International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 2021, pp. 217~227

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp217-227  217

Multilevel diode clamped D-Statcom for power quality

improvement in distribution systems

Jasti Venkata Ramesh Babu, MalliguntaKiran Kumar

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Power quality is one big issue in power system and a big challenge for power
engineers today. Electrical consumers (or otherwise load devices) expect
Received Apr 11, 2020 electrical power received power should be of first-class. Bad quality in
Revised Jan 22, 2021 electrical power directs to fuse blowing, machine overheating, increase in
Accepted Feb 7, 2021 distribution losses, damage to sensitive load devices and many more.
DSTATCOM is one of the FACTS controllers designed to improve the
quality in electrical power and thus improving the performance of
Keywords: distribution system. This paper presents a multilevel DSTATCOM topology
to enhance power quality in power distribution system delivering high-
Diode clamped quality power to the customer load devices. Diode-clamped structure is
DSTATCOM employed for multi-level DSTATCOM structure. ‘PQ’ based control strategy
Level-shifted generates reference signal which is further processed through level-shifted
Multi-carrier PWM multi-carrier PWM strategy for the generation of gate pulses to multi-level
Multilevel DSTATCOM structure. Simulation work of proposed system is developed
Power quality and the result analysis is presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
PQ theory Performance of multi-level DSTATCOM topology is verified with fixed and
variable loads.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Jasti Venkata Ramesh Babu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
Vaddeswaram, Guntur– 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Quality in electrical power is attaining much interest these days in modern electrical trade. Electrical
consumers (or otherwise load devices) expect electrical power received power should be of first-class. The
nature of load (especially non-linear loads) also affects the power system and can have impact on the quality
of power. Inherently power system and load nature are concurrent and their interaction affects the power
quality [1]-[4]. Bad quality in electrical power directs to fuse blowing, machine overheating, increase in
distribution losses, damage to sensitive load devices and many more. Pause in production due to these power
quality issues necessitates huge production loss.
Power quality issues like voltage sag, voltage swell, interruptions, harmonic pollution, and reactive
power problems are to b addressed and mitigated to ensure the delivery of qualified power to the consumer
durables. Interruptions in electrical power lead to heavy production loss (may be around 4% of the turn-over).
Interruptions in power may cause loss of data, breakdown of machines and tumble in security.
Voltage sag or swell effects the device life as sag in voltage level reduces the efficiency and swell
destroys the device. Reactive power issue in power system may raise the temperature of the connected

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218  ISSN: 2088-8694

machines which gives out additional losses in the system. Regulating the reactive power issue can control the
unnecessary current flow giving out considerable advantage.
Harmonic pollution is generated in the power system mainly because of connected non-linear load
sections [5]-[10]. Non-linear utilization from power electronic devices (like rectifiers, inverters) alters the
wave shape of current. The solution to mitigate harmonic pollution in the system is to introduce shunt power
filter like DSTATCOM [11]-[14]. Controlled DSTATCOM estimates the harmonics and ensures the
distortion in current shape is well within prescribed limit. Figure 1 illustrates the DSTATCOM connected
power system. This paper presents a diode clamped multilevel DSTATCOM topology to enhance power
quality in power distribution system delivering high-quality power to the customer load devices. ‘PQ’ based
control strategy [15]-[26] generates reference signal which is further processed through level-shifted multi-
carrier PWM strategy for the generation of gate pulses to multi-level DSTATCOM structure.

VS pcc

ZS iS iL
Source Non-Linear
iC Load
ZC

VS IL DSTATCOM

Controller CDC

Figure 1. Block diagram of DSTATCOM in distribution system

2. MULTI-LEVEL DSTATCOM TECHNOLOGY

Multilevel structure is in good demand these days in power electronic sector. Multilevel inverter is a
power electronic converter which yields multi-level structured output altering the level of voltage. Traditional
two-level inverter gives out voltage with two levels (+Vdc and -Vdc). Nevertheless, the output waveform of
the traditional inverter includes harmonics and the stress across the power switches of the inverter is very
high.
On the other hand, modification in the output wave shape forming a stepped output other than two-
level is achieved with multi-level inverter topology. As the levels in the output voltage wave shape increases,
the wave-shape tends to be smoother impacting the switch with less stress achieving less distortion. Diode
clamped structure is one topology among multi-level inverters. Figure 2 illustrates diode clamped multi-level
DSATCOM connected to power system. DSTATCOM is a shunt controller and hence is connected in parallel
to the power distribution network. To reduce the stressing of power switching devices in diode clamped and
also known as neutral point clamped inverter. Output look-alike of 5-level diode clamped inverter is shown
in Figure 3.

3. CONTROL OF MULTI-LEVEL DSTATCOM

The control circuit to generate gate pulses to DSTATCOM is shown in Figure 4. The reference
currents to generate pulses to power switches of DSTATCOM are produced from conventional ‘PQ’ theory.
Line voltages and currents are sensed and processed to calculate active (P) and reactive (Q) powers as in (1)
where ‘α’ and ‘β’ terms are obtained through Clarke’s transformation procedure.

P vα vβ iα
[ ] = [−v vα ] [iβ ] (1)
Q β

Actual DC-Link voltage is compared to reference value and the error is processed to ‘PI’ controller
to generate power loss component. Power loss component is compared with the signal obtained from band
pass filter to obtain reference current signal. Inverse transformation as in (2) gives out the compensating
reference signals.

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1⁄ 1 0
√2
i∗sa i∗0
2 1 −1 √3 ⁄ ∗
[i∗sb ] =√ ⁄ ⁄2 2 [isα ] (2)
3 √2
i∗sc i∗sβ
1 −1⁄ − √3⁄
[ ⁄√2 2 2]

The reference current signal is then sent for inverse Clarke’s transformation to get three-phase
reference currents which are then sent to gate drive circuit for generation of pulses. Overall arrangement of
multilevel diode clamped DSTATCOM in power system is illustrated in Figure 5. Table 1 illustrates the
system parameters.

ZS

VS iL
iS
Source
ZC Load
5-Level
DSTATCOM

Gate Pulses

VS Controller IL

Figure 3. 5-level output from the diode clamped

Figure 2. Multi-level diode clamped structured topology
DSTATCOM in power distribution system

V(ref)
Voltage
P(loss)
V(act) Regulator
Clarkes’ (PI Control)
Inverse Clarkes’
Transformation
Transformation
Compensating Reference

High Pass
Currents Generation

Vt(abc) P Filter

IL(abc) Q

ISabc_act ILabc
PWM Reference

− I SA
*
I SA = I LA − I CA
*
DSTATCOM

*
Reference

PWM Ref_A= I
Currents
LSCPWM

Source
Pulses to

SA
PWM Ref_B= I
*
− I SB
*
I SB = I LB − ICB
*
SB
PWM Ref_C=
*
I SC − I SC I SC = I LC − ICC
* *

Figure 4. PI based ‘PQ’ control logic for Multi-level DSTATCOM

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220  ISSN: 2088-8694

ZS

ZS

ZC
VS ZS ZC

Load
3-Ph ZC iL
iS ZC
Source

5-Level diode clamped

DSTATCOM

Gate pulses to DSTATCOM

DSTATCOM
Controller

Figure 5. Overall arrangement of multilevel diode clamped DSTATCOM in power system

Table 1. System Parameters

Parameter Value
Source Voltage (Ph-Ph RMS) 11 KV
Source Impedance 0.1+j0.282 Ω
Load Impedance 200+j37.6 Ω
DC Link Capacitance 1500 µF
Proportional Gain 0.8
Integral Gain 0.5

4. RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Case 1: DSTATCOM operating in power system with fixed load
Three-phase source voltage waveform of the system is shown in Figure 6. Source voltage is
sinusoidal in nature and is without distortion. Three-phase load current is shown in Figure 7. As load is non-
linear in nature, the load current contains harmonics and is distorted as shown in figure. Load draws 60A
peak current.

Figure 6. Source voltage

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Three-phase source currents of the system are shown in Figure 8. Non-linear load causes source
current to distort but the presence of DSTATCOM makes the source current to be sinusoidal removing
harmonic components. Figure 9 shows the required compensating signals from the filter (DSTATCOM) to
compensate for harmonics in source current at point of common coupling.

Figure 7. Load current

Figure 8. Source current

Figure 9. Compensating currents from the filter

Figure 10 shows the five-level output from the DSTATCOM. Figure 11 shows the DC-link voltage
to DSTATCOM.

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Figure 12 shows the active and reactive power from the source to the system. Reactive power is zero
which indicates that there is no reactive power exchange in the system. Source delivers 0.6MW of active
power to the system. Figure 13 shows the active and reactive power absorbed by the load. Reactive power is
zero which indicates that there is no reactive power exchange in the system. Load draws 0.4MW of active
power.

Figure 10. Five-level output from DSTATCOM Figure 11. DC-link voltage to DSTATCOM

Figure 12. Source active and reactive powers Figure 13. Load active and reactive powers

Power factor angle between the source voltage and source current is shown in Figure 14. Figure 14
illustrates that there is no phase angle difference between the source voltage and source current and source
power factor is almost unity. Power factor angle between the load voltage and load current is shown in
Figure 15. Figure illustrates that there is phase angle difference between the load voltage and load current and
load power factor is non-unity.

Figure 14. Source power factor Figure 15. Source power factor

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Figure 16 and Figure 17 shows the harmonic distortion analysis of source current and load current
respectively. Source current contains less distortion and near to standard limits while load current is distorted
by 28.92% as the load is non-linear in nature. The presence of multi-level DSTATCOM compensates the
distortion in source current and maintains the distortion within limits.

Figure 16. THD in source current Figure 17. THD in load current

4.2. Case 2: Dstatcom operating in power system with variable load

In this case, the system is working under variable load condition. Load is varied (increased) at
0.25sec and again varied (decreased, brought back to the condition as before 0.25sec) at 0.75sec. Three-phase
source voltage waveform of the system is shown in Figure 18 Source voltage is sinusoidal in nature and is
without distortion.
Three-phase source currents of the system are shown in Figure 19. Non-linear load causes source
current to distort but the presence of DSTATCOM makes the source current to be sinusoidal removing
harmonic components. Source current is increased as the load increases from 0.25sec to 0.75sec to meet the
load demand.

Figure 18. Source voltage Figure 19. Source current

Three-phase load current is shown in Figure 20. As load is non-linear in nature, the load current
contains harmonics and is distorted as shown in figure. Load current increases as the load increased at
0.25sec to 0.75sec. Figure 21 shows the required compensating signals from the filter (DSTATCOM) to
compensate for harmonics in source current at point of common coupling.

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Figure 20. Load current Figure 21. Compensating currents from the filter

Figure 22 shows the five-level output from the DSTATCOM. Figure 23 shows the DC-link voltage
to DSTATCOM.

Figure 22. Five-level output from DSTATCOM Figure 23. DC-link voltage to DSTATCOM

Figure 24 shows the active and reactive power from the source to the system. Reactive power is zero
which indicates that there is no reactive power exchange in the system. Source delivers 0.6MW of active
power to the system initially and as the load demand increases from 0.25sec to 0.75sec, active power
delivered is 1MW.
Figure 25 shows the active and reactive power absorbed by the load. Reactive power is zero which
indicates that there is no reactive power exchange in the system. Load draws 0.3MW of active power initially
and as load is increased from 0.25sec to 0.75sec, active power drawn by the load is 0.6MW.

Figure 24. Source active and reactive powers Figure 25. Load active and reactive powers

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Power factor angle between the source voltage and source current is shown in Figure 26. Figure 26
illustrates that there is no phase angle difference between the source voltage and source current and source
power factor is almost unity. Power factor angle between the load voltage and load current is shown in
Figure 27. Figure illustrates that there is phase angle difference between the load voltage and load current and
load power factor is non-unity.

Figure 26. Source power factor

Figure 27. Source power factor

Figure 28 and Figure 29 shows the harmonic distortion analysis of source current and load current
respectively. Source current contains less distortion of 4.8% and is within standard limits while load current
is distorted by 27.39% as the load is non-linear in nature. The presence of multi-level DSTATCOM
compensates the distortion in source current and maintains the distortion within limits. Table 2 illustrates the
THD comparison analysis.

Table 2. THD comparison

THD Source Current Load Current
Fixed Load 5.85% 28.92%
Variable Load 4.8% 27.39%

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Figure 28. THD in source current Figure 29. THD in load current

5. CONCLUSION
DSTATCOM is on among the FACTS controllers connected in parallel to the distribution system to
compensate the harmonics in source current at point of common coupling. Multi-level DSTATCOM
proposed in this paper injects compensating currents to point of common coupling to compensate the
harmonics in source current so that no other sensitive loads are affected. Source current compensation using
multilevel DSTATCOM with fixed load and variable load power system is presented in this paper. Harmonic
analysis with fixed load and variable load conditions is tabulated and harmonic distortion in both the cases is
well within the standard limits.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Jasti Venkata Ramesh Babureceived his B.Tech Degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from S.S.N. Engineering College affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad (A.P), India
in 2004 and M.E. degree in Power Electronics & Industrial Drives from Sathyabhama University
Chennai (T.N) in 2008.His research interest includes Power distribution Systems, Power
Electronics, Power Systems Deregulation and reconstruction, role of artificial techniques for
diagnosing the power quality problems and Power Systems Dynamics, etc.

Dr. Malligunta Kiran Kumar received B.Tech Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from Gokula Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, JNTU, Hyderabad, India, in 2007,
M.E. Degree in Power Electronics and Drives from Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2010 and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering at
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India, in 2016. His research interest includes
Switched Reluctance Machines, Power Electronics and Control Systems.

Multilevel diode clamped D-Statcom for power quality improvement in .... (Jasti Venkata Ramesh Babu)