12 STD MATHEMATICS (Volume-II)

(Easy 2 Marks and 3 Marks question and answer for Slow Learners)

1) Examine the binary operation (Closure Hence * is not a binary operation on Q

If 𝒃 = 𝟏 then 𝒃 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
property) for the following: 𝒂−𝟏
𝒂−𝟏 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝟎 ; is not defined But * is a binary operation on 𝑄 − {1}
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒃−𝟏 , 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑸

If a = 1 and b = −2 then
2) Examine the binary operation (Closure Hence * is a binary operation on Z
property) for the following: 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝟏 + 𝟑(𝟏)(−𝟐) − 𝟓(−𝟐)𝟐
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃 − 𝟓𝒃𝟐 ; 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝒁 = 𝟏 − 𝟔 − 𝟐𝟎 = −𝟐𝟓 ∈ 𝒁
(i) Closure property
2,3 ∈ 𝑁 then 23 = 8 ∈ 𝑁
3) Verify (i) closure property (iii) Associative property
Closure property is true. 𝑐
(ii) Commutative property and 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏
(ii) Commutative property
(iii) Associative property of the following (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 23 = 8
operation on the given set. 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗) ≠ (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐
𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 = 32 = 9
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝒃 ; 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑵 Associative property is not true.
𝑎∗𝑏 ≠ 𝑏∗𝑎
Commutative property is not true
Let 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = −1
4) Determine whether * is a binary operation Hence * is not a binary operation on R
on R if 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒂√𝒃 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 2√−1 = 2𝑖 ∉ 𝑅

𝒙𝒚 = (𝑎 + √5𝑏)(𝑐 + √5𝑑)
5) Let 𝑨 = {𝒂 + √𝟓𝒃 ; 𝒂, 𝒃𝝐𝒁} Check 𝑥 = 𝑎 + √5𝑏 𝒙𝒚 = (𝒂𝒄 + 𝟓𝒃𝒅) + √𝟓(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
whether the usual multiplication is a binary
operation on A. 𝑦 = 𝑐 + √5𝑑 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑨 ⇒ 𝒙𝒚 ∈ 𝑨
Multiplication is Binary operation on A

 0 1  1 1 𝐴∨𝐵 =[
0 1
]∨[
1 1
] 𝐴∧𝐵 =[
0 1
]∧[
1 1
]
6) Let A =  ,B=  be any two 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
 1 1  0 1
Boolean matrices of the same type. Find 1 1 0 1
=[ ] =[ ]
𝑨 ∨ 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨 ∧ 𝑩 . 1 1 0 1

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 If e1 is the identity
e2 * e1 = e1 * e2 = e2 → (1)
7) Show that the identity element
In ( S ,* ) let e1 , e2 be two identities If e2 is the identity
(if exist) is unique.
e1 * e2 = e2 * e1 = e1 → ( 2 )
Form (1) , (2) e1 = e2
Let a1 , a2 be inverses of 𝑎 If inverse of 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎2 then
8) Show that the inverse of an element (if If inverse of 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎1 then a * a2 = a2 * a = e → ( 2 )
exist) is unique. a * a1 = a1 * a = e → (1)
From (1) , (2) we get a1 = a2

(i) Closure
𝑎+𝑏 iii) Associative
9) Define an operation * on Q as follows: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( 2 ) ; ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 2𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝒂+𝒃 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) =
Closure is true 4
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = ( 𝟐 ) ; ∀ 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑸 Examine the 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑐
(ii) Commutative (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 =
closure, commutative and associative 4
properties satisfied by * on Q. 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎∗𝑏 =( 2 )=𝑏∗𝑎 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗) ≠ (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐
Associative is not true
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 Commutative is true
10) Define an operation * on Q as
follows: Identity
𝒂+𝒃 Inverse
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = ( 𝟐 ) ; ∀ 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑸 Examine the 𝑎∗𝑒 =𝑒∗𝑎 =𝑎
Identity element does not exist Inverse does not exist
existence of identity and the existence of
inverse for the operation * on Q.

12) Show that: ¬(𝐩 ↔ 𝐪) ≡ 𝐩 ↔ ¬𝐪 13) Show that 𝐪 → 𝐩 ≡ ¬𝐩 → ¬𝐪

11) Verify: p → q  p  q
Ans: Ans:
Ans:
p q p p→q p  q
p q 𝐩↔𝐪 ¬(𝐩 ↔ 𝐪) ¬𝐪 𝐩 ↔ ¬𝐪 p q 𝐪→𝐩 ¬𝐩 ¬𝐪 ¬𝐩 → ¬𝐪

T T F T T T T T F F F T T T F F T

T F F F F T F F T T T T F T F T T
F T T T T F T F T F T F T F T F F
F F T T T
F F T F T F F F T T T T
p → q  p  q
¬(𝐩 ↔ 𝐪) ≡ 𝐩 ↔ ¬𝐪 𝐪 → 𝐩 ≡ ¬𝐩 → ¬𝐪

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14) De-Morgans’s Law: 16) Show that 𝑝 ⟷ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)
15) De-Morgans’s Law:
(i) Verify: ¬(𝐩 ∧ 𝐪) ≡ ¬𝐩 ∨ ¬𝐪 Ans:
(ii) Verify: ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ≡ ¬𝐩 ∧ ¬𝐪
Ans: p q 𝑝
Ans: 𝒑⟷𝒒
→𝑞
𝑞→𝑝 (𝒑 → 𝒒) ∧ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
p q 𝐩∧𝐪 ¬(𝐩 ∧ 𝐪) ¬p ¬q ¬p ∨ ¬q
p q 𝐩∨𝐪 ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ¬p ¬q ¬𝐩 ∧ ¬𝐪 T T T T T T
T T T F F F F
T T T F F F F T F F F T F
T F F T F T T
T F T F F T F F T F T F F
F T F T T F T
F T T F T F F F F T T T T
F F F T T T T
F F F T T T T 𝐩 ⟷ 𝐪 ≡ (𝐩 → 𝐪) ∧ (𝐪 → 𝐩)
¬(𝐩 ∧ 𝐪) ≡ ¬𝐩 ∨ ¬𝐪
¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ≡ ¬𝐩 ∧ ¬𝐪

19) Using truth table check whether the

18) Show that 𝐩 → 𝐪 and 𝐪 → 𝐩 are not
17) Show that ¬(𝐩 → 𝐪) ≡ 𝐩 ∧ ¬𝐪 statements ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ∨ (¬𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ¬𝐩 are
equvalent.
Ans: logically equivalent.
Ans: Ans:
p q 𝐩→𝐪 ¬(𝐩 → 𝐪) ¬𝐪 𝐩 ∧ ¬𝐪
p q p→q 𝐪→𝐩
p q 𝐩∨𝐪 ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ¬𝒑 ¬𝒑 ∧ 𝒒 ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ∨ (¬𝒑 ∧ 𝒒)
T T T F F F
T T T T T T T F F F F
T F F T T T
T F F T T F T F F F F
F T T F F F
F T T F F T T F T T T
F F T F T F
F F T T F F F T T F T
¬(𝐩 → 𝐪) ≡ 𝐩 ∧ ¬𝐪
𝐩→𝐪≢𝐪→𝐩 ¬(𝐩 ∨ 𝐪) ∨ (¬𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ≡ ¬𝒑

20) Check whether ( ( p  q )  p ) → q is a 21) Check whether ( p  q )   ( p  q ) is a 22) Check whether (𝑝 → 𝑞) ↔ (¬𝑝 → 𝑞) is a
tautology or contradiction or contingency. tautology or contradiction or contingency. tautology or contradiction or contingency.
Ans: Ans: Ans:
p q 𝑝∨𝑞 ¬𝑝 (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑞 ((𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑞) → 𝑞 p q p∧q 𝑝∨𝑞 ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ( p  q)  ( p  q) p q p→q ¬𝑝 ¬𝑝 → 𝑞 (𝑝 → 𝑞) ↔ (¬𝑝 → 𝑞)

T T T F F T T T T T F F T T T F T T
T F F F F T T F F T F F T F F F T F
F T F T T T F T F T F F F T T T T T
F F F T F T F F F F T F F F T T F F

( ( p  q )  p ) → q is a Tautology ( p  q )   ( p  q ) is a Contradiction ( p  q )   ( p  q ) is a Contingency.

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 Let 𝑚 = −1 , 𝑛 = 2 then
23) On Z, define * by 𝒎 ∗ 𝒏 = 𝒎𝒏 + 𝒏𝒎 ; ∀ 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁. 𝑚𝑛 = (−1)2 = 1 ∈ 𝑍
1
Is * binary on Z. 𝑛𝑚 = (2)−1 = 2 ∉ 𝑍
⇒ 𝑚 ∗ 𝑛 ∉ 𝑍 Hence * is not a Binary operation on Z
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 , 𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 , Hence * is Binary operation on R.
24) Let * be defined on R by 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒂𝒃 − 𝟕
−𝟕 −𝟕 −𝟕 −𝟕
Is * binary on R? If so, find 𝟑 ∗ ( 𝟏𝟓 ) 𝟑 ∗ ( 𝟏𝟓 ) = 𝟑 + ( 𝟏𝟓 ) + 𝟑 ( 𝟏𝟓 ) − 𝟕
−𝟕 𝟐𝟏 −𝟖𝟖
= − − 𝟒 =
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
f(x) is continuous in [𝟎, 𝟏] 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)
25) Compute the value of ‘c’ satisfied by the f(x) is differentiable in (𝟎, 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)
Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 , 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟏] We can apply Rolle’s theorem. 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 = ∈ (𝟎, 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏
f(x) is continuous in [ , 𝟐] 𝟏
26) Find the value in the interval satisfied by 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
the Rolle’s theorem for the function f(x) is differentiable in (𝟐 , 𝟐)
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙 , 𝒙 ∈ [𝟐 , 𝟐] 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟏 ∈ (𝟐 , 𝟐)
We can apply Rolle’s theorem.
27) Explain why Rolle’s theorem is not 𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) = =∞
applicable to the function in the given interval 𝟎 Cannot Apply Rolle’s theorem
𝟏 f(x) is not continuous in [−𝟏, 𝟏]
𝒇(𝒙) = | | , 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟏]
𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
28) Explain why Rolle’s theorem is not 𝒇 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = ∞
𝟐 𝟐 Cannot Apply Rolle’s theorem
applicable to the function in the given interval
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 , 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝝅] f(x) is not continuous in [𝟎, 𝝅]
f(x) is continuous in [𝟏, 𝟐] 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
29) Find the values in the interval (1,2) of the f(x) is differentiable in (𝟏, 𝟐) 𝒇(𝟐)−𝒇(𝟏)
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎 & 𝒇(𝟐) = −𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒙) =
mean value theorem satisfied by the function 𝟐−𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 We can apply Lagrange’s Mean value 𝟑
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟐 ∈ (𝟏, 𝟐)
theorem.

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 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒
30) Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem f(x) is continuous in [𝟑, 𝟏𝟏]
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗
determine the values of x at which the tangent f(x) is differentiable in (𝟑, 𝟏𝟏)
is parallel to the secant line at the end points 𝒇(𝟑) = −𝟒 & 𝒇(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟑𝟔 𝒇(𝟏𝟏)−𝒇(𝟑) 𝟑𝟔+𝟒
We can apply Lagrange’s Mean value 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 = = =𝟓
of the given interval to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟏−𝟑 𝟖
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟕) , 𝒙 ∈ [𝟑, 𝟏𝟏] theorem.
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟕 ∈ (𝟑, 𝟏𝟏)

31) Explain why Lagrange’s mean value 𝟏

theorem is not applicable to the following 𝒇(𝟎) = =∞ We cannot Apply Lagrange’s Mean value
𝟎
function in the given interval theorem
𝟏+𝒙
f(x) is not continuous in [−𝟏, 𝟐]
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 , 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟐]

32) Explain why Lagrange’s mean value

theorem is not applicable to the following 𝟏
f(x) is not differentiable at 𝒙 = − 𝟑
We cannot Apply Lagrange’s Mean value
function in the given interval theorem
𝒇(𝒙) = |𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏| , 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟑]
𝐟(𝐱) = 𝒆𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟏
𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎)
33) Write the Maclaurin series expansion 𝐟 𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝒆𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟏 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝟎) + + +⋯
𝟏! 𝟐!
of the function 𝒆𝒙 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝒆𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟏 𝐱 𝐱𝟐 𝐱𝟑
𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏 + + + + ⋯
𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝒆𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟏 𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!

𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟎 𝐟 𝟒 (𝐱) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟒 (𝟎) = 𝟎

𝐟 𝟓 (𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟓 (𝟎) = 𝟏
34) Write the Maclaurin series expansion of 𝐟 𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟏
𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎)
𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟎 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝟎) + + +⋯
the function 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏! 𝟐!
𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = −𝟏 𝐱𝟑 𝐱𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 = 𝐱 − + − ⋯
𝟑! 𝟓!
𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟏 𝐟 𝟒 (𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟒 (𝟎) = 𝟏
𝐟 𝟏 (𝐱) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟎 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎)
35) Write the Maclaurin series expansion of 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝟎) + + +⋯
𝟏! 𝟐!
the function 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = −𝟏
𝐱𝟐 𝐱𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 = 𝟏 − + − ⋯
𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟎 𝟐! 𝟒!

5
 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟏 𝐟 𝟒 (𝐱) = 𝟖𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟒 (𝟎) = 𝟖
𝐟 𝟏 (𝐱) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟎 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟎) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎)
36) Write the Maclaurin series expansion of 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝟎) + + +⋯
𝟏! 𝟐!
the function 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = −𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = −𝟐 𝐱𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 = 𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 + − ⋯
𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝟎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝐟(𝐱) = ⟹ 𝐟(𝟐) =
𝒙 𝟐
𝐓𝐚𝐲𝐥𝐨𝐫 ′ 𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬
𝟏
−𝟏 −𝟏
37) Write the Taylor series expansion of 𝐟 𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟐) = 𝐟 𝟏 (𝐚) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐚)
𝒙 𝒙 𝟒 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝐚) + (𝒙 − 𝒂) + (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + ⋯
about x=2 by finding the first three 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏! 𝟐!
non-zero terms. 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝟑 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟐) = 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟐) (𝐱 − 𝟐)𝟐
𝒙 𝟒 = − + −⋯
−𝟔 −𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝟒 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝟐) =
𝒙 𝟖
𝝅 𝟏
𝐟(𝐱) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟 ( ) = 𝐓𝐚𝐲𝐥𝐨𝐫 ′ 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬
𝟒 √𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝐟 𝟏 (𝐚) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐚)
38) Expand 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 in ascending powers 𝟏 (𝐱) 𝟏 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝐚) + (𝒙 − 𝒂) + (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + ⋯
𝝅 𝐟 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟 ( ) = 𝟏! 𝟐!
𝒙 − 𝟒 up to three non-zero terms 𝟒 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟐
𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) 𝟏𝟏
𝝅 −𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = [𝟏 + (𝒙 − ) − (𝒙 − ) − ⋯ ]
𝐟 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ⟹ 𝐟 ( )= √𝟐 𝟏! 𝟒 𝟐! 𝟒
𝟒 √𝟐
டெய்லரின் விரிவு
𝐟(𝐱) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 ⟹ 𝐟(𝟏) = 𝟎
39) Expand the polynomial 𝐟 𝟏 (𝐚) 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐚)
𝐟 𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟑 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏 (𝟏) = −𝟏 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝐚) + (𝒙 − 𝒂) + (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + ⋯
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 in powers of 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏! 𝟐!
𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝐱) = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝐟 𝟏𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 − 𝟏) + (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐

𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑 = 𝟎 form 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙→𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
40) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 Applying L’Hopital’s rule −𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙 𝒎 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
41) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Applying L’Hopital’s rule 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏

6
 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟎 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟎 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙
42) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟏
Applying L’Hopital’s rule = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐

𝒙 𝟏
𝒙 ∞ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→∞ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒙→∞ (𝟏⁄ )
𝒙 𝒙→∞ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 ∞ 𝒙
43) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒙→∞
Applying L’Hopital’s rule = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = ∞
𝒙→∞

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 (𝟏⁄𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 ∞ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→
𝝅− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒙→𝝅− (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙⁄𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
−
𝝅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
44) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
𝒙→ ∞
𝝅− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐
𝒙→ 𝟏
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝝅− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
=𝟏
𝒙→
𝟐

Applying L’Hopital’s rule

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( − )=∞−∞ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( − ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )=
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟎
45) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( − ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )= 𝟎 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )= =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟐

Applying L’Hopital’s rule

𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( − 𝒙 )=∞−∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒆 −𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( − 𝒙 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( 𝒙 ) =
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒆 −𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒆 − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝟎
46) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙−𝟏)
𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( − 𝒙 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( 𝒙
)= 𝒆𝒙 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒆 −𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙(𝒆 − 𝟏) 𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( )=
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙
𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝟐

7
 (𝐢) 𝐱 = 𝟐, 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟏
47) Find df for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 and 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙
evaluate it for 𝑑𝑓 = 7 × 0.1 = 0.7
𝒅𝒇 = 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙
(i) 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏 (ii) 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
(ii) 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒅𝒇 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑓 = 9 × 0.02 = 0.18

𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= ×
48) Show that the percentage error in 𝟏⁄ 𝒚 𝒏 𝒙
𝒚=𝒙 𝒏
the n-th root of a number is
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × ( × 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
approximately 𝒏 times the percentage 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒚 𝒏 𝒙
error in the number. 𝒏
𝟏
Percentage error in y = ×(Percentage error in x)
𝒏

𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟐 & 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟗 then

49) Use linear approximation to find 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙

𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )
an approximate value of √𝟗. 𝟐 without 𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙) =
using a calculator. 𝟐√ 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟐
√𝟗. 𝟐 ≈ 𝟑 + = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟑𝟑
𝟔

𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑 & 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 then

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙
50) Assuming 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟑, Find 𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) + 𝒇′ (𝒙𝟎 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 )
𝟏
an approximate value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒆
𝒙 𝟑
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑 ≈ 𝟑 + ( ) × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

8
(Important Formulae to get One Mark)

1) Matrices and Determinants 2) Complex Numbers

(i) Adjoint Matrix 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]
𝑇 (i)If 𝑧̅ = 𝑧 then z- is purely Real.
1
(ii) If 𝑧̅ = −𝑧 then z-is purely imaginary
(ii) Inverse Matrix 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 3) Theory of Equations
(iii) Modulus |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(iii) Orthogonal Matrix (iv) Argument: 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑦 (i) If one root is 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then other root = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑥
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 or 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 (v) Square root: (ii) If one root is 𝑝 + √𝑞 then other root = 𝑝 − √𝑞
(iv) If adjA is given then |𝑧|+𝑎 |𝑧|−𝑎
√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ + 𝑖√ ] (iii) If one root is √𝒑 + √𝒒 other roots are
1 2 2
−1
A = adj ( A )
adjA √𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√
|𝑧|+𝑎
− 𝑖√
|𝑧|−𝑎
] √𝑝 − √𝑞 , −√𝑝 + √𝑞 , −√𝑝 − √𝑞
2 2
1 (iv) If the sum of all coefficient is 0 then
A= adj ( adjA ) (vi) Polar form : 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
one root is = 1
adjA (vii) De-Movire’s theorem:
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃) (v) Roots are real 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
(v) Cramer’s rule : (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)
Roots are real and equal 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
∆≠ 0 solution exists 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑥=
∆𝑥
& 𝑦=
∆𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) Roots are Imaginary 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
∆ ∆ (viii) If 𝜔-is the cube roots of unity , then
(vi) Matrix Inversion method to solve equation: 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
|𝐴| ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 X = A−1 B 𝜔3 = 1
(v) Angle between two planes
6.Vector Algebra |𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
(i) Work Done 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑛⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1||𝑛⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 | Cartesian equation | 𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1 | = 0
1 2

⃗
⃗ ∙𝒅 (vi) Angle between a line and plane 𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛2
𝒘=𝑭
⃗ ∙𝑛
|𝑏 ⃗| (ix) Two Points and One Parallel line
(ii) Moment (Torque) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = |𝑏||𝑛|
Vector equation (Parametric form)
𝒕=𝒓 ⃗
⃗ ×𝑭 (vii) Distance between two parallel plane 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑠(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) + 𝑡𝑣
(iii) 𝒂⃗ ,𝒃⃗ ,𝒄 ⃗ are Coplanar vectors |𝑑1 − 𝑑2 |
= Non-parametric Vector equation
[𝒂⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 ,𝒄 ⃗]=𝟎 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
(𝑟 − 𝑎) ∙ ((𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) × 𝑣 ) = 0
(iv) Angle between two lines (viii) One Point and Two parallel lines
|𝑢 ⃗|
⃗ ∙𝑣 Vector equation (Parametric form) Cartesian equation
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑢⃗||𝑣⃗| 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑠𝑢⃗ + 𝑡𝑣
| 2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑥 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
Non-parametric Vector equation 𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1
(𝑟 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣) = 0

9
 7) Differential Calculus - Applications (vi) To find Stationary point
𝑑𝑦 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎
(ix) Three non-collinear Points (i) Slope 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) (vii) Increasing function
Vector equation (Parametric form) (ii) Equation of Tangent 𝒇′ (𝒙) ≥ 𝟎
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑠(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) + 𝑡(𝑐 − 𝑎) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (viii) Decreasing Function
(iii) Equation of Normal 𝒇′ (𝒙) ≤ 𝟎
Non-parametric Vector equation −1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (ix) Local Maximum
(𝑟 − 𝑎) ∙ ((𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) × (𝑐 − 𝑎)) = 0 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(iv) Angle between two curves 𝒇′′ (𝒙) ≤ 𝟎 or = −𝒗𝒆
Cartesian equation 𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = |1+𝑚 | (x) Local Minimum
1 𝑚2
| 2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑥 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
(v) Orthogonal Curves 𝒇′′ (𝒙) ≥ 𝟎 or
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= +𝒗𝒆
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 (xi) If (𝒄, 𝒇(𝒄)) is point of inflection then
𝒇′′ (𝒄) = 𝟎
9) Integral Calculus - Applications (v) Area bounded by y-axis 11. Probability Distribution
(i) n-even number d (i) If 𝒑(𝒙) probability mass function(pmf) then
A =  x dy 𝑷𝒊 ≥ 𝟎 & ∑ 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟏
  (ii) If 𝒇(𝒙) probability density function(pdf) then
c
2 2
n −1 n − 3 1  ∞
 sin x dx =  cos x dx =   ... 
n n
(vi) Area bounded by continuous curve 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝟎 & ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏
0 0
n n−2 2 2 (iii) If 𝑭(𝒙) Cumulative Distributive function
c b
(ii) n-odd number X-discrete Random Variable
 
A=  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝒙)
2 2
n −1 n − 3 2 a c

 sin x dx =  cos x dx =   ...  1

n n X-Continuous Random Variable
0 0
n n−2 3 (vi) Area between two curves 𝒙
𝑭(𝒙) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒖)𝒅𝒖
(iii) Gamma Integral b d (iv) Mathematical Expectation
A =  ( y1 − y 2 ) dx or A =  ( x1 − x2 ) dy
 ∞
n! 𝑬(𝑿) = ∑ 𝒙 𝒑(𝒙) & 𝑬(𝑿) = ∫−∞ 𝒙𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
x e
n − ax
dx = ∞
a n +1
a c 𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) = ∑ 𝒙 𝟐 𝒑(𝒙) & 𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) = ∫−∞ 𝒙𝟐 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
0
(vii) Volume (v) Mean 𝒙 ̅ = 𝐄(𝐗)
(iv) Area bounded by x-axis
b
(vi) Variance 𝑽(𝑿) = 𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) − (𝑬(𝑿))𝟐
b d
A =  y dx V =   y 2 dx or V =   x 2 dy
(vii) Bernoulli Distribution (Binomial Distribution)
a
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒏𝒄𝒙 𝒑𝒙 𝒒𝒏−𝒙 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏
a c
Mean = 𝒏𝒑 & Variance = 𝒏𝒑𝒒

(Please use this material only for Slow Learners. Thanks) Prepared By Mr.A.Irudayaraj, Don Bosco HSS, Gandhinagar, Vellore-6 (94436 87520)

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