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^ WORLD'S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE

HYSICS
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Physics seeks to understand the natural phenomena Base Quantity Symbol Unit Other physical quantities are derived from these basic units:
that occur in our universe; a description of a natural Length l,x Meter - m Prefixes denote fractions or multiples of units; many variable
phenomenon uses many specific terms, definitions and Mass rn, M Kilogram - kg symbols are Greek letters
mathematical equations Temperature T Kelvin - K Math Skills: Many physical concepts are only understood
Solving Problems in Physics Time t Second - s with the use of algebra, statistics, trigonometry and
In physics, we use the SI units (International System) calculus
Electric Current I Ampere - A (C/s)
for data and calculations

A. Classical or Newtonian Mechanics>The position of a .Newton's 1st Law: A body remains at rest or in
body is given by an equation of motion with position, motion unless influenced by a force 1. Kinetic energy, K: Kinetic energy is the energy of
velocity and acceleration as variables; mass is the .Newton's 2nd Law: Force and acceleration motion; mass, m and velocity, v: K = 'A mv2
measure of the amount of matter; the standard unit determine the motion of a body and predict future The SI energy unit is the Joule (J):
for mass is kg, 1 kg = 1000 g.; inertia is a property of position and velocity: F = m a OR ZF = m a U = 1 kg m2/s2
matter, and as such, it occupies space . Newton's 3rd Law: Every action is countered by an 2. Momentum, p: Momentum is a property of motion,
1. Motion along a straight line is called rectilinear; opposing action defined as the product of mass and velocity: p = m v
the equation of motion describes the position of the E. Types of Forces 3. Work (W): Work is a force acting on a body moving
particle and velocity for elapsed time, t
1. A body force acts on the entire body, with the force a distance; for a general force, F, and a body moving
a. Velocity (v): The rate of change of the displacement acting at the center of mass a path, s: W = J F ds
(s) with time (t):v = ds = A s a. A gravitational force, F , pulls an object toward
dt A t For a constant force, work is the scalar
the center of the Earth: Fg = mg product of the two vectors: force, F, and path, r:
b. Acceleration (a): The rate of change of the b. Weight = FB; gravitational force
i . . . . dv A v W = F d cos (6) = F • r
velocity with time: a = -JT- = -r-r c. Mass is a measure of the quantity of material,
dt A t
a & v are vectors, with magnitude and direction independent of g and other forces
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c. Speed is the absolute value of the velocity; scalar
with the same units as velocity
2. Surface forces act on the body's surface
a. Friction, F , is proportional to the force normal
Maximum work t No work
2. Equations of Motion for One Dimension (1-D) to the part of the body in contact with a surface,
Equations of motion describe the future position Dynamic Friction
4. Power (P) is energy expended per unit time:
i. Static friction resists the p = A Work _ A Work
(x) and velocity (v) of a body in terms of the initial F A time A t
movement of a body
velocity (v.), position (x0) and acceleration (a)
ii. Dynamic friction slows I Work = J P(t)dt
a. For constant acceleration, the position is related The SI unit for power is the Watt (W):
the motion of a body r—>. r^n <—F,
to the time and acceleration by the following 1 W = 1 Joule/second = 1 J/s
For an object on a
equation of motion: x(t) = x() + v.t + 'A a t2 Work for a constant output of power:
horizontal plane: Circular Motion
b. For constant acceleration, the velocity vs. time is W = P At
Ff = ji Fn = u. m g
given by the following: v r (t) = v. + a t
Net force = F, - F, H. Potential Energy & Energy Conservation
c. If the acceleration is a function of time, the
F. Circular Motion l.The total energy of a body, E, is the sum of kinetic,
equation must be solved using a = a(t)
1. Motion along a circular path uses K, & potential energy, U: E = K + £U
B. Motion in Two Dimensions (2-D) polar coordinates: (r, 9 ) r 2. Potential energy arises from the interaction with a
l.For bodies moving along a y Polar potential from an external force
2. Key Variables:
straight line, derive x- and y-
Potential energy is energy of position: U(r); the form
equations of motion The distance from the
r Meter rotation center (center of of U depends on the force generating the potential:
x = v.xt + '/2 ax t2
mass) Gravitation: U(h) = mgh
y3 = v iy t + '/2 ay t2
Electrostatic: U(r]2)= —^
2. For a rotating body, use polar Polar: (r, 9) e Radian
The angle between r and
If there are no other forces acting on the system, E is
coordinates, an angle variable, x =r C0s9, the (x) axis
9, and r, a radial distance from y = r sin9, constant and the system is called conservative
0) I. Collisions & Linear Momentum
the rotational center r2 = x2 + y2 Radian/second The angular velocity Collisions
1. Types of Collisions m,
C. Motion in Three Dimensions (3-D) a
Radian/second2 The angular acceleration a. Elastic: conserve energy
I.Cartesian System: Equations of b. Inelastic: energy is lost as heat or Xk.
motion with x, y and z components deformation £»"•"' "*
2. Spherical Coordinates: Equations The circular motion arc 2. Relative Motion & Frames of •*
s Meter
of motion based on two angles s = r6 (9 in rad) Reference: A body moves with
(9 and (p) and r, the radial distance velocity v in frame S; in frame S' the velocity is v'; if
from the origin V ' is the velocity of frame S' relative to S, therefore:
3. Tangential acceleration & velocity: v t = ro>; a = ra; v L Vs' + v'
D. Newton's Laws of Motion v and a along the path of the motion arc
x = r simp cos0, 3. Elastic Collision
Newton's Laws are the core y = r simp sin9, _ v!
4. Centripetal acceleration: a<• ~ r ; a is directed Conserve Kinetic Energy: £ Y2 m v2 = £ 1A m v2r
principles for describing the motion z = r cosip,
of classical objects in response to r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 toward the rotational center Conserve Momentum: £ m v. = £ m vf
forces; the SI unit of force is the a. The centripetal force keeps the body in circular 4. Impulse is a force acting over time
Newton, N: lN=lkg m/s2; the cgs unit is the dyne: motion with a tangential acceleration and velocity Impulse = F At or | F(t) dt
1 dyne = Ig cm/s2 Impulse is also the momentum change: Pfm - Pinii