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3 MATHG1 - Functions and Graphs

Functions and Graphs

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16 views13 pages

3 MATHG1 - Functions and Graphs

Functions and Graphs

Uploaded by

batrina04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Calculus

Functions and Graphs

August 16, 2023

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 1 / 13


Relation
A relation is a subset of the Cartesian product. The relation between two
sets is defined as the collection of the ordered pair, in which the ordered
pair is formed by the object from each set.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 2 / 13


4 Types of Relations:

One-to-one Relation: each element of one set will be mapped to a


distinct element in another set.

One-to-many Relation: a single element of one set will be mapped


to more than one element in another set.

Many-to-one Relation: more than one element of one set are


mapped to a single distinct element of another set.

Many-to-many Relation: one or more elements of one set will be


mapped to the same or a different element of another set.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 3 / 13


Function

Definition
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly
one element, called f (x) (read “f of x”), in a set E .

We usually consider functions for which the sets D and E are sets of real
numbers. The set D is called the domain of the function. The number
f (x) is the value of f at x. The range of f is the set of all possible values
of f (x) as x varies throughout the domain.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 4 / 13


It’s helpful to think of a function as a machine. If x is in the domain of
the function f , then when x enters the machine, it’s accepted as an input
and the machine produces an output f (x) according to the rule of the
function. Thus, we can think of the domain as the set of all possible
inputs and the range as the set of all possible outputs.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 5 / 13


The most common method for visualizing a function is its graph. If f is a
function with domain D, then its graph is the set of ordered pairs
{(x, f (x)) | x ∈ D}
Note that these are input-output pairs. In other words, the graph of f
consists of all points (x, y ) in the coordinate plane such that y = f (x) and
x is in the domain of f . The graph of a function f gives us a useful picture
of the behavior of a function. Since the y −coordinate of any point (x, y )
on the graph is y = f (x), we can read the value of f (x) from the graph as
being the height of the graph above the point x.

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The graph of f also allows us to picture the domain of f on the x−axis
and its range on the y −axis.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 7 / 13


Exercises:

1.) Does this set of ordered pairs represent a function?


{(1, 5), (2, 3), (7, 8), (5, 6), (3, 2)}? If yes, find its domain and range
as well.
2.) Does this set of ordered pairs represent a function?
{(−8, 2), (3, 4), (−3, 6), (−8, 3), (−6, 5)}? If yes, find its domain and
range as well.
3.) Does this set of ordered pairs represent a function?
{(1, 2), (3, 5), (5, 1), (7, 1), (9, 6)}? If yes, find its domain and range
as well.
4.) Does this set of ordered pairs represent a function?
{(−3, 5), (3, 6), (1, 3), (−2, −6), (8, 9)}? If yes, find its domain and
range as well.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 8 / 13


Domain Convention
If the domain of a function f is not explicitly given, then by convention we
take as domain the set of all numbers for which f (x) is a real number.

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The graph of a function is a curve in the xy −plane. But the question
arises: Which curves in the xy −plane are graphs of functions? This is
answered by the following test.

Vertical line Test


A curve in the xy −plane is the graph of a function if and only if no
vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

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Observe that if each vertical line x = a intersects a curve only once, at
(a, b), then exactly one functional value is defined by f (a) = b. But if a
line x = a intersects the curve twice, at (a, b) and (a, c), then the curve
can’t represent a function because a function can’t assign two different
values to a.

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 11 / 13


Example

In y = f (x), x is the independent variable [input] and y is the dependent


variable [output]. So, for each input x, the corresponding output y is
obtained by substituting x in the given formula.

Let f (x) = 3x 2 − 4x + 1, then

f (0) = 3(0)2 − 4(0) + 1 = 3(0) − 0 + 1 = 0 − 0 + 1 = 1


f (−1) = 3(−1)2 − 4(−1) + 1 = 3(1) + 4 + 1 = 3 + 4 + 1 = 8
f (2) = 3(2)2 − 4(2) + 1 = 3(4) − 8 + 1 = 12 − 8 + 1 = 5 .

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 12 / 13


Exercises:

1.) Evaluate f (x) = 2x 2 − x + 1 for the given x-values:


x = −1
x =0
x =2

2.) Evaluate f (x) = x 3 + x − 2 for the given x-values:


x = −1
x =1
x =3

Differential Calculus August 16, 2023 13 / 13

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