International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 2021, pp. 520~531

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp520-531  520

Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS

based on SCIG

Bouhenna Amina1, Khodja Mohammed2, Merabet Boulouiha Houari3

1Institute
of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, LGIDD Laboratory, Ahmed Zabana
University Center of Relizane, Relizane, Algeria
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmed Zabana University Center of Relizane, Relizane, Algeria
3Department of Electrical Engineering, National Polytechnic School of Oran – Maurice Audin, ENPO-MA, Oran, Algeria

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper proposes a high-order sliding mode control (HO-SMC) with the
super-twisting (ST) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
Received Jul 21, 2020 and grid-connected wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on
Revised Jan 21, 2021 squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG). The main features of this control
Accepted Feb 11, 2021 strategy are attenuation of the chattering phenomenon inherent in first-order
sliding mode control and its robustness against external and internal
disturbances encountered by the wind power system. The simulation is
Keywords: carried out under SimPowerSystems of MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the
performance and effectiveness of the proposed control compared with
IRFOC conventional and fuzzy logic proportional-integral (PI) controllers for three
MPPT different scenarios of disturbances, a fluctuating wind speed, a grid voltage
SCIG drop, and parametric variations.
ST algorithm
Sim power systems This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
WECS

Corresponding Author:
Bouhenna Amina
Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering
Laboratoire de Génie Industriel et Développement Durable (LGIDD)
Ahmed Zabana University Center of Relizane
P.O Box, 48000, Bourmadia, Relizane, Algeria
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity generation from the kinetic energy of the wind is the most widespread renewable energy
source in the world. This development is due to the increase in source demand for clean and non-polluting
electrical energy. However, the integration of more electricity production from wind turbines may cause
some disturbances with a negative impact on the stability of the grid and the quality of the electrical energy
produced [1]. Therefore, the development of new control strategies for the wind power system is becoming a
necessity, to mitigate the problems related to the quality of this energy and to ensure that the WECS remains
insensible to internal and external disturbances, which degrade the system performance and may even lead to
instability. The powers control in WECS is complex since it is related to several variables such as wind speed
fluctuations, parametric variations of the induction generator, which can make a linear control ineffective,
and the sudden drop of voltage at the grid since it produces high peak currents on the electrical circuits, so
the converters may be damaged. To solve these problems, and to ensure the robustness of the system against
various disturbances, many works are proposed in the literature [2]-[6]. The researchers in [5] propose a
direct torque control (DTC) to estimate the torque and flux following the desired speed, while the integral
back-stepping controllers (IBC) for the control of the machine side converter (MSC) in WECS is used to
regulate the speed of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PSMG) in [6]. Among the different

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  521

nonlinear control schemes, the authors in [7]-[9] have introduced sliding mode control (SMC), which could
improve the dynamic of the WECS. The SMC is considered robust against external and internal disturbances,
but it produces undesirable chattering and does not stabilize perforce in a finite time. Thus, in [9] using
nonlinear perturbation observers for WECS based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), a robust SMC
is suggested to improve fault ride-through (FRT), while a high-order SMC, which comprises second-order
(SO-SMC), is developed to mitigate chattering, hence reducing mechanical stresses and ensured better
performances [10]-[14]. Indeed, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control based on voltage-mode
second-order fast terminal SMC (SO-FTSMC) is proposed to optimize the performance in the power
extraction from PMSG based on WECS [12]. Whereas the regulation of the power produced by the generator
for a DFIG based wind turbine (WT) is studied using a SO-SMC [13]. Using an HO-SMC applied in the grid
side converter (GSC) in case of grid faults, the FRT ability of a DFIG based WT is assessed in [14].
The super-twisting sliding mode control (ST-SMC) is an especial case of the HO-SMC. It was
initiated first in [15] for the servo-control system of relative degree equal to one. Its main advantage is that it
needs only information on the sliding surface and not its derivative. It has been used in several publications
to improve the control of WECS [16]-[19]. In [20], the ST sliding mode direct power control is suggested to
control the active and reactive powers of Brushless-DFIG (BDFIG) without using an inner current loop
regulator and phase-locked loop. Furthermore, a robust ST-SMC for WECS is described in [21] to optimize
the aerodynamic torque and the extracted power. To regulate the DC-link voltage, especially in grid fault
conditions, [22] presents the ST-SMC for the gearless high-inertia PMSG-based wind turbine. The same
approach with MPPT control of WECS based on DFIG is proved able to control the active power, track the
maximum power point and regulate the reactive power [23], while in [24], an HO-SMC based on the ST
algorithm of the BDFIG based WECS, is proposed for the stator side converter control. However, the grid-
side converter (GSC) is supervised by classical PI control. The integral ST-SMC (ISTSMC) is used in [25] to
eliminate chattering and improve the robustness and convergence of the induction machine speed.
Compared with these recently published researches, this paper proposes a new robust control
strategy of the global system, allowing the extraction of the maximum power from the wind at low and
medium wind speed ranges, the optimization of the active power transfer to the grid with a unity power factor
and a fixed DC-link voltage. Unlike the previously cited works, which used different controls for MSC and
GSC, the novelty of this paper is the injection of ST-SMC into the overall control system, since the variable
speed WECS based on SCIG is a variable structure system and subject to many constraints, difficult to
control using general concepts. In addition, the association of the WECS based SCIG became very attractive
with the improvement of power electronics and lower cost of squirrel-cage machines, which are of robust
construction and requiring less maintenance. The contribution of the paper is to improve greatly the
effectiveness of the WECS based on SCIG with MPPT control by implementing the ST-SMC for the
regulation of the induction generator speed, the DC-link voltage as well as the direct and quadrature currents
of the grid. The proposed control strategy ensures the reduction of the chattering phenomenon inherent in
first-order SMC and the robustness of the system against external and internal disturbances such as the
effects of fluctuating wind speed, grid fault conditions, and parametric variations.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the wind turbine modeling with the MPPT
control and the indirect rotor field-oriented control (IRFOC) of SCIG. Section 3 presents the implementation
of ST-SMC. Section 4 shows the simulation results of the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed
control strategy compared with the conventional PI controller, which is the most popular strategy
implemented in many industrial applications and Fuzzy Logic PI controller under SimPowerSystems of
MATLAB/Simulink. Finally, in section 5, conclusions are presented.

2. PROPOSED CONFIGURATION OF THE SYSTEM

Variable speed WT configuration based on SCIG with the control system is shown in Figure 1. A
back-to-back (BTB) converters topology of control based on IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) in
the wind power system based on SCIG, with few electronics components, presents a technical advantage
through large controllability capacity [1]. A three-bladed wind turbine is coupled to SCIG through a gearbox
while the stator of SCIG is connected to the grid via two BTB converters. On one side, the ST-SMC regulates
the speed of SCIG by adjusting the generator torque to track the speed reference value obtained by the MPPT
control. Then, the IRFOC of Figure 2 generates the switching signals based on the technique of hysteresis
current regulator that regulates the SCIG voltage and achieves the maximum power extraction. On another
side, the SCIG’s output is converted into DC by MSC, which charges a capacitor C. The grid side objectives
are to maintain the DC-link voltage on the capacitor fixed to ensure connection to the electrical grid with a
unity power factor and maximum active power transfer. The power flow between the grid and the GSC,

Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS based on SCIG (Bouhenna Amina)
522  ISSN:2088-8694

driven by the PWM technique, is regulated through the d-q axis grid currents and the DC-link voltage control
based on the ST-SMC.

MSC DC Link GSC

SCIG
C

Wind iabc_g

iabc
Ω vdc vabc
*
Ω -
v Σ
+ Te v*dc i*q=0
Wind Speed

Figure 1. Wind turbine system based on SCIG with the control system

2.1. Modeling of the wind turbine with MPPT control

The mechanical output power of the wind-turbine is given by the (1) [26]-[28]:

𝜌 𝜋 𝑅2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽)𝑣 3 (1)
2

where 𝐶𝑝 is the coefficient of power conversion and 𝑣 is the wind speed (m/s). To model 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽), which is a
function of the tip speed ratio 𝜆 and the blade pitch angle 𝛽, the (2), (3), (4) can be used:
21
116
𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) = 0.5176 ( − 0.4 𝛽 − 5) 𝑒 𝜆𝑖 + 0.0068 𝜆 (2)
𝜆 𝑖

1 1 0.035
= − (3)
𝜆𝑖 𝜆+0.08𝛽 𝛽 3 +1

𝑅 Ωt
𝜆= (4)
𝑣

where Ωt (rad/s) denotes the mechanical speed of the turbine. The rotor radius 𝑅 = 10.5 m and the air
density 𝜌 = 1.225 Kg/m3. The maximum value of 𝐶𝑝 , (𝐶𝑝ℳ = 0.48) is achieved for 𝛽 = 0 and the optimal
tip speed ratio 𝜆ℴ = 8.1 .
The maximum power 𝑃𝑡ℳ from the wind is obtained through the MPPT control as (5):

𝑃𝑡ℳ = 𝐾𝑃ℴ Ωℴ𝑡 3 (5)

where Ωℴ𝑡 is the optimal mechanical speed and 𝐾𝑃ℴ is an optimal gain.

2.2. Indirect rotor field oriented control of SCIG

The (6) and (7) describe the stator voltages components (𝑉𝑠𝑑 , 𝑉𝑠𝑞 )in the two-axis d-q reference
frame, where 𝜔𝑠 and 𝜔𝑟 denote respectively the stator synchronous speed and the rotor angular speed, 𝑖𝑠𝑑 and
𝑖𝑠𝑞 represent the stator currents components in d-q reference frame. The rotor flux 𝜙𝑟 in (9) is oriented on the
d-axis such as 𝜙𝑟𝑑 = 𝜙𝑟 and 𝜙𝑟𝑞 = 0 [26]. 𝑇𝑒 is the electromagnetic torque of the SCIG. The block diagram
of IRFOC of SCIG is presented in Figure 2.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑑
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑑 + 𝜎𝐿𝑠 − 𝜎𝐿𝑠 𝜔𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑞 (6)
𝑑𝑡

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  523

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑞 𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑠𝑞 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑞 + 𝜎𝐿𝑠 + 𝜎𝐿𝑠 𝜔𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑑 + 𝜔𝑠 𝜙𝑟 (7)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑟

𝐿𝑚 𝐿𝑟
𝜔𝑟 = 𝑖 ; 𝜔𝑠 = 𝜔𝑟 + p Ω ; 𝜃̇𝑠 = 𝜔𝑠 ; 𝑇𝑟 = (8)
𝑇𝑟 𝜙𝑟 𝑠𝑞 𝑅𝑟

𝐿𝑟
𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑠𝑑 = 𝜙̇𝑟 + 𝜙𝑟 (9)
𝑅𝑟

1.5 𝑝 𝐿𝑚 𝜙𝑟
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑖𝑠𝑞 (10)
𝐿𝑟

The SCIG’s parameters are: stator resistance 𝑅𝑠 =14.85mΩ, rotor resistance 𝑅𝑟 = 9.295 mΩ, rotor
leakage inductance 𝐿𝑙𝑟 = 0.3027 mH, stator leakage inductance 𝐿𝑙𝑠 = 0.3027 mH, cyclic mutual inductance
𝐿𝑚 = 10.46 mH, dispersion coefficient 𝜎 = 0.055, inertia 𝐽 = 3.1 Kg/m2, viscous friction coefficient 𝑓 =
0.08 Nm/(rad/s), number of pole pairs 𝑝 = 2 and the rated power 𝑃𝑛 = 149.2 kW [26].
In the steady state, (9) becomes (11):

𝑐 1
𝑖𝑠𝑑 = 𝜙𝑟 (11)
𝐿𝑚

The defluxing bloc in Figure 2, is defined by (12) where 𝜙𝑛 denotes the nominal flux value and Ωn
is the nominal rotor speed.

𝜙𝑛 , |Ω| ≤ Ωn
𝜙𝑟 = {Ωn (12)
𝜙 , |Ω| > Ωn
|Ω| 𝑛

Flux
Calculation

r eq. (8) isd

θs
Calculation
iabc_g iabc isd
Ω
Ω r θs θs isq
Rotor Speed
isq eq. (9)
abc to dq
transformation

p 2

θs
to Hysteresis
pΩ r r
eq. (11)
isdc isdc iabcc Current
eq. (12) Regulator

r Defluxing isdc Calculation

isqc isqc
Te Te eq. (22)
Torque Control
dq to abc
isqc transformation
Calculation

Figure 2. IRFOC representation of SCIG

3. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF THE GENERATOR AND CONVERTERS

3.1. High-order sliding mode control with the ST algorithm steps
The following steps describe how the algorithm works.
Step 1: Write the nonlinear dynamics of the system as follows: 𝜂̇ = 𝑓(𝑡, 𝜂, 𝑢) where 𝑡, 𝜂, 𝑢 are respectively
the time, the state variable and the input of the system.
Step 2: Choose the sliding surface 𝑆 = 𝜂 − 𝜂 ∗ to achieve the control objective by following the optimal
reference 𝜂 ∗ .
Step 3: Define the first derivative 𝑆̇.
Step 4: Write the second derivative 𝑆̈ in the following form 𝑆̈ = Γ(𝑡, 𝜂) + Ψ(𝑡, 𝜂)𝑢̇ (𝑡) .
Step 5: Use the HO-SMC with the ST algorithm under the transition conditions: 𝑘𝑚 ≤ |Ψ| ≤ 𝐾𝑀 , |Γ| ≤ 𝐶𝑖 ,
𝛼 > 𝐶𝑖 ⁄ 𝑘𝑚 and 𝛾 > √2(𝛼 𝐾𝑀 + 𝐶𝑖 )⁄ 𝑘𝑚 where 𝐶𝑖 , 𝑘𝑚 , 𝐾M are positives constants [13], [14], [16]-[25].

Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS based on SCIG (Bouhenna Amina)
524  ISSN:2088-8694

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢1 (𝑡) − 𝛾√|𝑆| 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆)

{ (13)
𝑢̇ 1 (𝑡) = −𝛼 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆)

Step 6: Implement (13) and choose by simulations tests, the control gains 𝛼 and 𝛾, which verify the
conditions cited in step 5.
This control law contains two terms. The first term is a discontinuous function of the sliding surface,
and the other is a continuous function of its derivative. This algorithm does not require any information on
the sliding surface derivative [13], [14], [24].
The discontinuous control input 𝑢̇ (𝑡) is acting on 𝑆̈ to make 𝑆 = 𝑆̇ = 0 in a finite time with 𝑢(𝑡) a
continuous input. Therefore, the chattering in systems is reduced, providing high precision and avoiding
significant mechanical forces while maintaining the robustness of the first-sliding mode control.

3.2. Implementation of ST-SMC for the control of the generator speed

The purpose of this sub-section is to present the strategy of the HO-SMC with the ST algorithm to
regulate optimally the SCIG’s speed. The sliding variable 𝑆Ω𝑡 is chosen to achieve the control objective by
following an optimal reference speed Ω∗t provided by the MPPT control.

𝑆Ωt = Ωt − Ωt∗ (14)

𝜆ℴ
Ω∗t = ∙ 𝑣 (15)
𝑅

The derivative of the sliding variable is:

̇ = Ω̇t − Ω̇∗t
𝑆Ω (16)
t

The derivative of the speed Ωt is obtained from the mechanical equation of the wind turbine:
1
Ω̇t = (𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑓 ∙ Ωt ) (17)
𝐽

where 𝑇𝑡 is the turbine torque. Then, the derivative of the sliding variable can be re-written as:

̇ = 1 (𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑓 ∙ Ωt ) − Ω̇∗t
𝑆Ω (18)
t 𝐽

̈ is as (19):
The second derivative of the sliding surface 𝑆Ω 𝑡

̈ = ΓΩ + ΨΩ ∙ 𝑇𝑒̇
𝑆Ω (19)
t t t

where the smooth functions are defined by:

𝑇𝑡̇ 𝑓
ΓΩt = − ∙ Ω̇t − Ω̈∗t ; ΨΩt = −1/𝐽 (20)
𝐽 𝐽

Following the step 4, the control input is 𝑢Ω (𝑡) = 𝑇𝑒 allowing the implementation of the ST-SMC in
the presence of uncertainties and disturbances [13], [14], [16] with the following transition conditions:
|ΓΩt | ≤ CΩ ; 𝑘Ω𝑚 ≤ |ΨΩt | ≤ 𝐾Ω𝑀 where 𝐶𝛺 , 𝑘𝛺𝑚 , 𝐾𝛺𝑀 are positive constants.
The following equations held: Ωt = Ω∗t , and Ω = Ω∗ since Ω = G ∙ Ωt , ∀ 𝑡 > 𝑡𝑓 where 𝑡𝑓 is a finite
time and G is the multiplier of the gearbox. The control input 𝑇𝑒 can be expressed by (21) where the values of
the control gains are 𝛼Ω = 5000, 𝛾Ω = 3000 .

𝑢 (𝑡) = 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑢Ω1 (𝑡) − 𝛾Ω √|𝑆Ω𝑡 | 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆Ω𝑡 )

{ Ω (21)
𝑢̇ Ω1 (𝑡) = −𝛼Ω ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆Ω𝑡 )

𝑐
From (10), the quadrature current 𝑖𝑠𝑞 obtained indirectly from the torque control 𝑇𝑒 , is:

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  525

𝑐 𝐿𝑟
𝑖𝑠𝑞 =( ) 𝑇𝑒 (22)
1.5 𝑝 𝐿𝑚 𝜙𝑟

Therefore, the equation (22) explains how the proposed control input 𝑇𝑒 of (21) can achieve the
main objective of the MSC control. Indeed, the IRFOC, represented in Figures 1 and 2, uses the (22) with
(11) to generate the switching signals to send to MSC, through the hysteresis current regulator. This strategy
allows the regulation of SCIG voltage and extraction of maximum power.

3.3. Implementation of ST-SMC algorithm for the control of the DC-link voltage and the grid currents
The control approach on the grid side is shown in Figure 3. Two ST-SMC manage the cascaded
loop. The outer loop regulates the DC-link voltage 𝑣𝑑𝑐 while the inner loop adjusts the direct current of the
grid 𝑖𝑑 , which controls the active power P. The reference direct current 𝑖𝑑∗ is the output of the outer ST-SMC.
The quadrature component current 𝑖𝑞 , which controls the reactive power Q is also regulated by a ST-SMC.
The reference quadrature current 𝑖𝑞∗ is set to zero to achieve a unity power factor and the DC-link voltage
reference is set to 1000 V. The PWM uses the output of the current regulators 𝑣𝑔𝑑 and 𝑣𝑔𝑞 compensated by
two decoupling terms, to generate the switching signals and drive the GSC. Thereby, the proposed control
system produces the maximum active power to the grid. In order to synchronize the WECS to the grid
voltages, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to estimate the instantaneous phase 𝜃. The purpose is to
transform the grid signals in the d-q reference frame in order to synchronize the phase of this reference frame
with the rotating field of the electrical grid. The Park's transformations allow adequate control of the system
on the grid side [24], [26].

P
Q

θ
vabc GSC
iq
Lf
id transformation iabc Rf

Filter vdc
vdc -Rf id + Lf ω iq + vd

* - id* vgd +
vdc -
Σ Σ -
Σ
+ +

transformation
+ +
Σ Σ
iq*=0 - vgq - θ
-Rf iq - Lf ω id + vq

Figure 3. Scheme of the control of grid currents and DC-link voltage

The voltage equations, across the inductor 𝐿𝑓 in the d-q reference frame [24], [28], are as (23):

𝑑𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)
𝐿𝑓 = −𝑅𝑓 𝑖𝑑 + 𝐿𝑓 𝜔 𝑖𝑞 + 𝑣𝑑 − 𝑣𝑔𝑑
𝑑𝑡
{ 𝑑𝑖 (𝑡) (23)
𝑞
𝐿𝑓 = − (−𝑅𝑓 𝑖𝑞 − 𝐿𝑓 𝜔 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 ) + 𝑣𝑔𝑞
𝑑𝑡

where the filter inductance and resistance are respectively 𝐿𝑓 = 2 mH, 𝑅𝑓 = 0.2 Ω; 𝑣𝑑 , 𝑣𝑞 represent the grid
voltages components; 𝑖𝑑 , 𝑖𝑞 are the grid currents components. The nominal grid voltage and frequency are
𝑉𝑠𝑛 = 460 V, 𝑓𝑔𝑛 = 50 Hz [26]. Figure 4 shows the scheme for regulating the DC-link voltage 𝑣𝑑𝑐 , which
varies according to the power exchanged between the turbine and the grid. Its dynamic is represented by (24):

Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS based on SCIG (Bouhenna Amina)
526  ISSN:2088-8694

MSC GSC
i1 i2 Lf Rf
isa
idc
isb vdc
isc vb va
vc
Pulses 1 Pulses 2
Figure 4. Scheme of the DC-link
𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 (24)
𝑑𝑡

∗
The sliding variables 𝑆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑑𝑐 − 𝑣𝑑𝑐 , 𝑆𝑑 = 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑖𝑑∗ and 𝑆𝑞 = 𝑖𝑞 −𝑖𝑞∗ are chosen to achieve the
∗
control objectives by following optimal references defined respectively by the DC-link voltage 𝑣𝑑𝑐 , the direct
∗ ∗
current 𝑖𝑑 and the quadrature current 𝑖𝑞 . Then, the derivatives of the sliding variables are:

1
𝑆𝑣̇ = (𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) − 𝑣̇ 𝑑𝑐
∗
𝐶
𝑅𝑓 ∗
1 1 𝑑𝑖𝑑
𝑆𝑑̇ = ( 𝑣𝑑 − 𝑖 + 𝜔 𝑖𝑞 − 𝑣𝑔𝑑 ) − (25)
𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑑 𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑅𝑓 1 𝑑𝑖𝑞∗
𝑆̇ = ( 𝑣𝑞 − 𝑖𝑞 − 𝜔 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑣 ) −
{ 𝑞 𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 𝑔𝑞 𝑑𝑡

The power balance gives [24]:

𝑣𝑑𝑐 ∙ 𝑖2 = 𝑣𝑑 ∙ 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 ∙ 𝑖𝑞 (26)

The second derivatives of the sliding surface obtained from (25) and (26) are as follows:
𝑑𝑖𝑑
𝑆𝑣̈ = Γ𝑣 + Ψ𝑣 ∙
𝑑𝑡
{𝑆𝑑̈ = Γ𝑑 + Ψ𝑑 ∙ 𝑣̇𝑔𝑑 (27)
𝑆𝑞̈ = Γ𝑞 + Ψ𝑞 ∙ 𝑣̇𝑔𝑞

where the smooth functions are defined by:

1∗ 𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑑
Γ𝑣 = 𝜚̇ 𝑣 ; 𝜚𝑣 = 𝑖1 − 𝑣̇ 𝑑𝑐 − ; Ψ𝑣 = −
𝐶 𝐶∙ 𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝐶∙ 𝑣𝑑𝑐
∗ 𝑅𝑓
1 𝑑𝑖𝑑 1
Γ𝑑 = 𝜚̇ 𝑑 ; 𝜚𝑑 = 𝑣𝑑 + 𝜔 𝑖𝑞 − − 𝑖𝑑 ; Ψ𝑑 = − (28)
𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓
1 𝑑𝑖𝑞∗ 𝑅𝑓 1
Γ = 𝜚̇ 𝑞 ; 𝜚𝑞 = 𝑣𝑞 − − 𝑖𝑞 − 𝜔 𝑖𝑑 ; Ψ𝑞 = −
{ 𝑞 𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

The ST-SMC is implemented in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances [13], [14], [16] with
the following transition conditions: |Γ𝑣 | ≤ 𝐶𝑣 , 𝑘𝑚𝑣 ≤ | Ψ𝑣 | ≤ 𝐾𝑀𝑣 , |Γ𝑑 | ≤ 𝐶𝑑 , 𝑘𝑚𝑑 ≤ | Ψ𝑑 | ≤ 𝐾𝑀𝑑 ,
|Γ𝑞 | ≤ 𝐶𝑞 , 𝑘𝑚𝑞 ≤ | Ψ𝑞 | ≤ 𝐾𝑀𝑞 where 𝐶𝑣 , 𝐾𝑚𝑣 , 𝐾𝑀𝑣 , 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐾𝑚𝑑 , 𝐾𝑀𝑑 , 𝐶𝑞 , 𝐾𝑚𝑞 , 𝐾𝑀𝑞 are positives constants.
∗
Thus, 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 𝑣𝑑𝑐 , ∀ 𝑡 > 𝑡𝑓𝑣 ,𝑖𝑑 = 𝑖𝑑∗ , ∀ 𝑡 > 𝑡𝑓𝑑 and 𝑖𝑞 = 𝑖𝑞∗ , ∀ 𝑡 > 𝑡𝑓𝑞 where 𝑡𝑓𝑣 , 𝑡𝑓𝑑 and 𝑡𝑓𝑞
are finite times. The controls inputs 𝑣𝑣 (𝑡), 𝑣𝑔𝑑 (𝑡) and 𝑣𝑔𝑞 (𝑡) , represented in Figure 3, are as follows:

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  527

𝑣𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑑∗ (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣1 (𝑡) − 𝛾𝑣 √|𝑆𝑣 | 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆𝑣 )

𝑣̇ 𝑣1 (𝑡) = −𝛼𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆𝑣 )
𝑣𝑔𝑑 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑑1 (𝑡) − 𝛾𝑑 √|𝑆𝑑 | 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆𝑑 )
𝑣̇ 𝑑1 (𝑡) = −𝛼𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆𝑑 ) (29)

𝑣𝑔𝑞 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑞1 (𝑡) − 𝛾𝑞 √|𝑆𝑞 | 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆𝑞 )

{ 𝑣̇ 𝑞1 (𝑡) = −𝛼𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆𝑞 )

The values of the control gains are: 𝛼𝑣 = 2, 𝛾𝑣 = 0.5, 𝛼𝑑 = 10,𝛾𝑑 = 100, 𝛼𝑞 = 150, 𝛾𝑞 = 100.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The simulation of the HO-SMC with the ST algorithm for the WECS based on SCIG is performed
using SimPowerSystems of MATLAB/Simulink. The settings of all ST-SMC parameters, which verify the
conditions cited in step 5, are chosen by simulations tests. Moreover, in Figure 3, the cascade loop is
managed by two ST-SMC, which consists of two imbricate loops where the inner loop is faster than the outer
loop. The structure of PI controllers is 𝐺𝑃𝐼 (𝑠) = 𝑘𝑃 + 𝑘𝑖 /𝑠 where 𝑘𝑃𝛺 = 5000, 𝑘𝑖𝛺 = 10, 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 8, 𝑘𝑖𝑣 =
400, 𝑘𝑃𝑑 = 5, 𝑘𝑖𝑑 = 500, 𝑘𝑃𝑞 = 5, 𝑘𝑖𝑞 = 500. Three scenarios are considered to validate the performance
and the feasibility of the ST-SMC compared to conventional and fuzzy logic (FL) PI controllers. Fuzzy Gain-
Scheduling controller used for MSC operates with Fuzzy rules and exploits human knowledge and
experience in control to set the PI controller parameters [29], while the Fuzzy Adaptive PI controller applied
for GSC, are an association of conventional PI controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) [30]. It takes
advantages of PI controller and the adaptive capability of FLC. The first case represented in Figure 5(a)
proposes a fluctuating wind, operating under normal conditions while in the second case, represented in
Figure 5(b), a sudden drop in grid voltage of 30% in the time interval between 2 and 4 s, at wind nominal
speed of 12 m/s is simulated. In the third case, parametric variations of the SCIG are introduced at wind
nominal speed.

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Curves of fluctuating wind speed and grid voltage drop, (a) Fluctuating wind speed, (b) Grid
voltage drop

4.1. Fluctuating wind speed

The simulation is done in 6 s, and the results are presented in Figures 6 and 7. Figure 6(a) shows the
fast dynamic response of the speed and a very good performance for the trajectory tracking, with high
accuracy despite wind speed variations for the ST-SMC compared to PI controllers. That means the error
between the actual and reference speed is zero, which ensured the ideal transfer of the maximum active
power established by the MPPT control to the grid. Figure 6(b) shows the ST-SMC performances compared
to the conventional PI controllers and the Fuzzy adaptive PI controller. Indeed, firstly a smoother curve is
obtained since chattering is mitigated hence reducing mechanical stresses. Secondly, DC-link voltage
robustness against wind fluctuating is ensured, which guaranteed that all the active power is instantly
transferred to the grid. Third, the low peak value of the ST-SMC is clearly visible, thus preserving the safety
of the electrical system.

Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS based on SCIG (Bouhenna Amina)
528  ISSN:2088-8694

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Curves of the generator speed and the DC-link voltage in case of fluctuating wind, (a) Generator
speed, (b) DC-link voltage

In Figure 7(b), a zero reactive power is provided by the ST-SMC, regardless of ripples produced by
PWM, avoiding, therefore, altering the quality of the grid, while the two PI controllers exhibited fluctuations
around zero. Using the MPPT strategy, the waveform of the active power of
Figure 7(a), delivered to the grid is similar to the wind speed curve of Figure 5(a), which means a small
change in the wind induces a significant change in the output active power.

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Curves of the active and reactive powers in case of fluctuating wind,
(a) Active power, (b) Reactive power

4.2. Grid voltage drop

The simulation of a grid voltage drops up to 30% of the grid nominal voltage is carried out in 6 s
between t ϵ [2], [4] s. The results are presented in Figures 8 and 9. For the speed tracking of Figure 8(a), the
ST-SMC can track the MPPT optimal speed with higher accuracy and fast dynamic response as compared to
the conventional PI and the Fuzzy Logic PI controllers. In Figures 8(b), 9(a), and 9(b), corresponding
respectively to the DC-link voltage, the active power, and the reactive power, the ST-SMC provides a
smoother curve compared to PI controllers, particularly at times of sudden variations in grid voltage.
Furthermore, in Figure 8(b) the peak value of the DC-link voltage reaches 1500 V for the conventional PI
controller, while for Fuzzy adaptive PI controller and ST-SMC, it is less than 1250 V. Note that the high-
peak value of the DC-link voltage, caused by the conventional PI controller, can damage the converters.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  529

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Curves of the generator speed and the DC-link voltage in case of drop in grid voltage,
(a) Generator speed, (b) DC-link voltage

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Curves of the active and reactive powers in case of drop in grid voltage,
(a) Active power, (b) Reactive power

4.3. Parameters variations

This scenario uses uncertainties including variations in the rotor resistance, the inertial moment, and
the friction coefficient of the SCIG up to 80% of their nominal values between t ϵ [0, 2] s. The simulation
results are presented in Figures 10 and 11. As shown in Figure 10(a), in a steady state, a speed error remains
for the two PI controllers, unlike the ST-SMC. During the transient response, the rise time of the speed
towards the reference speed, for the conventional and Fuzzy PI controllers increased considerably compared
with the ST-SMC. This leads to slowness in the power transfer from the wind turbine to the grid as shown in
Figures 11(a) and 11(b). Moreover, in Figure 10(b), repetitive peak values appear on the DC-link voltage for
both PI controllers, while the ST-SMC has a smaller overshot than the conventional PI controller does.
Therefore, the PI controllers have poor performance during transient operation and speed inaccuracies in
steady state, compared to the ST-SMC.
The ST-SMC implementation on the overall wind power system is a notable contribution and a new
aspect of the obtained results. This nonlinear control made it possible to guarantee the same good
performances in the three disturbance scenarios, which are fluctuating wind speed, grid voltage drops and
parameters variations of the SCIG. These results are, therefore, non-obvious to obtain simultaneously.

Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS based on SCIG (Bouhenna Amina)
530  ISSN:2088-8694

(a) (b)

Figure 10. Curves of the generator speed and the DC-link voltage in case of parametric variations,
(a) Generator speed, (b) DC-link voltage

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Curves of the active and reactive powers in case of parametric variations,
(a) Active power, (b) Reactive power

5. CONCLUSION
This paper is concerned with the HO-SMC with the ST algorithm of a WECS using a SCIG. This
control strategy designed for MSC and GSC is successfully proposed, to best meet the expectations of
optimizing the extraction of the power available in the wind via the MPPT control, as well as the connection
to grid services, and to ensure the robustness of the overall system against parameters uncertainties and
disturbing effects. Also, as expected chattering is reduced and smoother control is observed.
After an evaluation of the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed ST-SMC, in different
operating conditions of the WECS, the superiority of the ST-SMC performance compared to related earlier
research, the conventional and the Fuzzy Logic PI controllers, have been proved, despite wind speed
fluctuations, grid voltage drop and parametric variations of the SCIG, and constitutes a significant
contribution in the improvement of WECS.
The results obtained under SimPowerSystems of MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrate that the ST-SMC
proposed approach achieves good stability and dynamic performance. It can rapidly reach the MPPT under
internal and external disturbances with a high-accuracy speed tracking and a fast convergence. These allow,
respectively, the perfect conversion of the maximum power established by the MPPT control and the
instantaneous transfer of the active power extracted from the wind turbine to the grid, which is guaranteed by
keeping the DC-link voltage constant. Furthermore, the reactive power is maintained to zero in order not to
impair the quality of the grid. The proposed WECS - SCIG - ST-SMC strategy has the advantage of simple
structure and can be an innovative and practical solution for the WECS to maintain the quality of electrical
energy supply.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  531

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Super-twisting SMC for MPPT and grid-connected WECS based on SCIG (Bouhenna Amina)