errors caused by these are called random or
    residual errors.
    4
    Arithmetic Mean
    w The most probable value of measured variable is
    the arithmetic mean of the number of readings
    taken.
    x1  x2  .....xn  x
    w It is given by x  n

    n
    Where x = arithmetic mean
    w x1,x2,.. x3= readings of samples
    w n= number of readings

    5
    Deviation
    w Deviation is departure of the observed reading
    from the arithmetic mean of the group of readings.

    d 1  x1  X
    d 2  x2  X
    d 3  x3  X
    d n  xn  X
    d 1  d 2  d 3  .....  d n  0
    ie
     ( x 1  X )  ( x 2  X )  ( x 3  X )  ..  ( x n  X )
     ( x 1  x 2  x 3  ...  x n )  n X
     nX  nX  0
    6
    Standard Deviation

    w The standard deviation of an infinite number of


    data is defined as the square root of the sum of the
    individual deviations squared divided by the
    number of readings.

    S .D   
    2 2 2
    d  d  d  ...  d
    1 2 3
    2
    4

     d 2

     20 observatio n 
    n n

    S .D  s 
    2 2 2
    d  d  d  ...  d
    1 2 3
    2
    4

     d 2

     20 observatio n 
    n 1 n 1

    7
    Variance

    Variance  S .D   
    2 2

     d 2

    n
     20observation 
    Variance  S .D   s
    2 2

     d 2

    n 1
     20observation 
    8
    Probable Error

    w Probable error of one reading(r1)=0.6745s


    w Probable error of mean (rm)

    r1
    rm 
    n1

    9
    Problem
    Question: The following 10 observation were
    recorded when measuring a voltage:
    41.7,42.0,41.8,42.0,42.1,
    41.9,42.0,41.9,42.5,41.8 volts.
    1. Mean
    2. Standard Deviation
    3. Probable Error
    4. Range.
    10
    Answer

    w Mean=41.97 volt
    w S.D=0.22 volt
    w Probable error=0.15 volt
    w Range=0.8 volt.

    11
    Calibration
    w Calibration of all instruments is important since it
    affords the opportunity to check the instruments
    against a known standard and subsequently to find
    errors and accuracy.
    w Calibration Procedure involve a comparison of the
    particular instrument with either
    Ø a Primary standard
    Ø a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than
    the instrument to be calibrated.
    Ø an instrument of known accuracy.
    12
    Standards

    A standard is a physical representation of


    a unit of measurement. The term ‘standard’
    is applied to a piece of equipment having a
    known measure of physical quantity.

    13
    Types of Standards
    – International Standards (defined based on
    international agreement )

    – Primary Standards (maintained by national standards


    laboratories)

    – Secondary Standards ( used by industrial


    measurement laboratories)

    – Working Standards ( used in general laboratory)

    14

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