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    AR-20-018 - ABC - Earthquake Report

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    AR-20-018 - ABC - Earthquake Report

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    AR-20-018_ABC_Earthquake Report

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    AR-20-018 - ABC - Earthquake Report

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    of 7

    REPORT

    ON

    Earthquake-Resistant Design and Post-


    Seismic Retrofitting
    FOR

    Architectural Building Construction

    ABC – SEM 09

    Chahak Jain –

    AR-20-018

    2024 – 25
    1. WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE AND ITS
    EFFECTS?
    An earthquake is a natural phenomenon where the earth's surface
    shakes due to the sudden release of energy in the earth's lithosphere.
    This energy release occurs when accumulated stress, typically from
    tectonic plate movements, overcomes the strength of rocks along a
    fault line, causing a rapid slip along the fault. The energy radiates
    through seismic waves, which we feel during an earthquake. When
    tectonic plates grind against each other or collide, stress builds up
    until it is released in the form of seismic waves, which radiate outward
    from the earthquake's focus (the point within the Earth where the
    earthquake originates). The point on the Earth's surface directly
    above the focus is known as the epicenter.

    Figure 2: Normal (dip-slip) fault is an inclined fracture where the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down
    Source: (Wald)
    Types of Seismic Waves:
    1. P-Waves (Primary Waves): These are the fastest seismic waves
    and the first to be detected by seismographs. They compress and
    expand the ground in the direction of travel, similar to sound
    waves.
    2. S-Waves (Secondary Waves): These waves move slower than P-
    waves and move the ground perpendicular to the direction of
    travel, causing more damage.
    3. Surface Waves: These waves travel along the Earth's surface and
    are responsible for most of the damage during an earthquake.
    They cause the ground to move up and down and side to side
    Effects of Earthquakes:
    Earthquakes can have devastating effects on both natural and built
    environments. The severity of these effects depends on the
    earthquake's magnitude, depth, proximity to populated areas, and the
    local geological conditions.
    • Ground Shaking: The most immediate and destructive effect,
    causing buildings, bridges, and other structures to collapse.
    • Surface Rupture: The ground can crack and shift, damaging
    roads, pipelines, and buildings.
    • Soil Liquefaction: Saturated soils lose their strength and behave
    like a liquid, causing buildings to tilt or sink.
    • Landslides: Earthquakes can trigger landslides, especially in hilly
    or mountainous regions.
    • Tsunamis: Undersea earthquakes can generate tsunamis, leading
    to massive flooding and destruction in coastal areas.
    • Aftershocks: Smaller tremors following the main earthquake can
    cause further damage to already weakened structures.
    The effects of earthquakes extend beyond physical destruction,
    impacting economies, disrupting lives, and posing long-term
    challenges for recovery and rebuilding.
    2. HOW DO YOU PLAN BUILDINGS FOR
    EARTHQUAKES?
    Principles of Earthquake-Resistant Design:
    Designing buildings to withstand earthquakes involves understanding
    how seismic forces impact structures and implementing strategies to
    mitigate those forces. The goal is to ensure that buildings remain
    standing during an earthquake, protecting the lives of occupants and
    allowing for safe evacuation.
    Key Design Strategies:
    1. Structural Configuration:
    o Symmetry: Buildings with symmetrical layouts are less likely
    to experience torsional forces, which can cause twisting
    during an earthquake.
    o Simple Shapes: Simple, regular shapes like squares and
    rectangles are more stable under seismic forces compared
    to irregular or complex shapes.
    o Height and Proportion: The height-to-width ratio of a
    building affects its stability. Taller buildings need to be
    designed with additional considerations for lateral forces.
    2. Foundation Design:
    o Deep Foundations: Pile foundations or caissons can
    transfer loads to deeper, more stable soil layers, reducing the
    impact of surface ground shaking.
    o Base Isolation: Base isolators, made of flexible materials
    like rubber, are placed between a building’s foundation and
    superstructure. They absorb seismic energy, allowing the
    building to move independently of the ground, reducing the
    forces transmitted to the structure.
    3. Structural Reinforcement:
    o Shear Walls: These are vertical elements that provide
    additional stiffness and strength to a building, helping it resist
    lateral forces. They are often placed around stairwells,
    elevator shafts, and building cores.
    o Bracing Systems: Diagonal braces made of steel or other
    strong materials are used to reinforce walls and frames,
    reducing deformation during an earthquake.
    o Moment-Resisting Frames: These frames are designed to
    withstand bending forces, allowing the building to flex without
    collapsing.
    4. Materials and Construction Techniques:
    o Ductile Materials: Using materials that can absorb and
    dissipate energy, such as reinforced concrete and steel,
    helps buildings withstand the shaking motion of an
    earthquake.
    o Lightweight Materials: Reducing the weight of non-
    structural elements, such as walls and cladding, minimizes
    the load on the structure and reduces the risk of collapse.
    o Flexible Connections: Using flexible connections in building
    joints allows parts of the structure to move independently
    without causing significant damage.
    5. Non-Structural Considerations:
    o Securing Fixtures: Heavy fixtures, equipment, and furniture
    should be securely anchored to prevent them from toppling
    during an earthquake.
    o Glazing and Partitions: Using safety glass and flexible
    framing for partitions can reduce the risk of injury from
    shattering glass.
    Case Study: Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
    Introduction: The Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong is an iconic skyscraper that stands
    as a symbol of modern architectural design and engineering. Designed by the renowned
    architect I.M. Pei, the building was completed in 1990 and has since been a landmark in
    Hong Kong’s skyline. Given Hong Kong’s location in a seismically active region, and the
    building’s importance, retrofitting and restoration efforts have been vital in ensuring its
    structural integrity and longevity.

    Case Study: Bhuj Hospital, Gujarat


    Introduction: The Bhuj Hospital in Gujarat, India, faced significant structural challenges
    after the devastating earthquake that struck the region on January 26, 2001. The
    earthquake, measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale, caused widespread destruction across
    the Kutch region, leading to the collapse of numerous buildings, including hospitals. The
    retrofitting and restoration of Bhuj Hospital became a crucial project to restore
    healthcare services in the area and ensure the hospital's resilience against future
    seismic events.

    3. MANAGEMENT DURING AN EARTHQUAKE.


    DISASTER MITIGATION.
    4. BUILDING RETROFICATION AFTER
    EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES.

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