Unit 5 - Sequence and Series

18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Sequence and Series
Module – 5
Sequences – Definition and Examples – Series - Types of convergence – Series of positive terms – Test of convergence
– Comparison test – Integral test - D’Alemberts Ratio test, Raabe’s root test – Convergent of Exponential Series –
Cauchy’s Root test – Log test – Alternating Series: Leibnitz test – Series of positive and Negative terms – Absolute
Convergence – Conditional Convergence – Applications Convergence of series in Engineering
SEQUENCES
A sequence is defined as an arrangement of numbers in a definite order. A sequence is a set of numbers

a1, a2, a3, …, an,… such that to each positive integer n, there corresponds a number an of the set. It is
denoted by {an}. Thus, a sequence and the set of natural numbers N have one to one correspondence.
Examples:
1 1 1 1
1. If an  , the sequence is 1, , , , , 
n 2 3 n
2. If an  n3 , the sequence is 13 , 23 , ,, n3 ,
3. If an  k , the sequence is k , k , k ,, k ,
4. If an  (1)n , the sequence is  1,1,1,1,, (1)n ,
Limit of a sequence (or) Convergence of a sequence
Let {an} be a sequence and l, a real number. {an} is said to converge to a limit l, if given any positive
number , there exists a positive integer N such that  an – l  <  for all n  N.
We write lim an  l.
n
Note :
an  l   means    an  l   , and hence l    an  l   .
If lim an  l is finite and unique, then the sequence is said to be convergent .

n 
If lim an is infinite, then the sequence is said to be divergent.

n 
SRM IST, Ramapuram. 1 Department of Mathematics

Bounded above sequence
A sequence {an} is said to be bounded above, if there exists a real number M such that an  M for all n.
Bounded below sequence
A sequence {an} is said to be bounded below, if there exists a real number m such that an  m for all n.
Bounded sequence
A sequence {an} is said to be bounded, if it is bounded above and bounded below.
In other words, there exists two real numbers m and M such that m  an  M for all n.
Divergent Sequence
A sequence {an} is said to diverge to + , if given any positive number M, there exists a positive integer
N such that an > M for all n  N.
We write lim an   .
n 
A sequence {an} is said to diverge to – , if given any positive number M, there exists a positive integer
N such that an < – M for all n  N.
We write lim an   .
n 
Examples: {n}, {n }, {n3}, {3n} are divergent sequences.
2
Monotonic increasing sequence
A sequence {an} is said to be monotonically increasing, if an  an + 1 for all n.
(i.e.) a1  a2  a3 … an  an + 1 ….
Examples: {n}, {n2}, {2n + 7} are monotonically increasing sequences.
Monotonic decreasing sequence
A sequence {an} is said to be monotonically decreasing, if an  an + 1 for all n.
(i.e.) a1  a2  a3 … an  an + 1 ….
1   1 
Examples:  ,   are monotonica lly decreasing sequences.
 n   2n  3 

Monotonic sequence
A sequence which is either monotonically increasing or decreasing is called a monotonic sequence.
Oscillatory sequence
A sequence {an} is said to be oscillatory, if it does not converge and does not diverge to +  or – .
Example: {{–1}n}is an oscillating sequence.
Note:
A sequence is said to oscillate finitely, if it is bounded and is an oscillatory sequence.
A sequence is said to oscillate infinitely, if it is not bounded and is an oscillatory sequence.
Theorems (Without proof)
1. If {an} and {bn}are convergent sequences, then
(i) lim (an + bn) = lim an + lim bn
(ii) lim (an – bn) = lim an – lim bn
(iii) lim (an . bn) = (lim an) . (lim bn)
1 1
(iv) lim   
 an  lim an
2. If {an} and {bn}are convergent sequences, then {an + bn} is also a convergent sequence.
3. If {an} and {bn}are convergent sequences, then {an – bn } is also a convergent sequence.
4. A sequence cannot converge to two distinct limits.
5. If {an} converges to a and {bn} converges to b, then {an bn} converges to ab.
6. If {an} converges to a and {bn} converges to b, then {an / bn} converges to a / b.
7. A monotonic increasing sequence which is bounded above converges.
8. A monotonic increasing sequence which is not bounded above diverges + .
9. A monotonic decreasing sequence which is bounded below converges.
10. A monotonic decreasing sequence which is not bounded below diverges – .
11. Every convergent sequence is bounded.

Problems
 n 1 
1. Show that   is convergent.
 2n  7 
Solution:
 1
n 1  
n 1
= 
n
an =
2n  7  7
n 2  
 n
1
1
lim a n  lim n 1
n n 7 2
2
n
1
{an} converges to .
2
1 
2. Show that   is convergent.
n
Solution:
1
an =
n
1
lim an  lim 0
n n n
{an} converges to 0.
 (1) n 
3. Show that 3   is convergent.
 n 
Solution:
(1) n
an = 3 
n
 (1) n 
lim an  lim 3   3
n  n 
 n 
{an} converges to 3.
 n 1 
4. Prove that   is monotonically increasing and convergent.
 2n  3 
Solution:
n 1 n2
an = , an+ 1 =
2n  3 2n  5
n 1 n  2 (n  1)( 2n  5)  (n  2)( 2n  3)
an – an+ 1 = – =
2n  3 2 n  5 (2n  5)( 2n  3)

2n 2  5n  2n  5  (2n 2  4n  3n  6)
=
(2n  5)( 2n  3)
1
= <0
(2n  5)( 2n  3)
an – an+ 1 < 0
 an < an + 1
{an} is monotonically increasing.
 1
n 1  
n 1  n
an = =
2n  3  3
n 2  
 n
1
1
lim an  lim n 1
n n 3 2
2
n
1
{an} converges to .
2
Hence {an} is monotonically increasing and convergent.
SERIES
A series is defined as the sum of the elements of a sequence.
INFINITE SERIES

If {an} is a sequence, then  an  a1  a2  a3   is called an infinite series.
n 1
Convergence or divergence of a series

Let  an  a1  a2  a3   be a given series. Define sn  a1  a2  a3    an .
n 1
The convergence or divergence of the series  an is defined in terms of the convergence or

divergence of the sequence {sn}.
Geometric Series

The geometric series  x n 1  x  x 2  x3    x n  
n0
1
(i) converges to if x  1
1 x
(ii) diverges if x  1
(iii) oscillates finitely if x = – 1
(iv) oscillates infinitely if x < – 1

SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS

A series whose terms are all positive is called a series of positive terms.
Theorem:
1. A series of positive terms either converges or diverges. It cannot oscillate.
2. If  un is convergent, then lim un  0. (Necessary condition )
n
3. If lim un  0, then  un need not converge.

n
Theorem:
1. If  un is convergent, then  k un is convergent where k is a constant.
2. If  un and  vn are two convergent series, then  (un + vn) is also a convergent series.
Theorem – Harmonic Series Test or p-series test
1 1 1 1 1
The series  p
 p  p  p  p 
n 1 2 3 n
(i) converges if p > 1 and
(ii) diverges if p  1.
Note:
1
 n is divergent while  n 2 is convergent.
1
By Harmonic series test,
TEST OF CONVERGENCE OF SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS

1. Comparison Test 2. D’ Alembert’s Ratio Test
3. Raabe’s Test 4. Logarithmic Test
5. Cauchy’s Root Test 6. Cauchy’s Integral Test
1. COMPARISON TEST
Different Forms
(i) Let  un and  vn be two series of positive terms with un  vn for all n.
If  vn converges, then  un also converges.
(ii) Let  un and  vn be two series of positive terms with un  vn for all n.
If  vn diverges, then  un also diverges.

Other Form of Comparison Test (Limit Form)
un
Let  un and  vn be two series of positive terms. If lim  l (a finite quantity and  0) , then  un
n v
n
and  vn both converge or diverge together.
Note:
Of the above forms, “Limit form” is the most useful.
1
5. Test the convergence of the series  .
n 2 1
Solution
1 1 1
un   .
 1  n
1 2
1
n 2 1  2 
 n  n
1
Let v n 
n
u 1
Now n 
vn 1
1 2
n
u
lim n  1, which is finite and non  zero.
n v
n
Both  un and  vn converge or diverge together.
1
 vn   n is divergent.
Hence by comparison test,  un is divergent.
1
n 1
Solution
1 1
un  
n 1  1
n 1  
 n
1
Let v n 
n
un 1
Now 
vn 1
1
n

un
lim  1, which is finite and non  zero.
n vn
1 1
 vn   n  n1/ 2 is divergent.
1
(n  1) (2 n  1)
Solution
1 1
un  
(n  1) (2 n  1)  1  1
n 1   n  2  
 n  n
1
Let vn  2
n
un 1
Now 
vn  1   1
1    2  
 n  n
u 1
lim n  , which is finite and non  zero.
n v 2
n
1
 vn   n 2 is convergent .
Hence by comparison test,  un is convergent.
8. Test the convergence of the series  
n2  1  n .
Solution
n2  1  n
un  n 2  1  n 
n2  1  n
n2  1  n2 1
un  
n2  1  n  1 
n 2 1  2   n
 n 
1
un 
  1  
n  1  2   1
  n  
1
Let vn 
n
un 1
Now 
vn   1  
 1  2   1
  n  
un 1
lim  , which is finite and non  zero.
n v 2
n
1

9. Test the convergence of the series  n4  1  n4 1 .
Solution
n4  1  n4 1
un  n 4  1  n 4  1 
n4  1  n4 1
n 4  1  (n 4  1) 2
un  
n4  1  n4 1  1   1 
n 4 1  4   n 4 1  4 
 n   n 
2
un 
  1   1 
n 2  1  4   1  4  
  n   n  
1
Let vn  2
n
un 2
Now 
vn   1   1 
 1  4   1  4 
  n   n  
un 2
lim   1, which is finite and non  zero.
n v 2
n
1
n 1  n
np

Solution
n 1  n n 1  n
un  
n p
n 1  n
n 1 n
un 
  1 
n p  n 1    n 
  n  
1
un 
p
1
 1 
n 2  1   1
 n 
1
Let vn  1
p
n 2
un 1
Now 
vn 1
1 1
n
un 1
n v 2
n
1 1 1
 vn   p  1 converges if p  2  1 and diverges if p  2  1.
n 2
1 1
By Comparison test,  u n converges if p  and diverges if p  .
2 2
p
n
n 1  n
Solution
np np
un  
n 1  n  1 
n  1   1
 n 
1
un 
p  1 
1
n 2  1   1
 n 
1
Let v n  1
p
n 2

un 1
Now 
vn 1
1 1
n
un 1
n v 2
n
1 1 1
 vn    p  1 converges if  p  2  1 and diverges if  p  2  1.
n 2
1 1
By Comparison test,  u n converges if  p  and diverges if  p  .
2 2
1 1
 u n converges if p   2 and diverges if p   2 .
nn
( n  1) n  1
Solution
nn nn
un  
(n  1) n 1 n 1  1
n 1
n 1  
 n
1
un  n 1
 1
n 1  
 n
1
Let v n 
n
u 1
Now n 
vn  1  n 1
1  
 n
u 1 1 1 1 1
lim n  lim n
.  .1, which is finite and non - zero. Formula : lim n

n v
n
n
 1  1 1 e n
 1 e
1   n 1  
 n  n
1
1 3 5
13. Show that the series     is convergent.
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5

Solution
 1
n2  
2n  1  n
un  
n (n  1) (n  2)  1  2
n n 1   n 1  
 n  n
1
Let vn  2
n
1
2
un n
Now 
vn  1   1
1    2  
 n  n
u
lim n  2, which is finite and non  zero.
n v
n
1
13 23 33
14. Discuss the convergence of the series p   .
1  2 p 2 p  3p 3p  4 p
Solution
n3 1
un  p 
n  (n  1) p
  1 p
n p  3 1  1   
  n  
1
Let vn  p  3
n
un 1
Now  p
vn  1
1  1  
 n
u 1
lim n  , which is finite and non  zero.
n v 2
n
1
 vn   n p  3 converges if p  3  1 and diverges if p  3  1.
By Comparison test,  un converges if p  4 and diverges if p  4.
1 1
15. Discuss the convergence of the series  sin   .
n n

Solution
1 1
un  sin  
n n
1
Let vn  2
n
1
sin  
Now n   
u n
vn 1
n
1
sin  
u
lim n  lim  n   1, which is finite and non  zero. Formula : lim
sin x
1
n v
n
1
0
1 x0 x
n
n
1
1 1
16. Discuss the convergence of the series  tan   .
n n
Solution
1 1
un  tan  
n n
1
Let vn  3 / 2
n
1
tan  
Now n 
u n
vn 1
n
1
tan  
u
lim n  lim  n   1, which is finite and non  zero.
n v
n
1
0
1
n
n
1
 vn   n3 / 2 is convergent .

2. D’ALEMBERT’S RATIO TEST

u n 1
If  un is a series of positive terms and lim  l , then
n un
(i)  un is convergent if l < 1 and
(ii)  un is divergent if l > 1.
Note: If l = 1, then D’ Alembert’s ratio test fails.
Practical form of Ratio test

un
If  un is a series of positive terms and lim  l , then
n un 1
(i)  un is convergent if l > 1 and
(ii)  un is divergent if l < 1.
Note: If l = 1, then D’ Alembert’s ratio test fails.
Note: This test is applicable when the terms of the series involves powers of ‘n’ and factorials.
n!
17. Test the convergence of the series  n .
n
Solution
n! (n  1) !
u n  n , u n 1 
n (n  1) n 1
n
n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1  
n ! (n  1) (n  1)
  n 
un n
Now  n  n
un  1 n (n  1) ! n (n  1) n
n
un  1
lim  lim 1    e  2.718  1
n u n   n
n 1
Hence by Ratio test,  un is convergent.

n ! 3n
n
Solution
n ! 3n (n  1) ! 3n  1
un  n , un  1 
n (n  1) n  1
n
 1
n n 1  
n ! 3n (n  1) n  1 3 (n  1) n n
  n 
un n
Now   
un  1 nn (n  1) ! 3n  1 (n  1) n 1
n 3

n
 1
1  
 lim 
un n e
lim   0.906  1
n u n 3 3
n 1
Hence by Ratio test,  un is divergent.

xn
19. Test the convergence of the series  where x > 0.
n!
Solution
xn x n 1
un  , un  1 
n! (n  1) !
 1
n 1  
x (n  1) ! n  1
n
 
un n
Now   n 1 
un  1 n! x x x
 1
n 1  
 lim 
un n
lim 1
n u n x
n 1

n3  1
2 1
Solution
n3  1 (n  1)3  1
un  n , un  1  n  1
2 1 2 1
 1  1 
n 1 n 3 1  3  2n  2  n 
n 1 2
3
1
 
u n   2 
Now n  n  
un  1 2  1 (n  1)  13
 1   3 
2n 1  n  n3 1  1   1 
 2   n  n 
3
un
lim  2 1
n u
n 1


n
21. Test the convergence of the series  x n where x > 0.
n 1 n 1
Solution
n n n  1 n 1
un  x , un  1  x
n 1 n2

 2
n n 1  
u n n2 1  n . 1
Now n  . 
un  1 n 1 n 1 x  1
2
x
n n 1  
 n
u 1
lim n 
n  u x
n 1
1
If  1, then the series is convergent .
x
1
If  1, then the series is divergent.
x
(i.e.) If x < 1, the series is convergent.
If x > 1, the series is divergent.
If x = 1, D’ Alembert’s test fails.
n n
If x  1, then lim un  lim  lim  1  0.
n n n 1 n  1
n 1  
 n
The series is divergent.
Hence by Ratio test, the series converges if x < 1 and diverges if x  1.
3. RAABE’S TEST
 u 
If  un is a series of positive terms and if lim n  n  1 = l, then
n 
 u n1 
(i)  un is convergent if l > 1 and
(ii)  un is divergent if l < 1.
NOTE
1) If l = 1, then Raabe’s test fails.
un
2) Raabe’s test is used when D’ Alembert’s ratio test fails and when in the ratio test, does not
u n 1
involve e.
un
3) When involves e, we apply Logarithmic test after Ratio test and NOT Raabe’s test.
u n 1
2 2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.8

22. Discuss the convergence of the series      .
3.4 3.5.6 3.5.7.8 3.5.7.9.10

Solution
2.4.6.8.(2n) 1
un  .
3.5.7.9.(2n  1) 2n  2
2.4.6.8.(2(n  1)) 1
un 1  .
3.5.7.9.(2(n  1)  1) 2(n  1)  2
2.4.6.8.(2n  2) 1
un 1  .
3.5.7.9.(2n  3) 2n  4
un 2.4.6.8. (2n) 1 3.5.7.9. (2n  3) 2n  4
 . . .
un 1 3.5.7.9. (2n  1) 2n  2 2.4.6.8. (2n  2) 1
 3  4
n2  n2  
(2n  3) 2n  4
 
un n  n
 .
un 1 (2n  2) (2n  2)  2  2
n2  n2  
 n  n
u 4
lim n   1
n  u 4
n 1
Ratio test fails. Apply Raabe’s test.
 
 6 8 
 u   6n  8  n 
2
n   6  3 1
lim n  n  1  lim n    lim 2  2
 un 1  n   (2n  2)  n  n  
n  2
2  4 2
 2  n  
  
Hence by Raabe’s test,  un is convergent.
1.3.5.(2n  1) 1
23. Test the convergence of the series  2.4.6.(2n) n
. .
Solution
un 1.3.5. (2n  1) 1 2.4.6.8. (2(n  1)) n  1
 . . .
un 1 2.4.6. (2n) n 1.3.5.7. (2(n  1)  1) 1
un 1.3.5. (2n  1) 1 2.4.6.8. (2n  2)) n  1
 . . .
un 1 2.4.6. (2n) n 1.3.5.7. (2n  1) 1
un (2n  2)) n  1
 .
un 1 (2n  1) n
 2  1 
n 2  2   1  
lim n  
u n  n  2
 1
n  u 2 1 2
n 1 n 2  
 n
Ratio test fails. Apply Raabe’s test.

2
 un  3
 (2n  2)) n  1  3n  2 n  3 1
lim n   1  lim n  .  1  lim  lim
n 
 un 1  n   (2n  1) n  n   2n  1 n   2  1 2
n
Hence by Raabe’s test,  un is convergent.
4. LOGARITHMIC TEST
un
If  un is a series of positive terms and if lim n log  l , then
n u n 1
(i)  un converges if l  1
(ii)  un diverges if l  1 .
NOTE
1) This test fails if l  1.
un
2) This test is applied after the failure of Ratio test and generally when involves e.
u n 1
2 32 43
24. Test the convergence of the series 1  x  x 2  x 3  .
2! 3! 4!
Solution
n n 1 x n 1
un 
n!
(n  1) n x n
un 1 
(n  1) !
 1  1
n 1 n 1 n 1 1 1 n 1  
1 1  
un n x (n  1) ! n x (n  1) n x  n 1  n
 .  .  .  .
un 1 n! (n  1) n x n 1  1 
n
1  1 
n
x  1 n
n 1  
n
1   1  
 n  n  n
 1
1  
un 1  n 1 1 1
lim  . n
 Formula : lim n

n  u x  1 ex n 
n 1  1 e
1   1  
 n  n
1 1
Thus by Ratio test, the series converges if  1 and diverges if  1.
ex ex
1
But the test fails if  1.
ex
1 1 1
(i.e.) The series converges if x  and diverges if x  . But the test fails if x  .
e e e
un
Since lim involves e, apply Logarithmic test.
n u
n 1
1
If x  , then
e
 1   1 
1    1   
1  n  n 
 lim n log  e. 
un
lim n log  lim n log . n n 
n un 1 n   x  1 n
  1 
1    1  n  
 n    
  1  1 
n
 lim n  log e  log 1    log 1   
n   n  n  

x 2 x3 x 4 x5
Formula : log x  1  x      and log e  1
2 3 4 5
  1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n)3   1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n)3 
 lim n 1        n      
n  
 n 2 3  n 2 3 
  1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n)3   1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n)3 
 lim  n  n       n 2      
n  
 n 2 3  n 2 3 
  1 1   1 1  3
 lim  n  1   2     n        1
n   2n 3n   2 3n  2
By Logarithmic test,  un is convergent.
1 1
Hence the series converges if x  and diverges if x  .
e e
2 2 3 3
x 2 x 3 x
25. Test the convergence of the series    .
1! 2! 3!
Solution
nn xn
un 
n!
(n  1) n 1 x n 1
un 1 
(n  1) !

 1
n 1  
un n
n xn
(n  1) ! n n
n x (n  1)  n  1. 1
 . n 1 n 1
 . n 1
 n 1
un 1 n ! (n  1) x 1  1  1 x  1 n
n n 1 1   x n 1 n 1   .x 1  
 n  n  n
u 1 1 1
lim n  Formula : lim 
n  u ex n  n
n 1  1 e
1  
 n
1 1
Thus by Ratio test, the series converges if  1 and diverges if  1.
ex ex
1
But the test fails if  1.
ex
1 1 1
(i.e.) The series converges if x  and diverges if x  . But the test fails if x  .
e e e
un
Since lim involves e, apply Logarithmic test.
n u
n 1
1
If x  , then
e
 
 
un 1 1  e 
lim n log  lim n log . n
 lim n log  n 
n un 1 n   x  1 n
  1 
1    1  n  
 n   
  1  
n

 lim n log e  log 1  
n   n  

x 2 x3 x 4 x5
Formula : log x  1  x      and log e  1
2 3 4 5
  1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n)3 
 lim n 1  n      
n  
 n 2 3 
  1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n)3 
 lim  n  n 2      
n  
 n 2 3 
  1 1  1
 lim  n   n        1
n   2 3n  2
By Logarithmic test,  un is divergent.
1 1
The series converges if x  and diverges if x  .
e e
5. CAUCHY’S ROOT TEST

1
If  un is a series of positive terms and lim u n  n  l , then
n 
(i)  un is converges if l < 1
(ii)  un is diverges if l > 1.

NOTE: This test fails if l = 1.
n3
3
Solution
n3
un  n
3
un 1/ n

n 
1/ n 3
3
lim un 1 / n 
1
1
n  3
By Cauchy’s root test,  un is convergent.
1
27. Test the convergence of the series  (log n)n .
Solution
1
un 
(log n) n
un 1 / n  1
log n
lim un 1 / n  lim

1
 0 1 Formula : log   
n  n   log n
28. Test the convergence of the series  (log n)2n .

Solution
1
un 
(log n) 2 n
un 1 / n  1 2
(log n)


1
 0 1 Formula : log   
n  (log n) 2
n 

1
Test the convergence of the series  n2
.
29.  1
1  
 n
Solution
1
un 
n2
 1
1  
 n
un 1 / n  1
n
 1
1  
 n
1 1
n
 1
n  n 
 1 e
1  
 n
6. CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL TEST
If  f n = f 1  f 2  f 3 +…..+ f n  +…. is a series of positive terms and f (n) decreases
as n increases. (monotonic decreasing sequence)

Then (i)  f n converges if  f x  dx = finite
1

(ii)  f n diverges if  f x  dx = infinite
1
1
30. Test the convergence of the series  n2  1.
Solution
1
f (n)  Clearly f (n) is a monotonic decreasing sequence.
n 1
2
 

 
 
f x  dx   2 dx  tan 1 x  tan 1 ()  tan 1 (1)    a finite quantity
1
 x 1 1 2 4
1 1
By Cauchy’s integral test, the given series is convergent.

1
31. Test the convergence of the series  3n  1.
Solution
1
f ( n)  Clearly f (n) is a monotonic decreasing sequence.
3n  1
 
 f x  dx  
1
3x  1
1
 
 1

dx  log( 3x 1)  log   log 4  
3 1 3 
1 1
By Cauchy’s integral test, the given series is divergent.

1
2 n log n
Solution
1
f ( n)  Clearly f (n) is a monotonic decreasing sequence.
n log n
  
 f x  dx  
1
x log x
dx  
1/ x
log x
 
dx  log(log( x)  
2 
2 2 2
By Cauchy’s integral test, the given series is divergent.
SERIES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE TERMS (ALTERNATING SERIES)
ALTERNATING SERIES
A series in which the terms are alternately positive and negative is called an alternating series.
TEST OF CONVERGENCE OF ALTERNATING SERIES
LEIBNITZ’S TEST

The alternating series   1 n 1 u n = u1  u2  u3  u4  …. converges if
n 1
(i) u n > u n  1 ((i.e.){un} is a monotonic decreasing sequence.)

(ii) lim u n = 0
n
NOTE
If lim u n  0 , then the alternating series oscillates.

n 

ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT
The alternating series  un is absolutely convergent, if   un  is convergent.
CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT
The alternating series  un is conditionally convergent or semi convergent, if
(i)  un is convergent while (ii)   un  is divergent.
Theorems (Statement Only)
1. Every absolutely convergent series is convergent. But converse is not true.
2. If the terms of an absolutely convergent series are rearranged, the series remains convergent and
its sum is unaltered.
3. In a conditionally convergent series, a rearrangement of terms may alter the sum of the series.
1 1 1
33. Test the convergence of the series 1     .
2 3 4
Solution
1 1
un  un 1 
n n 1
(i) Clearly u n > u n  1 .
1
(ii) lim un  lim  0
n n n
By Leibnitz’s test, the given series is convergent.

2 3 4 1 1 1
34. Test the convergence of the series 1      (OR) 1     .
2 3 4 2 3 4
Solution
1 1
un  un 1 
n n 1
1
(ii) lim un  lim 0
n n  n
1 1 1
35. Test the convergence of the series    .
1.2 3.4 5.6

Solution
1
un 
(2n  1) (2n)
1
un 1 
(2n  1)( 2n  2)
1 1
(i) Since  always, clearly u n > u n  1 .
(2n  1) (2n) (2n  1) (2n  2)
1
n n  1
n  2  2n
 n
1
36. Test the convergence of the series  (1) n sin  .
n
Solution
1
un  sin  
n
 1 
un 1  sin  
 n 1
1  1 
(i) Since sin    sin   always, clearly u n > u n  1 .
n  n 1
1
(ii) lim un  lim sin    0
n n n
 1  1  1  1
37. Test the convergence of the series (1  1)  1    1    1     (OR)
 2  3  4
 (1) n 1 1  n .
Solution
1
un  1 
n
1
un 1  1 
n 1
1 1
(i) Since 1   1  always, clearly u n > u n  1 .
n n 1
1
(ii) lim un  lim 1   1  0
n n n
By Leibnitz’s test, the given series is not convergent.

(1) n 1
log( n  1)
Solution
1
un 
log( n  1)
1
un 1 
log( n  2)
1 1
(i) Since  always, clearly u n > u n  1 .
log( n  1) log( n  2)
1
(ii) lim un  lim 0 Formula : log   
n n   log( n  1)

(1) n 1
Test the convergence of the series 2  2  2  2  (OR) 
1 1 1 1
39. .
1 2 3 4 n2
Solution
1 1 1 1 1
The series of absolute terms 2  2  2  2     2 is clearly convergent by Harmonic
1 2 3 4 n
series test (or) p-series test.
The series is absolutely convergent.
Since every absolutely convergent series is convergent, the given series is convergent.
1 1 1
40. Prove that the series 1      is conditionally convergent.
2 3 4
Solution
1 1
un  un 1 
n n 1
1
n n n
1 1 1 1
Also   un  = 1       is divergent by Harmonic series test (or) p-series test.
2 3 4 n
Hence the given series is conditionally convergent.
(1) n 1
41. Test the convergence of the series  where p > 0.
np

Solution
1 1
un  p un 1 
n n  1 p
1
(ii) lim un  lim  0, if p  0.
n  n  n p
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Unit 5 - Sequence and Series

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18MAB101T Calculus and Linear Algebra Sequence and Series

A sequence is defined as an arrangement of numbers in a definite order. A sequence is a set of numbers

2. If an  n3 , the sequence is 13 , 23 , ,, n3 ,

3. If an  k , the sequence is k , k , k ,, k ,

4. If an  (1)n , the sequence is  1,1,1,1,, (1)n ,

Limit of a sequence (or) Convergence of a sequence

If lim an  l is finite and unique, then the sequence is said to be convergent .

If lim an is infinite, then the sequence is said to be divergent.

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Bounded above sequence

Bounded below sequence

A sequence {an} is said to be bounded, if it is bounded above and bounded below.

Monotonic increasing sequence

A sequence {an} is said to be monotonically increasing, if an  an + 1 for all n.

(i.e.) a1  a2  a3 … an  an + 1 ….

Examples: {n}, {n2}, {2n + 7} are monotonically increasing sequences.

Monotonic decreasing sequence

A sequence {an} is said to be monotonically decreasing, if an  an + 1 for all n.

(i.e.) a1  a2  a3 … an  an + 1 ….

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A sequence which is either monotonically increasing or decreasing is called a monotonic sequence.

Example: {{–1}n}is an oscillating sequence.

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The convergence or divergence of the series  an is defined in terms of the convergence or

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SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS

3. If lim un  0, then  un need not converge.

Theorem – Harmonic Series Test or p-series test

TEST OF CONVERGENCE OF SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS

If  vn converges, then  un also converges.

If  vn diverges, then  un also diverges.

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Other Form of Comparison Test (Limit Form)

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Hence by comparison test,  un is divergent.

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2. D’ALEMBERT’S RATIO TEST

Practical form of Ratio test

Hence by Ratio test,  un is convergent.

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Hence by Ratio test,  un is divergent.

Hence by Ratio test,  un is convergent.

Hence by Ratio test,  un is convergent.

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1) If l = 1, then Raabe’s test fails.

2 2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.8

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1) This test fails if l  1.

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5. CAUCHY’S ROOT TEST

(i)  un is converges if l < 1

(ii)  un is diverges if l > 1.

lim un 1 / n  lim

By Cauchy’s root test,  un is convergent.