International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 167~177

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i1.pp167-177  167

Analysis and design of photovoltaic three-phase grid-connected

inverter using passivity-based control

Zainab Mahmood Abed, Turki Kahawish Hassan, Kassim Rasheed Hameed

Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper presents photovoltaic three-phase grid-connected inverter with an
inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL)-filter. For robustness against variation of
Received Sep 26, 2021 filter parameters and external disturbance, the passivity-based control (PBC)
Revised Jan 19, 2022 method has been adopted. In this method, there are two interactively coupled
Accepted Jan 26, 2022 feedforward terms and three damping gains in the control loops which are
designed to limit the steady state error of grid current. Boost converter with
P&O maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for each photovoltaic
Keywords: (PV) string to extract maximum power and to raise the PV voltage to a value
suitable for the grid-connected inverter. The outputs of all boost converters
LCL-filter are connected in parallel and controlled to fixed reference voltage using
Passivity-based control proportional-integral (PI) controller to make the direct-current (DC) link
Three-phase photovoltaic voltage robust against variations in sun radiation intensity and system
inverter parameters change. The suggested system is analyzed, designed and
simulated using PSIM program. 1 kW, 2 kW, and 3 kW PV systems
connected to grid of 220 V/50 Hz are tested and the results show the validity
of the suggested grid-connected PV systems and robustness against filter
parameters variation.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Zainab Mahmood Abed
Electrical engineering department, college of engineering, Mustansiriyah university
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the renewable energy and relative technologies have been significant attention. The
more important link between the renewable energy and grid is the grid connected inverter (GCI) with suitable
filter to reduce the current harmonics, such as inductor (L), inductor-capacitor (LC), and inductor-capacitor-
inductor (LCL) filters. The LCL filter has better performance of harmonic attenuation and lower cost
compared with other types [1]−[3]. To enhance the performance of GCI with filter, many control strategies
are used such as proportional resonance (PR) [4] and proportional integral (PI) controllers with passive
damping method [5], [6], active damping method [7]−[10] and hybrid damping method [11], [12]. The
damping methods are used to enhance the performance of PR and PI controllers by reduction the resonance
effect, in another hand, these methods add extra cost like extra power in passive damping method and extra
number of sensors in active damping method. Another non-linear methods are used to enhance the
performance of GCI with filter, such as predictive control [13], [14], deadbeat control [15], [16] slide model
control [17], [18], adaptive control [19], [20], and passivity based control with wind system [21], railway
systems [22], [23], energy storage systems [24], [25], islanded AC microgrid [26] and GCI systems
[27]−[34]. The passivity-based control (PBC) strategy has simple modeling process and better performance
against parameters variations with different types of filters.

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168  ISSN: 2088-8694

The GCI system is coupled with L filter [27], [28] and LC filter [29], [30] where the discrete root
locus with unit step response and traditional analysis method like PI parameters design are used, there is one
feedforward in control loop and one damping gain of PBC controller which is selected depending on
attenuation of delay influence on the inverter, the feedforward term has no effect on stability of the system so
it can be neglected. The GCI system is also coupled with the LCL filter [31]−[34] where there are two
feedforwards in control loop and three damping gains, the GCI system is used with fixed DC supply voltage.
In this paper a PV system (demonstrated in section III-B) is used to supply grid through GCI with LCL filter
and PBC strategy is used as shown in Figure 1, where the additional DC voltage loop is used to enhance the
performance of GCI system.

Figure 1. Implementation of proposed system

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: the description of proposed system and mathematical
model of LCL filter and PBC controller are introduced in section 2. Design of proposed system is presented
in section 3. Many tests of changes in light intensity, filter parameters, and grid voltage are applied to check
the robustness of the proposed system in section 4, and the conclusion is summaries in section 5.

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF LCL FILTERED THREE PHASE GCI WITH PBC

2.1. The mathematical model of LCL filtered system
The mathematical model of LCL filtered system is:
𝑑𝑖1𝑘
𝐿1 + 𝑅1 𝑖1𝑘 + 𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 𝑢𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑘
𝐶 + 𝑖2𝑘 − 𝑖1𝑘 = 0 (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖2𝑘
𝐿2 + 𝑅2 𝑖2𝑘 − 𝑢𝑐𝑘 = −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑘
𝑑𝑡

Where; L1 is the inverter side inductance, R1 is inverter side parastic resistance, uc is capacitance voltage, u is
inverter voltage, C is filter capacitance, L 2 is grid side inductance, R2 is grid side parasitic resistance, i1 is
inverter current, i2 is grid current, vpcc is grid voltage, and k=a,b,c.
To get better control performance, abc-to-dq transformation is applied to (1), the new model is:
𝑑𝑖1𝑑
𝐿1 + 𝑅1 𝑖1𝑑 + 𝜔𝐿1 𝑖1𝑞 + 𝑢𝑐𝑑 = 𝑢𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖1𝑞
𝐿1 + 𝑅1 𝑖1𝑞 − 𝜔𝐿1 𝑖1𝑑 + 𝑢𝑐𝑞 = 𝑢𝑞
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑑
𝐶 + 𝑖2𝑑 + 𝜔𝐶𝑢𝑐𝑞 − 𝑖1𝑑 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑞
𝐶 + 𝑖2𝑞 − 𝜔𝐶𝑢𝑐𝑑 − 𝑖1𝑞 = 0 (2)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖2𝑑
𝐿2 + 𝑅2 𝑖2𝑑 + 𝜔𝐿2 𝑖2𝑞 − 𝑢𝑐𝑑 = −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖2𝑞
𝐿2 + 𝑅2 𝑖2𝑞 − 𝜔𝐿2 𝑖2𝑑 − 𝑢𝑐𝑞 = −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑞
𝑑𝑡

The Euler Lagrange model is used to describe the system for simplify analysis. The state variables
are defined as x=(i1d i1q ucd ucq i2d i2q)T and (2) is rewritten as:

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  169

𝐴𝑥̇ + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 = 𝑢 (3)

Where;

𝐿1 0 0 0 0 0
0 𝐿1 0 0 0 0
0 0 𝐶 0 0 0
𝐴=
0 0 0 𝐶 0 0
0 0 0 0 𝐿2 0
[ 0 0 0 0 0 𝐿2 ]
0 −𝜔𝐿1 1 0 0 0
𝜔𝐿1 0 0 1 0 0
−1 0 0 −𝜔𝐶 1 0
𝐵= 0 0 1
0 −1 𝜔𝐶
0 0 −1 0 0 −𝜔𝐿2
[ 0 0 0 −1 𝜔𝐿2 0 ]
𝑅1 0 0 0 0 0
0 𝑅1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐶= 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 𝑅2 0
[ 0 0 0 0 0 𝑅2 ]

And 𝑢 = [𝑢𝑑 𝑢𝑞 0 0 −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑 −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑞 ]𝑇 According to the theory of passivity, the LCL filtered system
is strictly passive, and the controller can be designed by applying PBC [33].

2.2. PBC control

The reference state variables are defined as:
∗
𝑥 ∗ = [𝑖1𝑑 𝑖1𝑞 ∗ 𝑢𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑢𝑐𝑞 ∗ 𝑖2𝑑 ∗ 𝑖2𝑞 ∗ ]𝑇 (4)

While the error vector is defined as xe=x*-x, the Euler Lagrange equation can be rewritten as:

𝐴(𝑥̇ ∗ − 𝑥𝑒̇ ) + 𝐵(𝑥 ∗ − 𝑥𝑒 ) + 𝐶(𝑥 ∗ − 𝑥𝑒 ) = 𝑢

𝐴𝑥𝑒̇ + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒 = 𝐴𝑥̇ ∗ + 𝐵𝑥 ∗ + 𝐶𝑥 ∗ − 𝑢 (5)

To accelerate the convergence speed, a damping matrix k d is added to error system, where:

𝑘𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔{𝑘2 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑘0 𝑘0 } (6)

Where; k1, k2>0 and k0 can be replaced by PI controller to enhance the steady state response. Substitution (6)
into (5) to get:

𝐴𝑥𝑒̇ + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒 + 𝑘𝑑 𝑥𝑒 = 𝐴𝑥̇ ∗ + 𝐵𝑥 ∗ + 𝐶𝑥 ∗ + 𝑘𝑑 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑢 (7)

If xe is zero, the left side of (7) is zero too, the control law can be written in details as:

𝑑𝑖1𝑑 ∗
𝐿1 + 𝑅1 𝑖1𝑑 ∗ + 𝜔𝐿1 𝑖1𝑞 ∗ + 𝑘2 (𝑖1𝑑 ∗ − 𝑖1𝑑 ) + 𝑢𝑐𝑑 ∗ = 𝑢𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖1𝑞 ∗
𝐿1 + 𝑅1 𝑖1𝑞 ∗ − 𝜔𝐿1 𝑖1𝑑 ∗ + 𝑘2 (𝑖1𝑞 ∗ − 𝑖1𝑞 ) + 𝑢𝑐𝑞 ∗ = 𝑢𝑞
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑑 ∗
𝐶 + 𝜔𝐶𝑢𝑐𝑞 ∗ + 𝑘1 (𝑢𝑐𝑑 ∗ − 𝑢𝑐𝑑 ) + 𝑖2𝑑 ∗ − 𝑖1𝑑 ∗ = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑞 ∗
𝐶 − 𝜔𝐶𝑢𝑐𝑑 ∗ + 𝑘1 (𝑢𝑐𝑞 ∗ − 𝑢𝑐𝑞 ) + 𝑖2𝑞 ∗ − 𝑖1𝑑 ∗ = 0 (8)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖2𝑑 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
𝐿2 + 𝑅2 𝑖2𝑑 + 𝜔𝐿2 𝑖2𝑞 + 𝑘0 (𝑖2𝑑 − 𝑖2𝑑 ) − 𝑢𝑐𝑑 = −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖2𝑞 ∗
𝐿2 + 𝑅2 𝑖2𝑞 ∗ − 𝜔𝐿2 𝑖2𝑑 ∗ + 𝑘0 (𝑖2𝑞 ∗ − 𝑖2𝑞 ) − 𝑢𝑐𝑞 ∗ = −𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑞
𝑑𝑡
𝐼2𝑞 ∗ = 𝑘𝑝𝑣 (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) + ∫ 𝑘𝑖𝑣 (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) (9)

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170  ISSN: 2088-8694

Where Vdc is the inverter DC-link voltage, Vref is the reference voltage and kpv, kiv are the proportional
integral gains. The diagram of equivalent system using PBC with inverter DC-link voltage control in (8) and
(9) is implemented as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Implementation of PBC and inverter DC-link voltage control

The damping gains k1 and k2 can be calculated as explained in [33] by:

𝐶
𝑘1 = (10)
3𝑇𝑠

𝐿1
𝑘2 = (11)
6𝜁 2𝑇𝑠

where; C is the filter capacitance, L1 is the inverter side inductance, Ts is the switching frequency, and ζ is the
1
damping ratio which is [33].
√2

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1. LCL filter
The power conversion of PV system (boost converter) and inverter injects harmonics into grid
which affect the system operation and reduce the overall power factor. LCL filter is used in the proposed
system to eliminate the harmonics effect [35]. The LCL filter is shown in Figure 3, and the limits of it is
parameters can be calculated by (12).
𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝐿1 ≤ (12)
6𝐹𝑠𝑤 ∆𝐼1 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where; L1 is the inverter side inductance, VDC is the boosted DC voltage, ∆𝐼1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum inverter
current ripple which is approximately 20% of grid current, and F sw is the switching frequency [36].
𝐼2
𝐶 ≤ 0.05 ∗ (13)
2𝜋𝐹𝑎𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑐

Where; C is the filter capacitance, I2 is the grid current, Vac is the grid voltage, and Fac is the grid frequency.

𝐿2 = 𝑟𝐿1 , 𝑟 ≤ 1 (14)

Where; L2 is the grid side inductance [37]. A grid inductance L g is added to L2 and it’s value is uncertain, so
it is choice practically [38]. According to (12), (13), and (14) the limits of LCL filter parameters in this paper
are L1≤10 mH, C≤4.34 µF, L2≤10 mH.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  171

Figure 3. LCL filter design

3.2. PV system
A PV string of PSIM library consisting of 4 series connected PV panels, it is generated 1000 W of
power at 1000 W/m2 of light intensity. The PV system contains many of PV strings connected in parallel
(through boost converter with MPPT for each string) according to the required power, many changes are
occurred to the PV system to check the robust of the proposed system of this paper, firstly, the PV system
works with different number of PV strings, secondly, the PV system works with different values of light
intensity. The low output voltage of PV string is boosted to grid conjunction, a DC-to-DC converter is
necessary to use between the PV string and the inverter [35]. in this paper a boost converter with maximum
power point tracker (MPPT) is used and the output voltage of boost converter for each string is regulated to
720 V using PI controller. The PV system consisting of PV string and DC-to-DC boost converter is shown in
Figure 4. The PV system provides DC power, a DC-to-AC inverter is used to convert the DC power to three
phase AC power to supply the grid. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) method is used to
control the switches of inverter with carrier frequency of 10000 Hz.

Figure 4. PV system with one PV string

4. RESULTS
The complete proposed system shown in Figure 1 is simulated, the PSIM program is used for
simulation with parameters as explained in Table 1. This system is tested with different PV power (1000 W,
2000 W, and 3000 W) by adding PV systems in parallel. For 1 PV string (4 PV panels connected in series),
the PV supplied power is 1000 W, the grid current of 2 A with THD% of 4.07% and power factor of 0.998.
The three phase grid current is shown in Figure 5 (a), three phase output voltage is shown in Figure 5 (b), and
output voltage and grid current of phase a are shown in Figure 5 (c). The output DC current and voltage of
boost converter (input to the inverter) of 720V is shown in Figure 6 (a) and boost voltage is shown in Figure
6 (b). The reference and actual Iq currents and I d current are shown in Figure 7. For 2 PV strings with boost
converter for each string (connected in parallel), the PV supplied power is 2000 W, the grid current of 4 A
with THD% of 1.85% and power factor of 0.999. The output voltage and grid current of phase a are shown in
Figure 8.

Table 1. The parameters of proposed system

Description Value
Grid phase voltage 220 V (RMS)
Switching frequency 10 KHz
Inverter side inductor L1 2 mH
Filter capacitor C 1 µF
Grid side inductor L2 + Lg 15 mH
1 PV string voltage 144 V
Light intensity and temperature 1000 W/m2, 25 °C
Boosted DC voltage (Inverter DC-link voltage) 720 V
PI parameters of boosted DC voltage loop (kpv, kiv) 0.01, 100
PI parameters of PBC controller 8, 800
Damping gains (k1, k2) 0.003333, 6.665
Analysis and design of photovoltaic three-phase grid-connected inverter using … (Zainab Mahmood Abed)
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(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 5. System of 1 PV system (a) three phase of grid current (b) three phase of grid voltage (c) grid
current and voltage of phase a

(a) (b)

Figure 6. System of 1 PV system (a) boost current and voltage (input to the inverter) (b) boost voltage

Figure 7. Id and Iq currents for system of 1 PV system Figure 8. Grid current and voltage of phase a for
system of 2 PV systems

For 3 PV strings with boost converter for each string (connected in parallel), the PV supplied power
is 3000 W, the grid current of 6A with THD% of 1.38% and power factor of 0.999. The output voltage and
current of phase a are shown in Figure 9. The response of the systems above can be summarized as shown in
Table 2. To check the robust of the proposed system, there are three tests are applied, the first test is to check
the efficiency of the system during weather changes which affect the light intensity, the second test is
reduction the inductances of LCL filter, and the last test is to check the system operation with variable grid
voltage. A PV system with 2 PV strings is tested in the first test, the light intensity is increased from

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800 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 which provides 1600 W PV power (3.2 A grid current) then increased to 2000 W
PV power (4 A grid current) at time (10 seconds), the Iq reference of this system is shown in Figure 10 with
overshoot of 15% and settled after 1.9 seconds. Boost voltage is shown in Figure 11 with overshoot of
0.48%. The grid current of phase a is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 9. Grid current and voltage of phase a for system of 3 PV systems

Table 2. The results of THD% of grid current and output power factor at different PV power
PV system PV power Grid current (Amplitude) System efficiency THD% of grid current Power factor
1 PV system 1000 W 2A 93.15% 4.07% 0.998
2 PV systems 2000 W 4A 93.24% 1.85% 0.999
3 PV systems 3000 W 6A 93.24% 1.38% 0.999

Figure 10. The dynamic response of Iq reference Figure 11. The dynamic response of boost voltage at
current at increasing light intensity increasing light intensity

Figure 12. The dynamic response of grid current of phase a at increasing light intensity

The same system is tested again with light intensity of 1000 W/m2 then decreased to 600 W/m2
which provides 2000 W PV power (4 A grid current) then decreased to 1200 W PV power (2.4 A grid
current) at time (14 seconds), the Iq reference of this system is shown in Figure 13 with downshoot of 47%
and settled after 2.5 seconds. Boost voltage is shown in Figure 14, the downshoot is 1.25%. The grid current
of phase a is shown in Figure 15. The response of the system after applied first test can be summaries as
shown in Table 3.
A PV system with 2 PV strings and light intensity of 1000 W/m 2 is tested in this second test, the
grid side inductance is reduced from 15 mH to 10 mH, the THD% of grid current is 3% and power factor of
0.999. The output voltage and current of phase a are shown in Figure 16. The same system is tested again
with grid side inductance reduced to 6 mH, the THD% of grid current is 4.7% and power factor of 0.998. The
output voltage and current of phase a are shown in Figure 17. The same system is tested with inverter side
inductance reduced from 2 mH to 1.5 mH, the THD% of grid current is 2.87% and power factor of 0.998.
The output voltage and current of phase a are shown in Figure 18. The response of the system under second
test can be summarized as shown in Table 4.
Analysis and design of photovoltaic three-phase grid-connected inverter using … (Zainab Mahmood Abed)
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Figure 13. The dynamic response of reference q Figure 14. The dynamic response of boost voltage at
current at decreasing light intensity decreasing light intensity

Figure 15. The dynamic response of grid current of phase a at decreasing light intensity

Table 3. the results of shooting% of V boost and Iq and the settling time at difference light intensity
Grid current Shooting% of Shooting% of
PV system Light intensity Settling time
(Amplitude) V boost Iq reference
2 2
2 PV systems 800 W/m to 1000 W/m 3.2 A to 4 A 0.48% 15% (over) 1.9 seconds
2 PV systems 1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 4 A to 2.4 A 1.25% 47% (down) 2.4 seconds

Figure 16. Grid current and voltage of phase a at Figure 17. Grid current and voltage of phase a at
L1= 2 mH and L2+Lg= 10 mH L1= 2 mH and L2+Lg= 6 mH

Figure 18. Grid current and voltage of phase a at L 1= 1.5 mH and L2+Lg= 15 mH

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Table 4. The results of THD% of grid current and output power factor at difference filter parameters
Grid current THD% of Power
PV system LCL Filter inductances
(Amplitude) grid current factor
2 PV systems L1= 2mH, L2+Lg=15 mH 4A 1.85% 0.999
2 PV systems L1= 2mH, L2+Lg=10 mH 4A 3% 0.999
2 PV systems L1= 2mH, L2+Lg=6 mH 4A 4.7% 0.998
2 PV systems L1= 1.5mH, L2+Lg=15 mH 4A 2.87% 0.998

In the third test of a PV system with 2 PV strings, the grid voltage is reduced to 200 V, the PV
power is 2000 W, grid current is 4.4 A with THD% of 2.15% and power factor of 0.999. The output voltage
and grid current of phase a are shown in Figure 19. The same system is tested again, the grid voltage is
increased to 240 V, the PV power is 2000 W, Grid current is 3.4 A with THD% of 2.24% and power factor of
0.999. The output voltage and grid current of phase a are shown in Figure 20. The response of the system
under third test can be summarized as shown in Table 5.

Figure 19. Grid current and voltage of phase a at grid Figure 20. Grid current and voltage of phase a at
voltage of 200 V grid voltage of 240 V

Table 5. The results of THD% of grid current and output power factor at difference grid voltage
Grid voltage Grid current THD% of
PV system Power factor
(RMS) (Amplitude) grid current
2 PV strings 220 V 4A 1.85 % 0.999
2 PV strings 200 V 4.4 A 2.15 % 0.999
2 PV strings 240 V 3.4 A 2.24 % 0.999

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter with an LCL-filter is analyzed and
designed. PBC method is suggested in order to find systematic strategy to design the damping factors and to
make the system robust against system parameters variation. Based on simulation results, the following
aspects can be concluded: i) stable DC-link voltage of inverter against variation in sun light intensity and
system parameters variation due to the action of DC voltage loop and PBC controller; ii) the designed PBC
controller can maintain the system stable even the parameters of the LCL-filter vary; iii) the system stable
against the variation of grid voltage, this due to the effectiveness of PBC controller; iv) the total harmonic
distortion of grid current is less than 5% for all tests of proposed grid-connected PV system due to the
effectiveness of the LCL- filter and PBC controller; v) the system efficiency is approached to 93.24 % and it
is calculated by division the three phase output power on the input PV power.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Zainab Mahmood Abed was born in 1990. She has received B.Sc. in electrical
engineering in 2012, M.Sc. in electrical engineering power and machines in 2017 from
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq.
From 2012-2017 she was Electrical Engineer in Electrical Engineering Department, College of
Engineering, Mustansiriyah University. From 2019 up to now she was assistance lecturer for
machine subject in Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah
University. Her research interests include AC drive systems and grid-connected photovoltaic
systems. She can be contacted at email: zainab.mahmood21290@gmail. com.

Turki Kahawish Hassan was born in 1959. He has received B.Sc. in Electrical
Engineering in 1982, M.Sc. in electrical Engineering /Power Electronics Specialisation in
1991 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering power electronics in 2005 from Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq from 1983-
2005 he worked in Electrical Engineering Design Centre as designer for DC-AC Converters,
and AC-DC Converters. From 2006 up to now He was lecturer for power electronics subject in
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University. He was
a professor in 2020. His research interests include modular multilevel converters, high
frequency DC-DC converters, AC drive systems and grid-connected photovoltaic systems. He
has published 27 journal articles, and 5 international conference articles. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Kassim Rasheed Hameed was born in 1960. He has received B.Sc. in Electrical
Engineering in 1983, M.Sc. in electrical engineering transformer specialization in 2000 from
the University of Technology, Baghdad and Ph.D. in electrical engineering transformer in
2007 from the University of Technology, Baghdad. From 1987 -2007 he worked in the field of
manufacturing, Testing and designing electrical transformers at Diyala Company for
Transformer Industries in Iraq. He is currently working as an assistant professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiriya University
since 2008. His research interest’s High Frequency, Low Frequency Transformer Design and
electromagnetic analysis. He has published 8 journal articles. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Analysis and design of photovoltaic three-phase grid-connected inverter using … (Zainab Mahmood Abed)