String Length – strlen(“string”);

Word Count – str_word_count("Hello world!");

Search for text within a String – strops(“Hello world!”, “world”);

Upper Case – strtoupper(“text”);

Lower Case – strtolower();

Replace String – str_replace(“World”, “Dolly”, “Hello World!”);

Reverse – strrev()

Remove Whitespace – trim(“”)

Convert String to Array

$x = "Hello World!";

$y = explode(" ", $x);

//Use the print_r() function to display the result:

print_r($y);

/*

Result:

Array ( [0] => Hello [1] => World! )

Slicing
$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, 6, 5);

Slice to the End

$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, 6);

Slice From the End

Get the 3 characters, starting from the "o" in world (index -5):

$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, -5, 3);

Negative Length
From the string "Hi, how are you?", get the characters starting from index 5,
and continue until you reach the 3. character from the end (index -3).

Should end up with "ow are y":

$x = "Hi, how are you?";

echo substr($x, 5, -3);

Function Description

addcslashes() Returns a string with backslashes in front of the spec

addslashes() Returns a string with backslashes in front of predefin

bin2hex() Converts a string of ASCII characters to hexadecimal

chop() Removes whitespace or other characters from the rig

chr() Returns a character from a specified ASCII value

chunk_split() Splits a string into a series of smaller parts

convert_cyr_string() Converts a string from one Cyrillic character-set to an

convert_uudecode() Decodes a uuencoded string

convert_uuencode() Encodes a string using the uuencode algorithm

count_chars() Returns information about characters used in a string

crc32() Calculates a 32-bit CRC for a string

crypt() One-way string hashing

echo() Outputs one or more strings

explode() Breaks a string into an array

fprintf() Writes a formatted string to a specified output stream

get_html_translation_table() Returns the translation table used by htmlspecialcha

hebrev() Converts Hebrew text to visual text

hebrevc() Converts Hebrew text to visual text and new lines (\n

hex2bin() Converts a string of hexadecimal values to ASCII cha

html_entity_decode() Converts HTML entities to characters

htmlentities() Converts characters to HTML entities

htmlspecialchars_decode() Converts some predefined HTML entities to characte

htmlspecialchars() Converts some predefined characters to HTML entitie

implode() Returns a string from the elements of an array

join() Alias of implode()

lcfirst() Converts the first character of a string to lowercase

levenshtein() Returns the Levenshtein distance between two string

localeconv() Returns locale numeric and monetary formatting info

ltrim() Removes whitespace or other characters from the lef

md5() Calculates the MD5 hash of a string

md5_file() Calculates the MD5 hash of a file

metaphone() Calculates the metaphone key of a string

money_format() Returns a string formatted as a currency string

nl_langinfo() Returns specific local information

nl2br() Inserts HTML line breaks in front of each newline in a

number_format() Formats a number with grouped thousands

ord() Returns the ASCII value of the first character of a stri

parse_str() Parses a query string into variables

print() Outputs one or more strings

printf() Outputs a formatted string

quoted_printable_decode() Converts a quoted-printable string to an 8-bit string

quoted_printable_encode() Converts an 8-bit string to a quoted printable string

quotemeta() Quotes meta characters

rtrim() Removes whitespace or other characters from the rig

setlocale() Sets locale information

sha1() Calculates the SHA-1 hash of a string

sha1_file() Calculates the SHA-1 hash of a file

similar_text() Calculates the similarity between two strings

soundex() Calculates the soundex key of a string

sprintf() Writes a formatted string to a variable

sscanf() Parses input from a string according to a format

str_getcsv() Parses a CSV string into an array

str_ireplace() Replaces some characters in a string (case-insensitiv

str_pad() Pads a string to a new length

str_repeat() Repeats a string a specified number of times

str_replace() Replaces some characters in a string (case-sensitive)

str_rot13() Performs the ROT13 encoding on a string

str_shuffle() Randomly shuffles all characters in a string

str_split() Splits a string into an array

str_word_count() Count the number of words in a string

strcasecmp() Compares two strings (case-insensitive)

strchr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another s

strcmp() Compares two strings (case-sensitive)

strcoll() Compares two strings (locale based string compariso

strcspn() Returns the number of characters found in a string b

characters are found

strip_tags() Strips HTML and PHP tags from a string

stripcslashes() Unquotes a string quoted with addcslashes()

stripslashes() Unquotes a string quoted with addslashes()

stripos() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string

insensitive)

stristr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another s

strlen() Returns the length of a string

strnatcasecmp() Compares two strings using a "natural order" algorith

strnatcmp() Compares two strings using a "natural order" algorith

strncasecmp() String comparison of the first n characters (case-inse

strncmp() String comparison of the first n characters (case-sens

strpbrk() Searches a string for any of a set of characters

strpos() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string

sensitive)

strrchr() Finds the last occurrence of a string inside another st

strrev() Reverses a string

strripos() Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string in
insensitive)

strrpos() Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string in

strspn() Returns the number of characters found in a string th

specified charlist

strstr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another s

strtok() Splits a string into smaller strings

strtolower() Converts a string to lowercase letters

strtoupper() Converts a string to uppercase letters

strtr() Translates certain characters in a string

substr() Returns a part of a string

substr_compare() Compares two strings from a specified start position

sensitive)

substr_count() Counts the number of times a substring occurs in a s

substr_replace() Replaces a part of a string with another string

 trim() Removes whitespace or other characters from both s

ucfirst() Converts the first character of a string to uppercase

ucwords() Converts the first character of each word in a string t

vfprintf() Writes a formatted string to a specified output stream

vprintf() Outputs a formatted string

vsprintf() Writes a formatted string to a variable

wordwrap() Wraps a string to a given number of characters

………………………………………………………………………..

PHP Numbers
 Integer - is_int(), is_integer(), is_long()

 Float – is_float(), id_double()

 Number Strings : is_numeric()

 is_nan() = check it is not a number

……………………………………………………………………………………

Data Types Conversion:

(string)

(int)

(float)

(bool): If a value is 0, NULL, false, or empty, the (bool) converts it into false, -
1 = true

(array) : When converting into arrays, most data types converts into an
indexed array with one element.

NULL values converts to an empty array object.

Objects converts into associative arrays where the property names becomes
the keys and the property values becomes the values:

(object)

(unset) - converts to data type NULL

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

MATH
pi() function returns the value of PI:
min(), max()

abs(-6.7)

sqrt(64) -

round(0.60) – nearest integer

rand(10,100),

pow(25,1/2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

 const are always case-sensitive

 define() has has a case-insensitive option.
 const cannot be created inside another block scope, like inside a
function or inside an if statement.
 define can be created inside another block scope.

 define(name, value, case-insensitive);

 define("cars", [
 "Alfa Romeo",
 "BMW",
 "Toyota"
 ]);
  echo cars[0];

Magic Constants
Constant Description

__CLASS__ If used inside a class, the class name is returned.

__DIR__ The directory of the file.

__FILE__ The file name including the full path.

__FUNCTION__ If inside a function, the function name is returned.

__LINE__ The current line number.

__METHOD__ If used inside a function that belongs to a class, both class and funct

__NAMESPACE__ If used inside a namespace, the name of the namespace is returned

__TRAIT__ If used inside a trait, the trait name is returned.

ClassName::class Returns the name of the specified class and the name of the namesp

PHP Operators
 Arithmetic operators –
 Modulus : % - Remainder of $x divided by $y
Exponentiation - ** Result of raising $x to the $y'th power

 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators

!== Not $x !== Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not of the
identical $y

<= Spaceship $x <=> Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zer
> $y equal to, or greater than $y. Introduced in PHP 7.


 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators

xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both

 And (&&), or (||), !

 String operators

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $tx

.= Concatenation assignment $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $tx


 Array operators

Operator Name Example Result

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x an

key/value pairs

=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x an

key/value pairs in th
same types

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is


 Conditional assignment operators

?: Ternary $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 Returns the value of $x.

The value of $x is expr2 if expr1 =
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 =

?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x.

The value of $x is expr1 if expr1 ex
If expr1 does not exist, or is NULL, t
Introduced in PHP 7


FOR EACH LOOP
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as $x) {

echo "$x <br>";

Key Value
$members = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

foreach ($members as $x => $y) {

echo "$x : $y <br>";

foreach Loop for Object of Class

Print the property names and values

class Car {

public $color;

public $model;

public function __construct($color, $model) {

$this->color = $color;

$this->model = $model;

$myCar = new Car("red", "Volvo");

foreach ($myCar as $x => $y) {

 echo "$x: $y <br>";

#Result
color: red
model: Volvo
Foreach Byref
By default, changing an array item will not affect the original array:

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as $x) {

if ($x == "blue") $x = "pink";

var_dump($colors);

By assigning the array items by reference (&$x), changes will affect the
original array:

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as &$x) {

if ($x == "blue") $x = "pink";

var_dump($colors);

Alternative Syntax of ForEach

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
foreach ($colors as $x) :

echo "$x <br>";

endforeach;

Functions :
Variable Number of Arguments
function sumMyNumbers(...$x) {

$n = 0;

$len = count($x);

for($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {

$n += $x[$i];

return $n;

$a = sumMyNumbers(5, 2, 6, 2, 7, 7);

echo $a;

The variadic argument must be the last argument:

Strict Type
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement

function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

return $a + $b;

echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");

// since strict is enabled and "5 days" is not an integer, an

error will be thrown

?>
PHP Array Types
 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
 Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
 Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

 $myArr = array("Volvo", 15, ["apples", "bananas"],

myFunction);


 array_push($cars, "Ford");

Associative Arrays

 $car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",

"year"=>1964);
 echo $car["model"];

foreach ($car as $x => $y) {
 echo "$x: $y <br>";
 }

Another Method

$myCar = [

"brand" => "Ford",

"model" => "Mustang",

"year" => 1964

];

Excecute a Function Item

function myFunction() {

echo "I come from a function!";

$myArr = array("Volvo", 15, myFunction);

//$myArr = array("car" => "Volvo", "age" => 15, "message" =>

myFunction);
$myArr[2]();

Types of Array :
Indexed Array :
Associative Arrays :
$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang", "year"=>1964);

foreach ($car as $x => $y) {

echo "$x: $y <br>";

Create Arrays : $cars = ["Volvo", "BMW",

"Toyota"];

$cars = [

0 => "Volvo",

1 => "BMW",

2 =>"Toyota"

];

$cars = [];

$cars[0] = "Volvo";

$cars[1] = "BMW";

$cars["bmw"] = "cherries";

Access Array Items: $cars["model"]; $cars[0];

Add Array Items: $cars = array("brand" =>
"Ford", "model" => "Mustang");

$cars["color"] = "Red";

$fruits = array("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"); // Indexed

array_push($fruits, "Orange", "Kiwi", "Lemon");

$cars = array("brand" => "Ford", "model" => "Mustang"); //

Associative

$cars += ["color" => "red", "year" => 1964];

Remove Array Items:

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

array_splice($cars, 1, 1); // last one is no. of items to delete

unset() – to delete existing array items.

unset($cars[1]);

unset($cars[0], $cars[1]);

unset($cars["model"]); // Associative Array

array_diff() – to remove items from an associative array.

$cars = array("brand" => "Ford", "model" => "Mustang", "year" =>
1964);
$newarray = array_diff($cars, ["Mustang", 1964]);

array_pop() function removes the last item of an

array.
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
array_pop($cars);

array_shift() function removes the first item of an

array.
array_shift($cars);

Sorting Arrays:
 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
  rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the
value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the
key
 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
value
 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
key

Multidimensional Arrays:
$cars = array (

array("Volvo",22,18),

array("BMW",15,13),

array("Saab",5,2),

array("Land Rover",17,15)

);

for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {

echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";

echo "<ul>";

for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {

echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";

echo "</ul>";

PHP Array Functions

PHP has a set of built-in functions that you can use on arrays.

Function Description
array() Creates an array

array_change_key_case() Changes all keys in an array to lowercase or

uppercase

array_chunk() Splits an array into chunks of arrays

array_column() Returns the values from a single column in the

input array

array_combine() Creates an array by using the elements from

one "keys" array and one "values" array

array_count_values() Counts all the values of an array

array_diff() Compare arrays, and returns the differences

(compare values only)

array_diff_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences

(compare keys and values)

array_diff_key() Compare arrays, and returns the differences

(compare keys only)

array_diff_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences

(compare keys and values, using a user-defined
key comparison function)
array_diff_ukey() Compare arrays, and returns the differences
(compare keys only, using a user-defined key
comparison function)

array_fill() Fills an array with values

array_fill_keys() Fills an array with values, specifying keys

array_filter() Filters the values of an array using a callback

function

array_flip() Flips/Exchanges all keys with their associated

values in an array

array_intersect() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare values only)

array_intersect_assoc() Compare arrays and returns the matches

(compare keys and values)

array_intersect_key() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare keys only)

array_intersect_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare keys and values, using a user-defined
key comparison function)

array_intersect_ukey() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare keys only, using a user-defined key
 comparison function)

array_key_exists() Checks if the specified key exists in the array

array_keys() Returns all the keys of an array

array_map() Sends each value of an array to a user-made

function, which returns new values

array_merge() Merges one or more arrays into one array

array_merge_recursive() Merges one or more arrays into one array

recursively

array_multisort() Sorts multiple or multi-dimensional arrays

array_pad() Inserts a specified number of items, with a

specified value, to an array

array_pop() Deletes the last element of an array

array_product() Calculates the product of the values in an array

array_push() Inserts one or more elements to the end of an

array
array_rand() Returns one or more random keys from an
array

array_reduce() Returns an array as a string, using a user-

defined function

array_replace() Replaces the values of the first array with the

values from following arrays

array_replace_recursive() Replaces the values of the first array with the

values from following arrays recursively

array_reverse() Returns an array in the reverse order

array_search() Searches an array for a given value and returns

the key

array_shift() Removes the first element from an array, and

returns the value of the removed element

array_slice() Returns selected parts of an array

array_splice() Removes and replaces specified elements of an

array

array_sum() Returns the sum of the values in an array

array_udiff() Compare arrays, and returns the differences
(compare values only, using a user-defined key
comparison function)

array_udiff_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences

(compare keys and values, using a built-in
function to compare the keys and a user-
defined function to compare the values)

array_udiff_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences

(compare keys and values, using two user-
defined key comparison functions)

array_uintersect() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare values only, using a user-defined key
comparison function)

array_uintersect_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare keys and values, using a built-in
function to compare the keys and a user-
defined function to compare the values)

array_uintersect_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the matches

(compare keys and values, using two user-
defined key comparison functions)

array_unique() Removes duplicate values from an array

array_unshift() Adds one or more elements to the beginning of

an array
array_values() Returns all the values of an array

array_walk() Applies a user function to every member of an

array

array_walk_recursive() Applies a user function recursively to every

member of an array

arsort() Sorts an associative array in descending order,

according to the value

asort() Sorts an associative array in ascending order,

according to the value

compact() Create array containing variables and their

values

count() Returns the number of elements in an array

current() Returns the current element in an array

each() Deprecated from PHP 7.2. Returns the current

key and value pair from an array

end() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its last

element
extract() Imports variables into the current symbol table
from an array

in_array() Checks if a specified value exists in an array

key() Fetches a key from an array

krsort() Sorts an associative array in descending order,

according to the key

ksort() Sorts an associative array in ascending order,

according to the key

list() Assigns variables as if they were an array

natcasesort() Sorts an array using a case insensitive "natural

order" algorithm

natsort() Sorts an array using a "natural order" algorithm

next() Advance the internal array pointer of an array

pos() Alias of current()

prev() Rewinds the internal array pointer

 range() Creates an array containing a range of
elements

reset() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its first

element

rsort() Sorts an indexed array in descending order

shuffle() Shuffles an array

sizeof() Alias of count()

sort() Sorts an indexed array in ascending order

uasort() Sorts an array by values using a user-defined

comparison function and maintains the index
association

uksort() Sorts an array by keys using a user-defined

comparison function

usort() Sorts an array by values using a user-defined

comparison function

PHP Global Variables - Superglobals

The PHP superglobal variables are:
$GLOBALS- is an array that contains all global variables.
$GLOBALS["x"] = 100; global $x;

$_SERVER
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];

Element/Code Description

$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] Returns the filename of the currently executing s

$_SERVER['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] Returns the version of the Common Gateway Int

server is using

$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] Returns the IP address of the host server

$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] Returns the name of the host server (such as ww

$_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] Returns the server identification string (such as A

$_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] Returns the name and revision of the information

HTTP/1.1)

$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] Returns the request method used to access the p

$_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] Returns the timestamp of the start of the reques

1377687496)

$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] Returns the query string if the page is accessed

$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] Returns the Accept header from the current requ

$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'] Returns the Accept_Charset header from the cur

as utf-8,ISO-8859-1)

$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] Returns the Host header from the current reques

$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] Returns the complete URL of the current page (n

not all user-agents support it)

$_SERVER['HTTPS'] Is the script queried through a secure HTTP proto

$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] Returns the IP address from where the user is vie

page

$_SERVER['REMOTE_HOST'] Returns the Host name from where the user is vi

page

$_SERVER['REMOTE_PORT'] Returns the port being used on the user's machi

with the web server

$_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] Returns the absolute pathname of the currently

$_SERVER['SERVER_ADMIN'] Returns the value given to the SERVER_ADMIN d

server configuration file (if your script runs on a
the value defined for that virtual host) (such as
[email protected])
 $_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] Returns the port on the server machine being us
server for communication (such as 80)

$_SERVER['SERVER_SIGNATURE'] Returns the server version and virtual host name

server-generated pages

$_SERVER['PATH_TRANSLATED'] Returns the file system based path to the curren

$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] Returns the path of the current script

$_SERVER['SCRIPT_URI'] Returns the URI of the current page

<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">

Name: <input type="text" name="fname">

<input type="submit">

</form>

<?php

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$name = htmlspecialchars($_REQUEST['fname']);

if (empty($name)) {

echo "Name is empty";

} else {

echo $name;

?>
  $_REQUEST

$_POST$_POST['fname'];

 const xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();

 xhttp.open("POST", "demo_phpfile.php");
 xhttp.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-
www-form-urlencoded");
 xhttp.onload = function() {
 document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
this.responseText;
 }
 xhttp.send("fname=Mary");
 }
 xhttp.onload = function() {
 document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
this.responseText;
 }

$_GET
$_GET['web']


 $_FILES
 $_ENV
 $_COOKIE
 $_SESSION

PHP Regular Expressions

PHP Regular Expression Functions
Function Description

preg_filter() Returns a string or an array with pattern matches replac

matches were found
 preg_grep() Returns an array consisting only of elements from the in
matched the pattern

preg_last_error() Returns an error code indicating the reason that the mos
expression call failed

preg_match() Finds the first match of a pattern in a string

preg_match_all() Finds all matches of a pattern in a string

preg_replace() Returns a string where matches of a pattern (or an array

replaced with a substring (or an array of substrings) in a

preg_replace_callback() Given an expression and a callback, returns a string whe

expression are replaced with the substring returned by t

preg_replace_callback_array() Given an array associating expressions with callbacks, re

all matches of each expression are replaced with the sub
the callback

preg_split() Breaks a string into an array using matches of a regular

separators

preg_quote() Escapes characters that have a special meaning in regul

putting a backslash in front of them

Regular Expression Modifiers

Modifiers can change how a search is performed.
 Modifier Description

i Performs a case-insensitive search

m Performs a multiline search (patterns that search for the beginnin

will match the beginning or end of each line)

u Enables correct matching of UTF-8 encoded patterns

Regular Expression Patterns

Brackets are used to find a range of characters:

Expression Description

[abc] Find one character from the options between the brackets

[^abc] Find any character NOT between the brackets

[0-9] Find one character from the range 0 to 9

Metacharacters
Metacharacters are characters with a special meaning:
 Metacharacter Description

| Find a match for any one of the patterns separated by | as in: cat

. Find just one instance of any character

^ Finds a match as the beginning of a string as in: ^Hello

$ Finds a match at the end of the string as in: World$

\d Find a digit

\s Find a whitespace character

\b Find a match at the beginning of a word like this: \bWORD, or at t

this: WORD\b

\uxxxx Find the Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number

Quantifiers
Quantifiers define quantities:

Quantifier Description
 n+ Matches any string that contains at least one n

n* Matches any string that contains zero or more occurrences of n

n? Matches any string that contains zero or one occurrences of n

n{x} Matches any string that contains a sequence of X n's

n{x,y} Matches any string that contains a sequence of X to Y n's

n{x,} Matches any string that contains a sequence of at least X n's

Note: If your expression needs to search for one of the special characters
you can use a backslash ( \ ) to escape them. For example, to search for one
or more question marks you can use the following expression: $pattern = '/\?
+/';

Grouping
You can use parentheses ( ) to apply quantifiers to entire patterns. They
also can be used to select parts of the pattern to be used as a match.

Example
Use grouping to search for the word "banana" by looking for ba followed by
two instances of na:

$str = "Apples and bananas.";

$pattern = "/ba(na){2}/i";

echo preg_match($pattern, $str);

$str = "Visit W3Schools";

$pattern = "/w3schools/i";

echo preg_match($pattern, $str);