Corsoc1 Reviewer

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
(Reviewer)
WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?
 is derived from two Greek words anthropos and logos, which intensively studies human and the respective
cultures where they were born and actively belong to.
 Culture is the CENTRAL CONCEPT in ANTHROPOLOGY.
 “IMPERIALISM” – Anthropology came about because of this world major event
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
 SOCIETY is the CENTRAL CONCEPT of SOCIOLOGY
 is a systematic study of groups and societies that people build and how these affect their behavior.
 The main focus of sociologists is to take a firm and conscious position of neutrality. The foremost task is
to discover and organize knowledge about human behavior, so they must remain value-free.
o example: Student having a research study on the study habits of different groups.
 It focuses on various connections and organizations
 It gathers social inputs which are composed of frequent forms and manners namely: attitude, viewpoints,
consolidated values, and norms of social institutions which form part of social array.
 It does not flourish in the context of conqueror-conquered relations.
 “INDUSTRIALIZATION” – Sociology came about because of this event.
 “URBANIZATION” – leads to immediate social problems.
WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE
 is a part of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics, power, and government.
o example: conducting a research study on the on-going political dynasties in the Philippines.
 POWER is the CENTRAL CONCEPT in POLITICAL SCIENCE
CULTURE and SOCIETY

 CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
o is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’, which means companionship or friendship.
o Two primary components of a society are its culture and social structure.
o TYPES OF SOCIETY
 1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL
 SUB-TYPES
o Hunting and gathering societies - use of simple tools to hunt animals and
gather vegetation
o Horticultural and Pastoral - the use of hand tools to cultivate crops.
o Agrarian – the work involves growing crops and cultivating rice fields
o Feudal
 2. INDUSTRIAL
 3. POST-INDUSTRIAL
 CONCEPT OF CULTURE
o Culture refers to the complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything that a person learns and shares as a member
of society.
o ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
 SYMBOL is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share
the culture
 LANGUAGE is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one
another, share their views, thus, creating an understanding among individuals.
 VALUES are culturally defined as standards by which people assess desirability,
goodness and beauty and which serve as a broad guideline of social living
 BELIEFS are specific statements that people hold to be true.
 Example: SI MALAKAS at SI MAGANDA
 NORMS are societal expectations that guides the behavior of its members.
 FOLWAYS: This refers to a group’s practices such as appropriate greetings,
farewell rituals and ceremonies.
 MORES: This refers to community members who avoid gossiping, stealing, lying
and bullying.
 LAW is simply a rule that has been formally enacted by a political authority and is backed
by the power of the state.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN ATTAINING CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

 Ethnocentrism:
o primarily refers to the belief of a person or group of person that their culture is higher or superior
than other culture.
o An ethnocentric person sees and weighs another culture based upon the values and standards of
his/her own culture.
 Cultural Relativism:
o refers to the act of not judging a culture based on our own standards of what is right or wrong,
strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in their
own context.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES

 SYMBOLS
o Provide social cues and clues in understanding experiences in a society.
 CULTURAL SYMBOLS
o Symbols are the basis of CULTURE
o A symbol is an object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural
relationship that is culturally defined.
 SOCIAL SYMBOLS
o It provide clues to understanding experiences by conveying recognizable meanings that are
shared by societies.
 Example: Traffic Regulations
 POLITICAL SYMBOLS
o are entities that stand for things other than themselves, elicit responses, and assume meaning
in relation to the objects, beliefs, values, or attitudes to which they refer.
SOME IMPOTANT EVENTS OR SYMBOLS IN OUR SOCIETY

 Holidays:
o September 1 – Baguio Day
o September 13 – “Sipat” (Peace Talks)
o FIDEL V. RAMOS - 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines who very much restored
the economy of the country
o BONGBONG MARCOS – 17th President of the Republic of the Philippines
o SARA DUTERTE – the Secretary of DEP-ED
SOCIALIZATION
 refers to the process by which an individual is oriented and taught by his or her society’s norms.
 Effectively learning the language of other country/place is an example ACCULTURATION
o Thus, ACCULTURATION happens when one has a prolonged contact with another culture.
 Socialization is the process of being nurtured in a cultural community
 Socialization helps us to be a conforming member in a society
 Socialization is not a one-sided interaction
ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION
 The CONTEXT is like the theater or stage in which socialization occurs. Social context includes culture,
language, and social structures such as the class, ethnic, and gender hierarchies of a society.
 The CONTENT AND PROCESS of socialization is like the play, the lines, and the actors. It includes
the structure of the socializing activity--how intense and prolonged it is, who does it, how it is done,
whether it is a total experience or only a partial process, how aware the individual is of alternatives, and
how attractive those alternatives are.
o Example
 an individual with a natural black and straight hair is nor under the process of
SOCIALIZATION.
 Learning the behavior of a particular group.
 CONSEQUENCES may properly be defined as what happens later, after someone has been exposed to
particular content and processes. New members may learn the behaviors, attitudes, and values that old
members hoped they would learn.
PARTICIPANTS IN SOCIALIZATION
 Family - It is where socialization starts.
 Schools - teach values and attitudes
 Peer - consists of friends and associates who are about the same age and social status
 Country - Even very young children develop a sense of "we" in relation to their own country and learn to
see other countries in terms of "they".
SOCIAL GROUPS
 GROUP vs. AGGREGATES
o Social Groups
 It gives people a sense of belonging
 It is a bundle of people with shared ideas
 It is based on mutual expectations
o Social Aggregates
 It is a collection of people with no common goals
 It is a collection of people at the same time and place with no common intentions
 Doing the same thing but do not identify with one another.
 FORMS and FUNCTIONS

o UTILITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS (also called remunerative organizations) provide an
income or some other personal benefit.
o NORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS (also called voluntary organizations or voluntary
associations) allow people to pursue their moral goals and commitments.
o COERCIVE ORGANIZATIONS compliance is maintained through force and coercion. This
organization is not lenient or relax.
GOD BLESS!!
I HOPE THIS CAN HELP YOU IN YOUR EXAMINATION

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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

CULTURE and SOCIETY

CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN ATTAINING CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES

SOME IMPOTANT EVENTS OR SYMBOLS IN OUR SOCIETY

 FORMS and FUNCTIONS

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