Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP097

From Science Fiction to Reality: Exploring

Brain-Computer Interfaces and their
Human Applications
1
Sanchita A. Salunkhe; 2Samarjeet A. Salunkhe
1,2
Student
1
Late Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi Masur

Abstract:- Direct control of mechanical or electrical I. INTRODUCTION

equipment through mental activity is made possible by
brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), often referred to as Muscle stimulation is not necessary thanks to brain–
brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Using only brain computer interfaces (BCIs), which establish a direct or
signals, users of BCIs can operate external systems bidirectional communication between the brain and external
without using neurostimulators, which trigger neural equipment. This technology has the potential to help with the
tissues. This allows users to avoid using peripheral rehabilitation of motor disabilities and to enhance cognitive
neurological and muscle systems. The brain's ability to and physical abilities. Brain activity variations brought on by
incorporate and regulate mechanical devices as mental processes are detected by BCIs, which then translate
extensions of its own physiological processes is these changes into control signals. The four primary parts of
demonstrated by this capability.When it comes to helping a typical BCI system are feature translation, signal
those with severe impairments, BCI systems have a lot of acquisition, feature extraction, and classification.
potential uses. For people who suffer from neurological Neuromedicine, marketing, gaming, entertainment, and
conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brainstem authentication are just a few of the industries that use BCIs.
stroke, or spinal cord injury who are completely Nevertheless, security and privacy issues are not sufficiently
paralyzed or "locked in," they provide a substantial addressed by many BCIs. By converting EEG data into
benefit in terms of communication. By directly converting commands for wheelchairs and video games, they facilitate
brain intent into executable commands, BCI technology the restoration of sensory and motor functions and assist those
aims to enable communication. This is especially helpful who are totally paralyzed. Users must generate distinct brain
for those who are unable to speak.Neuroprosthetics, patterns for various jobs, and the system must correctly
which attempt to restore lost motor and sensory functions, interpret these patterns, for a BCI to work as intended. EEG
have been the main focus of BCI research and signals are helpful in the diagnosis of diseases such as
development. These systems make use of artificial devices epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in the evaluation
to treat brain-related illnesses, take over for faulty of sleep, learning, and concentration issues. They are
nervous system functions, and compensate for investigated in animals to find wider uses, and they also assist
compromised sensory organs. As this science develops, in tracking brain activity during procedures.There are three
brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to primary steps in the development of a BCI
improve cognitive capacities and the quality of life for system:Acquisition of impulses: The process of obtaining and
people with severe disabilities. converting weak electrical impulses from the brain.Signal
processing involves examining these signals to derive
Keywords:- Resting State Networks (Rsns), Signal-To-Noise actionable control instructions.Data manipulation is the
Ratio In Bcis , Bionic Limbs , Neuroengineering. process of controlling systems or devices outside of the
system through processed signals.In signal processing,
preprocessing is done to enhance the quality of the signal,
feature extraction is done to find relevant information, and
classification is done to use different techniques to translate
these characteristics into commands. Present research
endeavors center on the application of EEG in
neurorehabilitation, robotic system control, BCI component
integration into adaptable computing platforms, and
resolution of standards and interoperability challenges in BCI
software.

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP097

Fig 1: Types Of Brain Computer Interfaces

Fig 2: Type of Invasive Technique (Ref.10)

Fig 3: Types of Noninvasive Technique (Ref.10)

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP097

II. BCI TYPES  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Fmri)

By identifying changes in blood flow, functional
A. Invasive BCI Acquisition Technique: magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) quantifies brain activity.
Intrusive brain–computer interface (BCI) devices are An portion of the brain that is active requires more oxygen,
used in pharmacy to administer medications and treat which increases blood flow to that area. Blood-oxygen-level-
neurological disorders. By directly delivering drugs to dependent (BOLD) contrast is a technique used in fMRI to
particular brain regions, these devices potentially increase the measure changes in blood oxygen levels and map brain
accuracy of treatment for conditions including Parkinson's activities to specific regions, offering insights into brain
disease and epilepsy. They also support the tracking of function.
pharmacological effects on brain activity, allowing for
customized drug schedules and improving overall treatment  Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Fnirs)
results. A noninvasive method called functional near-infrared
spectroscopy (fNIRS) uses near-infrared light to track blood
 Types: flow and quantify brain activity. By using the electromagnetic
spectrum, this technique uses high spatial resolution signals
 ECoG: The great accuracy of invasive procedures and the to diagnose physiological problems.
security of non-invasive procedures are traded off in
electrocorticography (ECoG). ECoG offers better spatial  Electroencephalography (EEG)
resolution and signal amplitude since it is positioned By detecting voltage variations throughout the scalp,
closer to the brain than non-invasive methods like EEG. electroencephalography (EEG) detects electrical activity in
In speech and language processing, this method has the brain. To do this, electrodes that are inserted into a device
shown to be particularly useful since it provides insights that resembles a cap are used to precisely time brain activity.
into brain signals related to vocal actions and language
semantics in situations where animal models are not When considering alternative techniques, EEG's spatial
suitable. resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are limited.
 Intra Cortical: The least invasive technique for brain-
computer interface involves intracortical acquisition,  The Following are Some Examples of EEG Types: 1.
which entails implantation below the cortical surface. Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP)
This method records action potentials from individual
neurons using arrays or single electrodes. Because of the  VEP (Visual Evoked Potential) P300
electrodes' close proximity to the signal source, the arrays  Cortical potentials that are slow (SCP)
must be stable over the long run in order to preserve signal
integrity. ULandT, SmartBrain, NeuroSky, Mindball, Olimex
EEG-SMT, SIENNA ULTIMATE, and Emotiv are some of
B. Partially invasive BCI Acquisition Technique: the EEG gadgets that are now on the market.And also
Brain–computer interface (BCI) devices that are Brainnet4 ,Be Micro.
partially invasive are placed inside the skull but do not enter
the brain. They provide superior resolution than non-invasive  Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
techniques, but their signal intensity is lower than that of The magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical
invasive BCIs. They have a decreased chance of developing activity are measured non-invasively using
scar tissue. Electrodes on a plastic pad placed above the magnetoencephalography (MEG). Known as
cortex and under the dura mater are used in superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs),
electrocorticography (ECoG), which offers a higher these signals are detected. Magnetic shielding is a
resolution than non-invasive electroencephalography. requirement for recording in specifically designed labs since
Though still in theory, light reactive imaging brain-machine external magnetic sources, such as the Earth's magnetic field,
interfaces (BCIs) would monitor individual neurons by can interfere with MEG data.
detecting variations in reflected light, with the goal of
minimizing tissue contact and lowering the risk of scar tissue.  Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging
C. Non invasive BCI acquisition techniques modality used to monitor the body's metabolic processes.
Although non-invasive brain–computer interfaces
(BCIs) are the safest type of BCI, they provide the least signal  Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
clarity because of the distortion caused by the skull. Patients
have been able to regain some degree of movement and  Computed tomography of single photon emission
muscle control thanks to these gadgets. While less invasive (SPECT)
than techniques that make direct contact with the brain, non-  Based on gamma rays, neuro tomographic imaging
invasive procedures, like EEG, require sensors attached to
caps or headbands to read brain activity.

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP097

 BCI Features  Existing DBS Systems: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI): Characteristics systems are now open-loop or unidirectional, with the
Collaboration Across Disciplines: Includes the knowledge of primary goal being stimulation delivery without feedback.
engineers, computer scientists, neurologists, neuroscientists,  DBS Future Directions: In an effort to improve treatment
and applied mathematicians as well as psychologists and efficacy, research is moving toward the creation of
clinical rehabilitation professionals.Present Focus: Mainly on closed-loop DBS devices that automatically modify
enhancing the technical and signal processing components of stimulation parameters based on real-time brain status.
BCI technology.Early Stage of Development: Research is  Psychophysiological Variability: Affective and Mental
still needed, as BCI technology is still in its infancy.At now, Components There is a great deal of variation in BCI
efforts are concentrated on basic communication (word performance due to individual traits like age, gender, and
processing, speech synthesis, email) and environmental lifestyle as well as psychological aspects like weariness,
control (TV, room temperature) in an attempt to modify attention, and memory load.The P300-BCI, for example,
laboratory-validated BCIs for home use.Difficulties in may function differently depending on the user's
Spreading:Widespread commercial interest is hampered by emotional engagement and visual perception skills.
the limited capacity of current BCIs, which limit their Similarly, variations in empathy and motivation might
applicability to tiny user populations.Informal dissemination affect BCI outcomes.
choices are emerging to help with these issues.Lab vs. Real  Resting State Parameters: Physiological parameters,
World Use: Most applications such as motor function which are regulated by age and other factors, impact BCI
restoration are limited to lab environments and require performance. Examples of these parameters are heart rate
additional development for real world use.While still in its variability and resting state network (RSN)
infancy, neurorehabilitation has great promise and could have dynamics.Neuronal Connectivity: The intrinsic intricacy
a big influence on the area of rehabilitation in the future. and fluctuation of neuronal connectivity present
difficulties for sustaining consistent BCI performance
 Modes: over time and among various individuals.
 Influences of Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy
 BCI Challenges and Advancements ,Anatomy and Function of the Brain: Success with BCI is
correlated with variables like gray matter volume in
 Advancements in Neurorehabilitation: sensorimotor regions and physiological predictions from
BCIs represent a significant advancement in the medical EEG recordings (like spectral entropy).Together with
field, particularly in neurorehabilitation, by enabling mental head anatomy, corticospinal excitability is a metric that
control of prosthetic limbs and wheelchairs. can affect BCI performance and offer extra predictive
value.
 Emergence of Bidirectional BCIs:  In physiology and neuromy : Important roles in BCI
Recent developments have introduced bidirectional or performance are played by underlying emotional and
closed-loop BCIs, which integrate acquisition and mental processes, neurophysiology related to cognition,
stimulation procedures to monitor brain activity and provide and neurological characteristics, such as functions and
feedback to the brain or peripheral nerves. architecture, which lead to significant intra- and inter-
individual heterogeneity. Instantaneous brain dynamics
 Current DBS Systems: are influenced by users' basic features, such as age,
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) systems are currently gender, and lifestyle, as well as psychological elements
unidirectional or open-loop, focusing solely on delivering such as attention, memory load, weariness, and
stimulation without feedback. conflicting cognitive processes . People with poorer
empathy, for instance, can produce bigger amplitudes of
III. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DBS P300 waves and participate less emotionally in a P300-
BCI paradigm.
Research is progressing towards developing closed-loop
DBS systems that automatically adjust stimulation IV. BCI APPLICATIONS
parameters based on real-time brain status, aiming to enhance
therapeutic efficacy.  Assistive Technologies for Motor Impairment:
 Difficulties and Progress in BCI:  Tools to aid those with severe physical disabilities,
including robotic limbs and wheelchairs.
 Advances in Neurorehabilitation: By enabling mental  Systems for enhancing motor recovery and functional
control of wheelchairs and prosthetic limbs, BCIs offer a ability in stroke patients.
significant advancement in the medical field, particularly
in neurorehabilitation.  Communication Aids:
 Emergence of Bidirectional BCIs: Bidirectional, or
closed-loop, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have  Devices to help individuals with disorders of
recently been developed. They combine stimulation and consciousness communicate and interact with their
acquisition processes to monitor brain activity and send environment.
feedback to the brain or peripheral nerves.

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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