Scribd
Upload
16 views12 pages

Mathematically Logics

Ye wala

Uploaded by

Sarthak Pise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
16 views12 pages

Mathematically Logics

Ye wala

Uploaded by

Sarthak Pise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12
“p>qeToTisT :.Truth value of given statement is T iv) Let _p: Milk is white; q : Sun rises in the West. Truth values of p and q are T and F respectively. ‘The given statement in symbolic form is p 2gates) Hence truth value is 7 ~T > T) (FOF) (FT) AT =TAT Ex.4, Write the negations of the following. i) Price increases ii) Ole] iii) S+4=9 Solution : i) Price does not increase ii) 0! iii) S+449 Exercise 1.1 QL. State which of the following are statements. Justify. In case of statement, state its truth value. i) 544=13, ii) x-3 =14. iii) Close the door. iv) Zero is a complex number. v) Please get me breafast. vi) Congruent triangles are similar. vil) P=x. = oO ——wu— Q2. Qs. viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots. Do you like Mathematics ? ‘The sun sets in the west All real numbers are whole numbers Can you speak in Marathi ? 2° — 6x ~7=0, when.x ‘The sum of cuberoots of unity is zero. It rains heavily. ‘Write the following compound statements symbollically, ii) iii) iv) vy) iv) vii) Nagpur is in Maharashtra and Chennai is in Tamilnadu ‘Triangle is equilateral or isosceles. ‘The angle is right angle if and only if it is of measure 90°, Angle is neither acute nor obtuse. If A ABC is right angled at B, then m ZA +m ZC=90° Hima Das wins gold medal if and only if she runs fast. xis not irrational number but is a square of an integer. Write the truth values of the following. i) vi) vii) 4 is odd or 1 is prime. 64 is a perfect square and 46 is a prime number. 5 is a prime number and 7 divides 94, It is not true that 5-3i is a real number. If3 x 5=8then3+5=15 Milk is white if and only if sky is blue. 24 is a composite number or 17 is a prime number. If the statements p, q are true statements and r, s are false statements then determine the truth values of the following. i) iii) vy) vii) py@an) i) @>Qvr>s) @anyv@pas) iv) Mogan Crep)>~q vi) paCaanlv[qanv@anl [pagar] viq>p)> svn] viii) ~(~panvis>~gleo (pan Write the negations of the following. ‘Tirupati is in Andhra Pradesh 3 is not a root of the equation 1° + 3x~18=0 2 isa rational number. Polygon ABCDE is a pentagon. 743>5 Q.1. Construct the truth table for each of the following statement patterns. ) [> aradl>r i) @r~)oorg) ii) (Pageqvn ivy) pole @anl vy) ~palpv~q)aadl vi) ~p>~gatq>~p) vi) @>p)vereo viii) P>@>nNlelpagrn ix) pol-@anl x) Py~g—> (rnp) Q.2. Using truth tables prove the following logical equivalences. i) ~paq=@vaa~p i) ~pv@vepage~p ii) pogs~[pvga~@argl iv) p@>P)=~p>0>0 YY Pv >rT=~P>NAG>n vi) gap vil) pAGVNEMAQV—Pp An viii) [~(Pv@vpv@larer ix) ~(POQ)=PA~DvGa~P) Q.3. Examine whether each of the following statement patterns is a tautology or a ion or a contingency. i) @rg>avr) i) @Prgecpva iii) [~@pa~glvq iv) [p> MAD >? vy) [p> qa~adlo~P vi) ~Ogapr~d vii) ~Caqa pag vill) (PA~Qoprq ix) (prgapan x) pPreqvnle~poq>nl — — $$ Solution : i) Some natural numbers are not rationals. ii) No student of class X is sixteen year old, iii) VneNn+8 i) Its converse is q > p If a function is continuous then it is differentiable. ii) Its inverse is~p > ~q. If a function not differentiable then it is not continuous. iii) Its contrapositive is ~ q > ~p If a function is not continuous then it is not differentiable. (2) Let p :Itrains, g : The match gets cancelled. . Given statement is p > q i) Its converse is q > p If the match gets cancelled then it rains. ii) Inverse is ~ p> ~q If it does not rain then the match will not be cancelled. iii) _ Its contrapositive is ~ q —> ~ p. If the match is not cancelled then it does not rain. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}, determine the truth value of each of the follo' i) 3x Asuch thatx-8=1 ii) Vx A,x?+xis an even number iii) 3.xe Asuch that? <0 iv) Vx A,xis an even number v) 3x Asuch that 3x+8>40 vi) VxeA,2v+9>14 Q.2. Write the duals of each of the following. i) py@an PAQAN iii) PY@AtYs) iv) pang v) (py @ateras) vi) ~pateqa(pyga~n vil) [~ Pv MIA Ip v~ (q.A~S)] Vill) cv [pA (GV DL IX) ~PVGANALX(pYgye — $n —<—$—_—_——$<— Q.3. Write the negations of the following. i) x+8>Llory-3=6 ii) 11 <15 and 25>20 iii) Qudrilateral is a square if and only if itis a rhombus. iv) It is cold and raining. v) _ Ifitis raining then we will go and play football. vi) 2 is arational number. All natural numbers are whole numers. ) Vne Nw +042is divisible by 4, ix) dx Nsuch that x—17<20 Q4. Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statements. If.x 4q=~Pvq ii) poqeP>gaqp) OVO — iv) PAGVDE ADV PAD Ti ive Mi VI VIL Vi ~P P>q|q>P | pq) ~pvg | p> gAq>p in at = oe EE ae = iF T iE iE F. T T F F T FE T El T T T T Table 1.20 Columns (IV, VID) and (VI, VIII) are identical. pqs py q and p <> 4q= (pq) A(q— p)are proved. Activity : Prove the results (ii) and (iv) by using truth table. ——$—$Oonm—_—_—_|_— Exe Q.L. Using rules of negation write the negations of the following with justification, i) ~q>p ii) pa~q ili) pv~q iv) (pv~qgar vy) popyv~qg vi) ~@Pagyv(py~q) vii) (pv~g)>(pa~q viii) (pv ~qgv(pa~q) Q.2. Rewrite the following statements without using if... then, i) Ifa manis a judge then he is honest. ii) 102 isa rational number then J> is irrational number. iii) It,A2) =0 then fx) is divisible by (r— 2). Q.3. Without using truth table prove that : i) pegeirgycpar~@ i) @Pvgapyv~g=p ii) PADV~PADYPA~Q= PVG iv) ~[IPv~g) >@PA~Dl=Pv~gacpyg Application of Logic to switching circuits : We shall study how the theory of Logic can be applied in switching network. We have seen that a logical statement can be either true or false i.e. it can have truth value either T or F. A similar situation exists in various electrical devices. For example, an electric switch can be on or off. In 1930 Claude Shannan noticed an analogy between operation of switching circuits and operation of logical connectiv. In an electric circuit, switches are connected by wires. If the switch is ‘or allows the electric current to pass through, it. If the switch is ‘off, it does not allow the electric current to pass through it, We now define the term ‘switch’ as follows. Switch : A switch is a two state device used to control the flow of current in a circuit, We shall denote the switches by letters 8, S,, 8,, 8, .... ete. Q.1. Express the following circuits in the symbolic form of logic and writ the input-output table. @ S, Gi) Ss} Ss, 4 — 8 Ss , So |HK 0 <{||-<—1)~ Fig. 1.17 Fig. 1.18 (ii) (iv) Ss, 8; A « ° Ss, S; i >“ « S> S3 S; S| {| () < \|-O- Fig. 1.19 Fig. 1.20 w wi) S, 8), S! St S, Ss. i S, s. ab Ss S, Q.2. Construct the switching circuit of the following : i) (~pagv(pa~r) ii) PAgvi-pAcavpvnl ii) (PANVCGA~DIACPA~) iW MA~GANVIPACGY~—H)] wWPVeP)Ve@vyprg WRADVEPYRA~@ Q3. _ Give an alternative equivalent simple ci @ its for the following circuits : (ii) 8, 7 S co Ss, ~~ t S: S; (1) Fig. 1.23 —~ 2 ~ Fig. 1.24 Q.4. Write the symbolic form of the following switching circuits construct its switching table and interpret it. i) ii) (iii) Q.5. Obtain the simple logical expression of the following. Draw the corresponding switching circuit. i)pv(qa~q) ii) (~pagy(pa~gvy(pa~gl ii) PY Cay-lA@v@ar iv) (PAGA~P)V(~ PAGAN VY (PA~GAP) Vipaqan $9 $$ 8) Switching circuits : Input-output table q i) Switches in series ii) Switches in parallel. S) L Ss 2 J 2 Fig. 1.28 Battery Lamp (L Fig. 1.29 P a pAa pyva 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 ‘Table 1.30 Select and write the correct answer from the given alternatives in each of the following questions : i) fp Aqis false and pv q is true, the is not true. A Pv B) ped OC yng D) qv-~p ii) (p Aq) > ris logically equivalent to iii) iv) » vi) vii) A)p>(q>n Bypager OCpv-go-r Dpvg—or Inverse of statement pattern (p v q) > (p 4) is AMADIPVD) B)~Pyg> (Png O)-pa-g> (pv ~a) D) (pv ~4) > (Pp a~) Ifp Aq is F, pq is F then the truth values of p and q are A)T.T B)T,F ORT DEF The negation of inverse of ~p —> q is A)GAP B)~pa~q O)paq D) ~q>~p The negation of p » (qr) is : A)~P Aq ~1) B)pvcqvr) O-pacq>~) — D)-pv(-qa~n If A={1, 2,3, 4,5} then which of the following is not true? A)3xe Asuchthatx+3=8 B) 3xe Asuchthatx+2<9 OCVreAxt+629 D) — 3xe Asuch thatx+6< 10 i Q.2. Which of the following sentences are statements in logic? Justify. Write down the truth value of the statements : i) 4t=24. ii) ris an irrational number. iii) India is a country and Himalayas is a river. iv) Please get me a glass of water. ¥) _cos*0 - sin9 = c0s20 for all OER. vi) If is a whole number the x +6 = 0. Q.3. Write the truth values of the following statements : i) V5 is an irrational but 3V5_ is a complex number. ii) Vm N.n?+niseven number while n? — n is an odd number. iii) 3m Nsuchthatn +5> 10. iv) The square of any even number is odd or the cube of any odd number is odd. vy) InAABC ifall sides are equal then its all angles are equal. vi) VneNn+6>8. Q44. If A= (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 9}, determine the truth value of each of the following statement : i) xe Asuch that x + 8=15. ii) VxeAx+5< 12. iii) 3x A,suchthatx +7211. i) VxeA3xs25, Q.5. Write the negations of the following : i) VneAnt+7>6. ii) 3xe A,such thar +9< 15. iii) Some triangles are equilateral triangle. Q.6. Construct the truth table for each of the following : i) p>@>p) i) Cpv-Mel-ergl iii) ~Cpa-gya iv) [prgvrlabry@agl vy Iepvaa@r>Noern Q.7. Determine whether the following statement patterns are tautologies contradictions or contingencies : ) [p>ga-gl>-~p ii [pv ga~pla~q ii) @POQAPr~a) iv) Po@oneleagron vy) [PrA~rglog vi) @agyvCpagy (py ~q)v ~pa~q) vil) [(pv~av(-paglar vii) D> @vq>p) = — $$ —<—<—$—_—__—<—— Q8. Determine the truth values of p and q in the following cases : i) PvagisTand(prgisT ii) (pv q)isTand (pv gq) >qisF iii) (PA q)isF and (png) >qisT Q.9. Using truth tables prove the following logical equivalences : i) perge(pagypr~q ii) @ag>r=p>q>n Q.10.Using rules in logic, prove the following : i) poge~(Pa~ga~Ga~p) ii) ~paqevaa-p ii) ~~v@v-page-p Q.11.Using the rules in logic, write the negations of the following : i) @yaaav-r) paavrn iii) (oqar iv) (~pagv(pa~q) Q.12.Express the following circuits in the symbolic form, Prepare the switching table : aw 4 47 Gi) S, 1 S Ss, Ss, : J > I S| : +t Ss, S; Ss, S) — {| () < < Fig. 1.30 Fig. 1.31 Q.13.Simplify the following so that the new circuit has minimum number of switches. Also, draw the simplified circuit. a oo wf s! Ss Gi 8} <—(1) Q.14. Check whether the following switching circuits are logically equivalent - Justify. (Ai) + &: ®: ii) SS S; Fig. 134 of * LP Loin, Ss: : S, Ss SS Fig. 1.36 Fig. 1.37 Q.15.Give alternative arrangement of the Q.16 Simplify the following switching following circuit, so that the new circuit circui has minimum switches. s) SS Ss Sy) s, > Sy Ss; Fig. 1.38 Ss | <—I|I D < Fig. 1.39 Q.17.Represent the following switching circuit in symbolic form and construct its switching table. Write your conclusion from the switching table. Fig. 1.40 +ooee

You might also like