Engr.

Hazrat Amin
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar

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LECTURE CONTENTS
Development of Uniform Flow and Its Formulas
Qualification Of Uniform Flow

Expressing The Velocity Of Uniform Flow

The Chezy Formula

Determination Of Chezy`s Resistance Factor

The Manning Formula

Determination Of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient

Examples

Self Assessment exercise-01

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Qualification of Uniform Flow
The uniform flow to be considered has the following main
features
 The depth, water area, velocity, and discharge at every
section of the channel reach are constant, and
 The energy line, water surface , and channel bottom are all
parallel; that is their slopes are equal, or Sf = Sw = So = S.
 For practical purposes, the requirements of constant velocity
may be liberally interpreted as the requirement that the flow
possess a constant mean velocity.
 Strictly speaking, however, this should mean that the flow
possesses a constant velocity at every point on the channel
section with in the uniform flow reach.
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Qualification of Uniform Flow
 In other words, the velocity distribution across the channel
section is unaltered in the reach.
 Uniform flow is considered to be steady only, since unsteady
uniform flow is practically nonexistent.
 In natural stream, even steady uniform flow is rare, for rivers
and stream in natural states scarcely ever experiences a strict
uniform flow constant.

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Qualification of Uniform Flow
 It should be noted that uniform flow cannot occur at very
high velocity, usually described as ultrarapid.
 This is because, when uniform flow reaches a certain high
velocity, it becomes very unstable.
 At higher velocities the flow will eventually entrain air and
becomes unsteady.

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EXPRESSING THE VELOCITY OF UNIFORM FLOW
 For hydraulic computations the mean velocity of a turbulent
uniform flow in open channel is usually expressed
approximately by a uniform-flow formula.
 Most practical uniform-flow formula can be expressed in the
general form:

where C is factor of flow resistance, and x and y are exponents, V is

mean velocity.

 C varies with mean velocity, hydraulic radius, channel

roughness, viscosity and other factors.

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EXPRESSING THE VELOCITY OF UNIFORM FLOW
 For practical purposes, the flow in a natural channel may be
assumed as uniform under normal conditions, that is, if
there are no flood flows or markedly varied flow caused by
channel irregularities.
 In applying the uniform-flow formula to a natural stream, it
is understood that the result is approximate since the flow
conditions is subject to more uncertain factors than would
be involved in a regular artificial channel.

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EXPRESSING THE VELOCITY OF UNIFORM FLOW
 A good uniform-flow formula for an alluvial channel with
sediment transport and turbulent flow should take into
account of the following variables:
 A the water area,
 V the mean velocity,
 Vms the max surface velocity,
 P the wetted perimeter,
 R the hydraulic radius,
 y the max. depth of water area,
 Sw the slope of water surface,
 n the coefficient of roughness,
 Qs the suspended sediment charge,
 Qb the bed load,
 μ the dynamic viscosity, and
 T the temperature of water . 8
Establishment of uniform flow
 A large number of uniform-flow formula have been
developed but none of them qualify the above requirements.
The best and most widely used formulas are Chezy and
Manning formulas.

 Theoretical uniform-flow formula have also been derived on

the bases of theoretical velocity distribution across the
channel section, which will be discussed later in this course.

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THE CHEZY FORMULA
In 1769, a French Engineer Antoine Chezy developed the first
uniform-flow formula as follows:

This formula is derived based on two assumptions.

1. The first assumption is:

 The force resisting the flow per unit area of stream bed is
proportional to the square of the velocity, i.e. the force is equal
to KV2 where K is the proportionality.

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THE CHEZY FORMULA
 The surface contact of the flow with the stream bed is equal to
the product of wetted perimeter and the length of the
channel reach, or PL. The total force resisting the flow is
equal to KPLV2

2. The second assumption is the basic principle of uniform flow,

that is; the effective component of the gravity force causing the
flow must be equal to the total force due to resistance.

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DETERMINATION OF CHEZY RESISTANCE FACTOR
G.K. Formula :
 In 1869, two Swiss Engineers, Ganyuillet and Kutter
published a formula for value of C.

 This formula was derived from flow measurement data in

Channels of various types including gagging of many
European Rivers and Mississippi River.

 The formula appears cumbersome, but it usually produces

satisfactory results. 12
DETERMINATION OF CHEZY RESISTANCE FACTOR
Bazin Formula
 In 1897, the French hydraulician H. Bazin proposed the
following formulas

 Where m is the coefficient Of roughness, whose value is

given table (refer to the table in the next slide)..
 This formula was developed from the data collected from
small experimental channel.
 Its application is found to be less satisfactory than the K.G.
formula.
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DETERMINATION OF CHEZY RESISTANCE FACTOR

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DETERMINATION OF CHEZY RESISTANCE FACTOR
The Powell Formula
 In 1950, Powell suggested the following formula for artificial
channels.

where є is the measure of channel roughness.

 For rough channel, the flow is turbulent that R becomes very
large compared with C; The above equation becomes:

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DETERMINATION OF CHEZY RESISTANCE FACTOR

 For smooth channel, the roughness may be very small, є is

negligible compared with R, and

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THE MANNING FORMULA
 In 1889, the Irish Engineer Robert Manning presented a
formula, which was later modified to its present well known
form

…………English units

 In which, V is the mean velocity, R is hydraulic radius, S is

the longitudinal slope, and n is Manning roughness
Coefficient.
 This equation was developed from seven different formulas,
based on Bazin’s experimental data and verified by 170
observations.

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THE MANNING FORMULA
 Owing to its implicitly of the form and to the satisfactory
results, the Manning formula became the most widely used
of all uniform-flow formulas for open channel flow
computations.
 Within the normal ranges of slope and hydraulic radius, the
value of Manning’s n and Kutter’s n are generally found to be
numerically very close.

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THE MANNING FORMULA
 For practical purposes the two values may be identical when
the slope is equal to or greater than 0.0001, and the hydraulic
radius is between 1.0 and 30 ft.
 Typical values of Kutter’s n and Manning’s n are shown in
table (next slide).
 Comparing the Chezy and Manning Formula, it can be seen
that Chezy C is

 This provides an important relationship between Chezy C

and Manning’s n.

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THE MANNING FORMULA

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THE MANNING FORMULA
 The exponent of R in the Manning’s formula is not constant
but varies in the range depending mainly on the channel
roughness and shape.
 For this reason some hydraulicians prefer to use a formula
with variable exponent.

where

 y depends on roughness coefficient and hydraulic radius.

 The formula is valid for R between 0.1 and 3.om and for n
between 0.011 and 0.04.
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THE MANNING FORMULA
 For practical purposes the following approximate forms are
generally suggested:

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DETERMINATION OF MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

 In applying Manning or Kutter formula, the greatest

difficultly lies in the determination of roughness coefficient
n; for there is no exact method of selecting the n value.
 At present stage of knowledge, to select the value of n
actually means to estimate the resistance to flow in a given
channel.
 It depends on the exercise of sound engineering judgment
and experience.
 In order to give guideline in the proper determination of n
four general approaches will be discussed.

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DETERMINATION OF MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

1. To understand the factors affect the value of n and to

acquire the basic knowledge of the problem and narrow the
wide range of guesswork,
2. To consult tables of typical n values for channels of various
types,
3. to examine and become acquainted with the appearance of
some typical channels whose roughness coefficients are
known, and
4. To determine the values of n by an analytical procedure
based on the theoretical velocity distribution in the
channel-section and on the data of either velocity or
roughness measurement.

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DETERMINATION OF MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

 The factors that exert the greatest influence upon the

coefficient of roughness in both artificial and natural
channels are:
 Surface Roughness

 Vegetation

 Channel Irregularity

 Channel Alignment

 Sitting And Scouring

 Obstruction

 Stage And Discharge

 Seasonal Change

 Suspended Material And Bed Loud

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DETERMINATION OF MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

LAB WORK:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/116285777/Determine-Mannings-Roughness-Coefficient-and-Chezy-Roughness-
Coefficient-in-a-Labortary-Flume

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EXAMPLES

Example-01

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EXAMPLES

Example-02

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6/15/2023 CE-206 Dr. Fayaz A Khan 31
SELF ASSESSMENT HOME EXERCISE

CLO-01, PLO-02, lol-4

Daugherty, R. L., J. B. Franzini and Fenimore, Fluid Mechanics
with Engineering Application, McGraw-Hill New York (Latest
Edition)
Ven Tee Chow

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THANK YOU

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