1.principles of Chemistry Paper 1

Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Principles of Chemistry
States of Matter
Time allowed
62 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/52 %
4.1 | CELL BIOLOGY | QUESTION PAPER 1 1
1 The diagram shows a kettle of boiling water.
water vapour
water droplets
kettle
As the water vapour cools it turns into droplets of liquid water.

(a) The change of state when water vapour changes into liquid water is described as
(1)
A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation
(b) Describe what happens when water vapour cools to form liquid water.
Your answer should include the change in the energy, arrangement and
movement of the particles.
(3)
change in energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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change in arrangement ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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change in movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

2 In chemistry, the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) are often used.
(a) The table shows some changes of state.
Complete the table to show the state symbol before and after the change.
(3)
State symbol before State symbol after

Change of state
change change
Water boils in a kettle
Ethene is converted to poly(ethene)
Crystals of iodine sublime on heating
(b) Some marble chips are added to a solution of hydrochloric acid.

Complete the equation for the reaction that occurs by writing the appropriate
state symbol after each formula.
(2)
CaCO3(... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ) o CaCl2(.......................... ) + H2O(.......................... ) + CO2(... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
(c) Which state symbol is used most often for the elements of the Periodic Table at
room temperature?
(1)
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3 This question is about the states of matter.
(a) The diagram shows the three states of matter for a substance.
solid liquid gas
Each circle represents a molecule of the substance.

(i) Complete the diagram by drawing six circles to represent molecules in the gas state.
(1)
(ii) Which statement is correct about the movement or arrangement of the molecules
of this substance?
(1)
A They move randomly in the solid state.
B They move randomly in the liquid state.
C They are arranged in fixed positions in the liquid state.
D They are arranged in fixed positions in the gas state.
(iii) Which term is used for a solid changing to a liquid?

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
(b) Some cold water is poured into a conical flask and a bung inserted.
The diagram shows the flask after a few minutes.
air and water vapour
liquid water
(i) What is occurring in the flask?

(1)
A boiling and condensing
B condensing and evaporating
C evaporating and freezing
D freezing and melting
(ii) Which formula represents a substance that is not present in the flask?
(1)
A H2O(g)
B H2O(l)
C N2(g)
D N2(l)

4 When a liquid evaporates at room temperature, it changes into a gas.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in a liquid.
evaporation
liquid gas
(a) Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of four particles in a gas.
(1)
(b) Describe the movement of particles in a gas.
(1)
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. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain why heating a liquid causes it to evaporate more quickly.

(2)
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. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5 The diagram shows some pieces of apparatus that you may find in a laboratory.
A C
D F
(a) Complete the table by giving the name of each piece of apparatus.
(4)
Letter Name
A measuring cylinder
C conical flask
(b) Give the letters of the two pieces of apparatus that could each be used to measure an
accurate volume of a liquid.
(2)
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6 The compound with the formula H2O can exist in three states of matter. The names of
these three states are shown in the boxes.
The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent changes of state.
1 3
ice 2 water 4 steam
(a) The particles of H2O are arranged differently in each state.

(i) In which state are the particles furthest apart?
(1)
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(ii) In which state do the particles have the least energy?

(1)
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(iii) In which state are the particles arranged in a regular pattern?

(1)
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(b) (i) Change of state 1 is called

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
(ii) Change of state 4 is called

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
(c) The term sublimation is also used for a change of state.
Sublimation is the change of state from
(1)
A solid to liquid
B liquid to gas
C gas to liquid
D solid to gas
(d)
d) Heat e gy is released when steam changes to water.
(i) What term is used to describe this type of energy change?
(1)
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(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the change of state from steam
to water.
(1)
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7 The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
The diagram shows how the particles are arranged in each of these states.
melting X
Z Y
solid liquid gas
(a) Use words from the box to show the changes of state labelled X, Y and Z.
You may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
(3)
boiling condensing crystallisation diffusion freezing
X................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Z................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Which statement best describes the movement of the particles in a gas?
(1)
A The particles vibrate about fixed positions.
B The particles slide past one another.
C The particles move freely.
D The particles do not move at all.
(c) The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure the melting point of a solid.
The solid is placed in a small tube. The small tube is then put into a liquid contained
in a beaker.
The liquid is gently heated and the temperature at which solid Q melts is recorded.
small tube
stirrer
solid Q
liquid
heat
(i) Give the name of the apparatus labelled P.

(1)
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(ii) Solid Q melts at 140 qC.

Explain why water is not a suitable liquid to use in this experiment.
(1)
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(iii) Suggest why the liquid in the beaker needs to be stirred constantly.
(1)
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8 (a) Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.
Each of the diagrams below represents either an element, a compound or a mixture.
State which one of these is represented by each diagram.
(i)
He
He
He
He
He
(1)
(ii)
O
C
O C O O
O
C O
O C
O
C O
O (1)
(iii)
He O
O
O O
He
O O
(1)
(iv) O
O O
O
O O
O
O
O
O (1)
(b) Substances can also be classified as solids, liquids or gases.
Each of the diagrams below represents either a solid, a liquid or a gas.
State which one of these is represented by each diagram.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(1)

9 The diagram shows ammonium chloride being heated in a test tube.
white
solid
B
mixture
ammonium A
chloride
HEAT
(a) The formula of ammonium chloride is NH4Cl.
How many different elements are there in ammonium chloride?

(1)
(b) Identify the two gases in mixture A.

(2)
and
(c) Identify the white solid B.

(1)
(d) Place crosses ( ) in two boxes to identify the processes that occur in
the test tube.
(2)
boiling
decomposition
melting
neutralisation
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures 1
Time allowed
64 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/52 %
1 A student wants to find out if the green colouring in grass is a mixture of dyes.
He uses a solvent to dissolve the green colouring from some grass.
He then separates the solution of the green colouring from the remaining grass.
(a) Which of these methods is used to separate the solution of the green colouring
from the remaining grass?
(1)
A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D filtration
(b) The student uses a dropping pipette to place a drop of the green solution onto a
piece of chromatography paper and produces a chromatogram.
The diagram shows his results.
baseline
(i) Add three more labels to the diagram to show

x the solvent
x the chromatography paper
x the original position of the spot of the green solution
(3)
(ii) Explain how many different dyes are present in the green colouring.
(1)
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2 Techniques used in the separation of mixtures include
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation
For each separation, select the most suitable technique, A, B, C or D, used to obtain
the first named substance from the mixture.
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Pure water from sea water
(1)
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(b) Ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water

(1)
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(c) Calcium carbonate from a mixture of calcium carbonate and water

(1)
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(d) CuSO4.5H2O(s) from CuSO4(aq)

(1)
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 A student investigates the pigments found in some vegetables and fruit.
She obtains some coloured vegetable and fruit extracts from carrots, tomatoes and
sweet potatoes.
She places a spot of each extract on chromatography paper, along with spots of the
three pigments beta-carotene, chlorophyll and lycopene.
Her teacher provides a solvent containing volatile, flammable organic compounds for
the experiment. The diagram shows the apparatus at the start of the experiment.
lid
tank
starting line
solvent
V1 V2 V3 P1 P2 P3
Key to vegetable and fruit extracts and pigments

V1 = carrots V2 = tomatoes V3 = sweet potatoes
P1 = beta-carotene P2 = chlorophyll P3 = lycopene
(a) (i) Explain why it is important for the solvent level to be below the spots.
(1)
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(ii) State two potential problems that are prevented by fitting the tank with a lid.
(2)
1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows the chromatogram at the end of the experiment.
solvent front
V1 V2 V3 P1 P2 P3
Key to vegetable and fruit extracts and pigments

V1 = carrots V2 = tomatoes V3 = sweet potatoes
P1 = beta-carotene P2 = chlorophyll P3 = lycopene
Which three of the statements A, B, C, D and E are supported by the

chromatogram?
Place a cross in three boxes to indicate your choice.
(3)
A Chlorophyll is not present in carrots, sweet potatoes or tomatoes.
B Beta-carotene is present in carrots but not present in tomatoes.
C Both beta-carotene and lycopene are present in sweet potatoes.
D Lycopene is present in tomatoes but not present in carrots.
E Both carrots and tomatoes contain a pigment other than
beta-carotene, chlorophyll and lycopene.
(c) One of the pigments present in the vegetable extracts is not shown in the
chromatogram. It appears as a very faint spot 1.3 cm above the starting line.
Calculate its Rf value using the expression
distance travelled by pigment

Rf =
distance travelled by solve
ent
(2)
Rf = .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Suggest a reason why there is a spot on the starting line in the chromatogram for
sweet potatoes.
(1)
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4 A student adds dilute sulfuric acid to a beaker containing calcium chloride solution.
He obtains a mixture containing a precipitate of calcium sulfate in a solution of
hydrochloric acid.
(a) Complete the equation for this reaction by inserting state symbols.
(1)
CaCl2(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + H2SO4(. . . . . . . ................. ) o CaSO4(........................ ) + 2HCl(........................ )
(b) The student uses this apparatus to separate the mixture into a residue and a filtrate.
folded filter paper
filter funnel conical flask
Draw a diagram to show how he should assemble the apparatus for the filtration.
(2)
(c) The student carries out a flame test on the filtrate he obtains and observes a
brick-red colour.
(i) Identify the ion responsible for this colour.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why this ion is present in the filtrate.

(1)
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(d) The student tests the filtrate for chloride ions by adding silver nitrate solution.
(i) State what he would observe in this test.
(1)
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(ii) State the name of the substance responsible for this observation.
(1)
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(iii) He reads in a textbook that dilute nitric acid should be added before the silver nitrate
solution in the test.
Suggest why the student does not need to add dilute nitric acid in the test.
(1)
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(e) The calcium sulfate residue he obtains is impure because it contains some hydrochloric acid.
Describe how he can obtain a pure dry sample of calcium sulfate from this residue.
(2)
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5 Illegal drugs are sometimes used to affect the performance of racehorses.
These drugs can be detected in horse urine using chromatography.
• a concentrated sample of urine from each horse is spotted onto the start line of a
sheet of chromatography paper
• known illegal drugs are also spotted onto the same paper
• ethanol is used as the solvent
The chromatogram shows urine samples, A, B, C and D, and the two illegal drugs lasix
and bute.
solvent front
start line
lasix bute A B C D
(a) Explain which urine sample contains an illegal drug.

(2)
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(b) What is the meaning of the term solvent?
(1)
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(c) The results for known drugs are given as Rf values.
R f value =
distance travelled by the drug
distance travelled by the solvent
Calculate the Rf value for lasix.
(2)
R f value for lasix =............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Suggest how the solubility of the drug in the solvent affects the distance travelled
by the substance.
(1)
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6 The diagram shows the apparatus used to form a compound containing iron and chlorine.
iron open tube

powder
dry
chlorine
gas
compound
heat
(a) (i) State the colour of chlorine gas.

(1)
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(ii) Suggest why it is necessary to have an open tube fitted to the apparatus.
(1)
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(iii) For safety reasons, this reaction should be carried out in a fume cupboard.
Explain why this is necessary.
(1)
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(b) A mass of 2.800 g of iron reacts with 5.325 g of chlorine.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound formed.
(3)
empirical formula = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest a name for this compound.

(1)
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(c) When chlorine gas is bubbled into aqueous sodium hydroxide, a mixture of
bleach (NaClO), sodium chloride and water is formed.
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)
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7 This apparatus can be used to prepare a sample of hydrogen.
dilute
hydrochloric acid
hydrogen
water
zinc
(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Include state symbols.
(2)
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(b) State two observations you would make when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc
in the conical flask.
(2)
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(c) A student carries out two experiments to find the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid
required to completely react with 0.5 g of zinc powder.
Experiment 1
She fills a burette to the 0.00 cm3 mark with dilute hydrochloric acid.
She places 0.5 g of zinc powder into a conical flask and then slowly adds the acid
to the zinc until the reaction is complete.
The diagram shows the final reading on the burette.
10
Experiment 2
She then repeats the experiment with 0.5 g of zinc powder from the same source,
but with a different sample of dilute hydrochloric acid.
The diagram shows the initial and final burette readings for this experiment.
1 22
2 23
3 24
initial reading final reading
(i) Use the burette readings to complete the table, recording the volumes to the
nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
final burette reading in cm3
initial burette reading in cm3
volume in cm3 of acid added
(ii) The concentration of the acid in experiment 1 was 0.74 mol/dm3.

Explain how the concentration of the acid in experiment 2 can be calculated.
(2)
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Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Atomic Structure 1
Time allowed
68 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/57 %
1 The diagram shows the electronic configurations of six different atoms.
A B C D E F
(a) You may use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you answer this question.
Answer each part by writing one of the letters A, B, C, D, E or F in the box
provided.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
(6)
Give the letter that represents an atom
(i) of a noble gas
(ii) that contains three protons
(iii) of phosphorus
(iv) of an element in Group 4 of the Periodic Table
(v) of an element in Period 3 of the Periodic Table
(vi) with a full outer shell of electrons
(b) Atoms of A and D combine to form a compound containing covalent bonds.

(i) Complete the sentence to describe a covalent bond.
(2)
A covalent bond is the electrostatic attraction between a pair of ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... of two atoms.
(ii) Suggest, with reference to electronic configurations, the most likely formula of
the compound formed between atoms of A and D.
(1)
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2 This question is about hydrogen (H2) and water.
(a) Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. It exists as simple molecules.

(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a
hydrogen molecule.
(1)
(ii) Explain why hydrogen has a very low boiling point.

(2)
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(b) The symbols for the three isotopes of hydrogen are
1
H 2
H 3
H
(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)
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(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in
each of the three isotopes of hydrogen.
(3)
Isotope
1
H 2
H 3
H
number of protons
number of neutrons
number of electrons
(c) When hydrogen burns in oxygen, heat energy is transferred to the surroundings.
(i) State the name given to a reaction in which heat energy is transferred to the
surroundings.
(1)
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(ii) Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction that takes place when
hydrogen burns in oxygen.
(2)
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(iii) Describe a chemical test to show that the product is water.

(2)
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(iv) Describe a physical test to show that the product is pure water.
(2)
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3 This question is about bonding, structures and properties.
(a) The box gives four types of structure.
giant covalent
valent iant ion
ionic
i iant met
metallic
allic sim
The table shows some properties of four substances, A, B, C and D.
Complete the table by giving the correct type of structure for each substance.
You may use each structure once, more than once or not at all.
(4)
Electrical conductivity Melting

Substance Type of structure
of the solid of the liquid point
A poor poor low
B poor poor high
C good good high
D poor good high
(b) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is an ionic compound.
The diagram shows the electronic configurations of atoms of magnesium and chlorine.
Mg Cl
(i) Describe how magnesium atoms and chlorine atoms form magnesium ions
and chloride ions.
(3)
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. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a diagram to represent the electronic configurations of each of the ions
in magnesium chloride.
Show the charge on each ion.
(3)
(c) A molecule of carbon dioxide contains double covalent bonds.
Complete the diagram, using dots and crosses, to show the arrangement of the
outer electrons in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
O C O (2)
(d) Indium is a metal in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
(i) Describe the structure and bonding in indium.
(3)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why indium is malleable.

(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of element X.
key
e e
= nucleus
e
e = electron
e e
e e
e e
e
e e
(a) (i) How many protons does the nucleus of the atom contain?
(1)
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Which group of the Periodic Table contains element X?

Give a reason for your choice.
(2)
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. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give the formula of the ion formed by element X in its compounds.
(1)
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(b) Element X has three isotopes.
The table gives the mass number of each isotope and its percentage abundance
in a sample of element X.
Mass number Percentage abundance (%)
24 79.0
25 10.0
26 11.0
Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar ) of element X.

Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)
relative atomic mass of X = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Boron is an element in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
An atom of boron can be represented as 115B

(a) Use numbers from the box to complete the sentences about this atom of boron.
3 5 6 11 16
Each number may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) The atomic number of boron is ....................................

(1)
(ii) The mass number of boron is ....................................
(1)
(iii) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. protons.
(1)
(iv) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. neutrons.
(1)
(v) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. electrons.
(1)
(b) Aluminium is another element in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
Select a word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence about an atom
of aluminium.
fewer m e the same number of
Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... protons.

(1)
(ii) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ neutrons.

(1)
(iii) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... electrons in its outer shell.

(1)
(c) The electronic configuration of aluminium is
(1)
A 2.3
B 2.2.3
C 2.2.8
D 2.8.3
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Electrons, Bonding & Structure 2
Time allowed
90 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/75 %
1 The Periodic Table is shown on page 2.
(1)
(a) In the Periodic Table, which number increases from 3 to 10 in Period 2?
. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) In the Periodic Table, which number increases from 9 to 226 in Group 2?
(1)
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(c) An atom of boron contains protons, neutrons and electrons.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
Your may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
protons
ons ne ons e trons
(i) The particles with the smallest mass are ............................................................................................ .

(1)
(ii) The particles with a negative charge are ............................................................................................ .

(1)
(iii) The two types of particle in the nucleus of a boron atom
(1)
are ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. and ............................................................................................ .

(iv) In a boron atom there are equal numbers of
(1)
............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ and ............................................................................................ .

(v) The element boron has isotopes.
(1)
These isotopes have different numbers of ............................................................................................ .
2 The diagram shows the positions of some elements in the Periodic Table.
1 2 3 4 7 0
H He
Na Cl
K Br
(a) Complete the following sentence.

(1)
The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of ....................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Name an element shown in the diagram that is:

(2)
(i) a metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. ......................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) a halogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................... ................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Name two elements in the diagram that react together to form an ionic compound.
(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. and ........................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for the ions in the compound formed in (c)(i).
Show only the outer electrons. Include the charge on each ion.
(3)
(d) Chlorine reacts quickly with hot iron to form iron(III) chloride.
Bromine reacts less quickly with hot iron to form iron(III) bromide.
Suggest how fluorine reacts with hot iron and name the compound formed.
(2)
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(e) When chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium bromide,
a displacement reaction takes place.
The ionic equation for the reaction is:
Cl2(g) + 2Br−(aq) o 2Cl−(aq) + Br2(aq)

State the colour change that you would observe in the solution during this reaction.
(2)
Colour at start .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colour at end .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Use the the Periodic Table on page 2 to answer this question.
(a) (i) The symbol for silver is
(1)
A Ag B As C S D Si
(ii) The element with an atomic number of 40 is

(1)
A Al B Ar C Ca D Zr
(b) An atom of an element has the electronic configuration 2.8.3

(i) State the number of the group in the Periodic Table in which this element is found.
(1)
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain your answer in terms of the atom’s electronic configuration.

(1)
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State the number of the period in the Periodic Table in which this element is found.
(1)
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(iv) Explain your answer in terms of the atom’s electronic configuration.

(1)
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Identify the element.

(1)
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(c) Complete the diagram to show the electronic configuration of an atom of fluorine,
using x to represent an electron.
(1)
4 This question is about bonding, structures and properties.
(a) The box gives four types of structure.
giant covalent
valent iant ion
ionic
i iant met
metallic
allic sim
The table shows some properties of four substances, A, B, C and D.

Complete the table by giving the correct type of structure for each substance.
You may use each structure once, more than once or not at all.
(4)
Electrical conductivity Melting

Substance Type of structure
of the solid of the liquid point
A poor poor low
B poor poor high
C good good high
D poor good high
(b) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is an ionic compound.
The diagram shows the electronic configurations of atoms of magnesium and chlorine.
Mg Cl
(i) Describe how magnesium atoms and chlorine atoms form magnesium ions
and chloride ions.
(3)
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a diagram to represent the electronic configurations of each of the ions
in magnesium chloride.
Show the charge on each ion.
(3)
(c) A molecule of carbon dioxide contains double covalent bonds.
Complete the diagram, using dots and crosses, to show the arrangement of the
outer electrons in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
O C O
(2)
(d) Indium is a metal in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
(i) Describe the structure and bonding in indium.
(3)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why indium is malleable.

(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of element X.
key
e e
= nucleus
e
e = electron
e e
e e
e e
e
e e
(a) (i) How many protons does the nucleus of the atom contain?
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Which group of the Periodic Table contains element X?

(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give the formula of the ion formed by element X in its compounds.
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Element X has three isotopes.
The table gives the mass number of each isotope and its percentage abundance
in a sample of element X.
Mass number Percentage abundance (%)
24 79.0
25 10.0
26 11.0
Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar ) of element X.

Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)
relative atomic mass of X = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Boron is an element in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
An atom of boron can be represented as 115B

(a) Use numbers from the box to complete the sentences about this atom of boron.
3 5 6 11 16
Each number may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) The atomic number of boron is ....................................

(1)
(ii) The mass number of boron is ....................................
(1)
(iii) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. protons.
(1)
(iv) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. neutrons.
(1)
(v) This atom of boron contains . . .................................. electrons.
(1)
(b) Aluminium is another element in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
Select a word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence about an atom
of aluminium.
fewer m e the same number of
Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... protons.

(1)
(ii) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ neutrons.

(1)
(iii) Compared to an atom of boron, an atom of aluminium has
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... electrons in its outer shell.

(1)
(c) The electronic configuration of aluminium is
(1)
A 2.3
B 2.2.3
C 2.2.8
D 2.8.3
7 This question is about bromine and some of its compounds.
(a) Atoms of bromine can be represented as 79Br and 81Br

(i) State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 79Br
(2)
Protons ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Neutrons ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrons ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What name is used for atoms of bromine that have different numbers of neutrons?
(1)
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(iii) Why do all atoms of bromine have the same chemical properties?
(1)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) The relative atomic mass of bromine is given in the Periodic Table as 80, but a
more accurate value is 79.9
Suggest, with a reason, which of the atoms 79Br and 81
Br exists in greater
numbers in a sample of bromine.
(2)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Hydrogen bromide (HBr) and sodium bromide (NaBr) are compounds of bromine.
(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to represent a hydrogen bromide molecule.
Show only the outer electrons in each atom.
(2)
(ii) Explain how the atoms are held together in a hydrogen bromide molecule.
(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain why sodium bromide has a higher melting point than hydrogen bromide.
(3)
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. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) A compound has the percentage composition 13.8% sodium, 47.9% bromine and
38.3% oxygen by mass.
Calculate its empirical formula.
(3)
Empirical formula = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Chemical Formulae, Equations, Calculations 1
Time allowed
53 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/44 %
1 The apparatus in the diagram is used to heat a sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate
crystals, CuSO4.5H2O
The equation for the reaction that takes place is
CuSO4.5H2O(s) o CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
hydrated
copper(ll) sulfate
open tube
ice
water
(a) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show where heat is applied.

(1)
(b) What is the purpose of the ice?
(1)
. . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Calculate the maximum mass of water that could be collected when a sample of
hydrated copper(II) sulfate of mass 2.50 g is heated.
[Mr of CuSO4.5H2O is 250]
(3)
mass of water = ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
2 Potassium hydrogencarbonate (KHCO3) decomposes on heating.
Three possible equations for the decomposition are

equation 1 2KHCO3(s) o K2O(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
equation 2 KHCO3(s) o KOH(s) + CO2(g)
equation 3 2KHCO3(s) o K2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
When 8.00 g of potassium hydrogencarbonate is heated until it is fully decomposed,
5.52 g of solid is formed.
(a) Complete the table by calculating the amount, in moles, of each solid.
(2)
Mass of solid Amount of solid

Solid Mr of solid
in g in mol
KHCO3 100 8.00
K 2O 94 5.52
KOH 56 5.52
K2CO3 138 5.52
(b) Use the information in the table to explain which equation, 1, 2 or 3, represents
the decomposition of potassium hydrogencarbonate.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 A student used this apparatus to make and collect a sample of hydrogen gas.
hydrogen
dilute
sulfuric
acid
water
zinc
(a) The reaction in the flask can be shown by this word equation.
metal + acid salt + hydrogen
(i) The name of the salt formed in the student’s experiment is

(1)
A zinc sulfate
B zinc sulfide
C zinc sulfite
D zinc sulfur
(ii) The student could have used other metals in this experiment.
Place crosses ( ) in two boxes to show the names of two other metals that
could be safely used to make hydrogen.
(2)
A copper
B iron
C magnesium
D potassium
E silver
(b) Describe a test to show that the gas collected is hydrogen.
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Water is formed when hydrogen combines with oxygen.

Balance the equation for this reaction.
(1)
..................... H2 + . . . . . . ............... O2 ..................... H 2O
(d) Equation 1 represents a reaction using cobalt(II) chloride that can be used to
show a liquid contains water.
Equation 1 CoCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(l) CoCl2.6H2O(s)
In this reaction there is a colour change from blue to pink.
(i) Which word describes both cobalt compounds in equation 1?

(1)
A anhydrous
B aqueous
C hydrated
D saturated
(ii) When the product in equation 1 is gently heated, another reaction occurs.
Equation 2 represents this reaction.
Equation 2 CoCl2.6H2O(s) CoCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g)
What do equations 1 and 2 suggest about the reactions?

(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 The piece of apparatus shown contains 0.010 mol /dm3 hydrochloric acid.
cm3
50
40
30
20
10
(a) (i) Give the name of this piece of apparatus.

(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What volume of hydrochloric acid is in the apparatus?

(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Use your answer in (a)(ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid
in the apparatus.
(2)
Amount = .................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol
(b) A student poured a solution containing 0.010 mol of hydrochloric acid into a beaker.
He then added 0.0075 mol of zinc powder and collected the hydrogen given off in
a gas syringe.
The equation for the reaction is
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) o ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Is the zinc or the hydrochloric acid in excess? Explain your answer.
(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The student repeated the experiment with 0.0075 mol of magnesium powder
with the same total surface area as the zinc.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) o MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) What effect would this change have on the rate at which the hydrogen is
given off?
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What effect would this change have on the volume of hydrogen produced?
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 A student carries out an investigation into the reaction between magnesium carbonate
and dilute sulfuric acid. He uses this apparatus.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
gas syringe
magnesium
carbonate dilute sulfuric acid
The student carries out seven experiments. In each experiment he uses the same mass of
magnesium carbonate but a different volume of acid. He measures the total volume
of carbon dioxide collected in each experiment. The table shows his results.
Volume of sulfuric acid used in cm3 0 5 15 20 25 30 35 40
Volume of carbon dioxide collected in cm3 0 16 47 61 64 78 80 80
(a) Plot the results on the grid and draw a curve of best fit.
(3)
80
70
60
50
Volume of
carbon dioxide 40
in cm3
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
3
Volume of sulfuric acid in cm
(b) (i) Which volume of sulfuric acid produces an anomalous result?
(1)
. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .
(ii) Explain what the results with 35 cm3 and 40 cm3 of sulfuric acid indicate about
the reaction.
(2)
. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .
. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .
. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .
. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .
(iii) Use the graph to find the volume of carbon dioxide that would be collected if
10 cm3 of acid were used.
(1)
volume of carbon dioxide = . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. cm3
(iv) Use the graph to find the volume of sulfuric acid that would result in 55 cm3 of
carbon dioxide being collected.
(1)
volume of sulfuric acid = . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. cm3
6 In 1774, the scientist Joseph Priestley produced oxygen by heating mercury(II) oxide, (HgO).
When heated, mercury(II) oxide breaks down into its elements.
(a) (i) Write a chemical equation for the breakdown of mercury(II) oxide into its elements.
(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What name is given to this type of reaction?

(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Priestley’s method of producing oxygen is no longer used because of the high toxicity
of mercury and mercury compounds.
A student prepares oxygen by adding hydrogen peroxide solution to solid
manganese(IV) oxide.
The diagram shows the apparatus used.
hydrogen peroxide
solution
oxygen
water
manganese(IV) oxide
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(i) Give the name of the apparatus that contains the hydrogen peroxide solution.
(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest how the first sample of gas collected may be different from the
samples collected later.
(1)
(c) A catalyst increases the rate of decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide.
Describe a method you could use to show that the manganese(IV) oxide is acting
as a catalyst in this reaction.
(4)
.. ... . .. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...........................
.. ... . .. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...........................
.. ... . .. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...........................
.. ... . .. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...........................
.... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..........................
(d) Sulfur burns in oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Sulfur dioxide is very soluble in water.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that takes place when sulfur dioxide
dissolves in water.
(1)
.... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..........................
(ii) Universal indicator is added to the solution formed in (d)(i).

Explain the effect that the solution has on the universal indicator.
(2)
.... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..........................
.... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..........................
.... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..........................
.... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..........................
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Ionic Bonding
Time allowed
50 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/42 %
1 Hydrogen chloride is formed in the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine.
H2 + Cl2 o 2HCl
(a) Each molecule in this equation contains the same type of bonding.
Name this type of bonding.
(1)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The bonding in a hydrogen molecule is strong.

Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen is low.
(2)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain how the two atoms in a chlorine molecule are held together.
(2)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a hydrogen chloride molecule.
(2)
(e) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form solution A.
Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in methylbenzene to form solution B.
A teacher adds a piece of magnesium ribbon to each solution.
Explain why she observes effervescence with solution A but not with solution B.
(3)
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Sodium chloride (NaCl) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) both have giant lattice structures.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.

Silicon dioxide is a covalent compound.
Structure of sodium chloride Structure of silicon dioxide
Na+ Cl– Si O
The table shows some properties of each compound.
Sodium chloride Silicon dioxide
melting point = 801 ºC melting point = 1610 ºC
soluble in water insoluble in water
conducts electricity does not conduct electricity

when molten when molten
(a) (i) Explain why silicon dioxide has a high melting point.
(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest why the melting point of silicon dioxide is higher than the melting point
of sodium chloride.
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) State why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten.

(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Carbon dioxide is described as a simple molecular substance.

State why carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas at room temperature.
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 The diagram shows how the electrons are arranged in an atom of oxygen.
Oxygen atoms form both covalent and ionic bonds.
(a) Water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen.
(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of water. You need only show the electrons
in the outer shells.
(2)
(ii) Explain how the covalent bonds in the water molecule hold the hydrogen and
oxygen atoms together.
(2)
. . . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The electronic configuration of a sodium atom is 2.8.1
Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound formed when sodium reacts with oxygen.
(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when sodium oxide is formed in this reaction.
(3)
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. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The reaction of sodium to form sodium oxide can be described as oxidation because
it involves the addition of oxygen.
State one other reason why this reaction can be described as oxidation.
(1)
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain why water has a much lower melting point than sodium oxide.
(2)
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) A teacher added sodium oxide to water in a beaker.

The equation shows the reaction that occurred.
Na2O(........ ) + H2O(. . . . . . . . ) → 2NaOH(. . . . . . . . )

(i) Insert the appropriate state symbols in this equation.
(2)
(ii) Some universal indicator was then added to the beaker. A colour change occurred.
State the final colour of the universal indicator and identify the ion responsible for
the colour change.
(2)
Final colour ........... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ion responsible for colour change ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total for Question 3 14 marks)

4 Ammonium chloride contains oppositely charged ions.
(a) State the formula of each ion.

(2)
Positive ion ........ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Negative ion ..... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains ammonium ions.
(3)
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains chloride ions.
(3)
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. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Ammonium chloride decomposes when heated:
NH4Cl(s) U NH3(g) + HCl(g)
What does the U symbol indicate about the reaction?

(1)
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride can be used to illustrate diffusion
with the following apparatus.
cotton wool soaked cotton wool soaked

in concentrated in concentrated
hydrochloric acid white solid ammonia solution
After a few minutes, a white solid appears inside the tube.

(i) Identify the white solid.
(1)
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What does the diagram show about the speed of the ammonia molecules compared
to the speed of the hydrogen chloride molecules?
(1)
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) State the main hazard when using concentrated hydrochloric acid in the experiment in (d).
Suggest one precaution you could use to minimise this hazard.

(2)
Hazard .................. ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Precaution ........... ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Covalent Bonding
Time allowed
76 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/63 %
1 The diagram shows three different forms of carbon.
diamond structure graphite structure fullerene molecule
(a) Name the type of bond that exists between the carbon atoms in all three structures.
(1)
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(b) (i) Explain why diamond has a very high melting point.
(4)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Fullerene has a simple molecular structure.

Explain why it has a low melting point.
(2)
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. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) There are two theories used to explain why graphite can act as a solid lubricant.
Theory A The forces of attraction between the layers are weak,
allowing the layers to slide over one another.
Theory B Gas molecules are trapped between the layers
allowing the layers to slide over one another.
The table shows the ability of graphite to act as a lubricant in different locations.
Location Ability to act as a lubricant
Earth’s surface good
high altitude average
outer space very poor
Suggest which theory is supported by the evidence in the table.

(1)
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(d) Graphite and diamond can be changed from one form to the other according to
the equation
C(graphite) U C(diamond) ǻH = +1.9 kJ/mol
Would a low or a high temperature favour the conversion of graphite into diamond?
(1)
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2 Ethene can be converted into many useful substances.
(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the covalent bonding in a molecule of ethene.
Only the outer electrons in each atom need to be shown.
(2)
(b) Compound X is made from ethene and is used in cars to prevent the engine coolant
from freezing in cold weather.
(i) Compound X contains 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of X.
(3)
Empirical formula ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The relative formula mass (Mr) of X is 62
What is the molecular formula of X?
(1)
Molecular formula ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Hydrogen chloride is formed in the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine.
H2 + Cl2 o 2HCl
(a) Each molecule in this equation contains the same type of bonding.
Name this type of bonding.
(1)
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(b) The bonding in a hydrogen molecule is strong.

Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen is low.
(2)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain how the two atoms in a chlorine molecule are held together.
(2)
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. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a hydrogen chloride molecule.
(2)
(e) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form solution A.
Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in methylbenzene to form solution B.
A teacher adds a piece of magnesium ribbon to each solution.
Explain why she observes effervescence with solution A but not with solution B.
(3)
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. . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Sodium chloride (NaCl) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) both have giant lattice structures.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
Silicon dioxide is a covalent compound.
Structure of sodium chloride Structure of silicon dioxide
Na+ Cl– Si O
The table shows some properties of each compound.
Sodium chloride Silicon dioxide
melting point = 801 ºC melting point = 1610 ºC
soluble in water insoluble in water
conducts electricity does not conduct electricity

when molten when molten
(a) (i) Explain why silicon dioxide has a high melting point.
(2)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest why the melting point of silicon dioxide is higher than the melting point
of sodium chloride.
(1)
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(b) State why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten.

(1)
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(c) Carbon dioxide is described as a simple molecular substance.

State why carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas at room temperature.
(1)
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5 A sample of a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) contains 0.24 g of carbon, 0.38 g of fluorine
and 1.42 g of chlorine.
(a) (i) Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of the CFC is CFCl2
(3)
(ii) The relative formula mass of the CFC is 204.
Deduce the molecular formula of the CFC.

(2)
molecular formula ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The displayed formula of another CFC is
Cl
F C Cl
Draw a dot and cross diagram of this CFC.

Show only the outer electrons.
(2)

6 Molybdenum (Mo) is a metal. It is often used to make an alloy with iron.
Like iron, it is extracted from its oxide. Unlike iron, it occurs mainly as its sulfide.
(a) Molybdenum sulfide is converted into molybdenum oxide by heating in air.
The equation for this reaction is
2MoS2 + 7O2 o 2MoO3 + 4SO2

(i) Why is molybdenum said to be oxidised in this reaction?
(1)
(ii) The sulfur dioxide formed in the reaction could form acid rain if it escaped
into the atmosphere.
Write a chemical equation for the formation of an acid from sulfur dioxide.
(1)
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(b) The table shows the melting points of molybdenum oxide and sulfur dioxide.
Melting point in °C
molybdenum oxide 800
sulfur dioxide –75
The melting point indicates the type of bonding and structure in a compound.
(i) What is the type of bonding in a molecule of sulfur dioxide?
(1)
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(ii) Explain why the melting point of sulfur dioxide is low.

(2)
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(iii) The melting point of molybdenum oxide suggests that it has ionic bonding.
However, it is often represented as a molecular structure.
Deduce the molecular formula of molybdenum oxide as shown in this structure.
O O O
Mo Mo
O O O
(1)
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(c) The metallic structure of molybdenum gives it some typical properties.

(i) Describe the metallic structure of molybdenum.
(2)
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(ii) Explain why molybdenum is a good conductor of electricity.

(2)
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(iii) Explain why molybdenum is malleable.

(2)
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7 The diagram shows how the electrons are arranged in an atom of oxygen.
Oxygen atoms form both covalent and ionic bonds.
(a) Water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen.
(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of water. You need only show the electrons
in the outer shells.
(2)
(ii) Explain how the covalent bonds in the water molecule hold the hydrogen and
oxygen atoms together.
(2)
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(b) The electronic configuration of a sodium atom is 2.8.1
Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound formed when sodium reacts with oxygen.
(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when sodium oxide is formed in this reaction.
(3)
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(ii) The reaction of sodium to form sodium oxide can be described as oxidation because
it involves the addition of oxygen.
State one other reason why this reaction can be described as oxidation.
(1)
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(c) Explain why water has a much lower melting point than sodium oxide.
(2)
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(d) A teacher added sodium oxide to water in a beaker.

The equation shows the reaction that occurred.
Na2O(........ ) + H2O(. . . . . . . . ) → 2NaOH(. . . . . . . . )

(i) Insert the appropriate state symbols in this equation.
(2)
(ii) Some universal indicator was then added to the beaker. A colour change occurred.
State the final colour of the universal indicator and identify the ion responsible for
the colour change.
(2)
Final colour .................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ion responsible for colour change ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Electrolysis 1
Time allowed
41 minutes
QUESTION PAPER
Score Percentage
/34 %
1 This question is about the extraction and uses of aluminium.
(a) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
+
– positive
electrode
negative molten
electrode electrolyte
steel tank
molten aluminium
What are the electrodes made of?

(2)
Negative electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................... ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Positive electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Explain why the operating temperature would need to be very high if pure
aluminium oxide were used as the electrolyte.
(1)
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(ii) Describe how the operating temperature is kept low.

(1)
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(c) The ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode is
Al3+ + 3e– o Al
What type of reaction is occurring at the negative electrode?
Explain your answer.
(2)
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. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(d) The waste gases escaping from the electrolysis cell contain carbon dioxide.
Describe how the carbon dioxide is formed.
(2)
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(e) Aluminium is used to make cans for food and drinks.
State two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for this use.
You should not refer to cost in your answers.
(2)
1 . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 The diagram shows how aluminium is extracted in industry.
electrodes G
liquid L
electrode H
(a) (i) Name the process used to extract aluminium.

(1)
(ii) Identify the element used to make the electrodes labelled G.

(1)
(iii) State whether electrode H is positive or negative.

(1)
(iv) Liquid L contains aluminium oxide and one other substance.

Name this other substance and give one reason for its use in the extraction of
aluminium.
(2)
Other substance
Reason for use
(b) The product formed at electrode G reacts with the electrode to form carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide.
(i) Identify this product.
(1)
(ii) State why carbon monoxide is poisonous.

(1)
(iii) Describe a simple chemical test, and its result, for carbon dioxide.
(2)
Test
Result
(c) The uses of aluminium depend on its structure and physical properties.
(i) The strength of solid aluminium depends on the electrostatic force of attraction
between two types of particle in its structure.
Name these two types of particle.
(2)
and
(ii) Aluminium is described as ductile because it can easily be pulled into a wire.
Explain, in terms of its structure, why it is ductile.
(2)
(iii) Explain, in terms of its structure, why aluminium is a good conductor of

electricity.
(2)
(iv) State a property that makes aluminium suitable for manufacturing aircraft
bodies.
(1)

3 The apparatus shown in the diagram can be used to investigate the colours of the
cobalt(II) ion (Co2+) and the chromate ion (CrO42–) in cobalt(II) chromate.
power supply
– +
electrode A electrode B
water
cobalt(II) chromate
solution
These are the results of the experiment.

● a pink colour moves towards electrode A
● a yellow colour moves towards electrode B
(a) Explain how the results show that the chromate ion is yellow.
(2)
.. . ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .........................................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Chromate ions in aqueous solution can be converted into dichromate ions (Cr2O72−)
by the addition of hydrogen ions.
Balance the equation that represents this reaction.
(1)
.. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . CrO42−(aq) + . . .. . ........... H+(aq) → ................ Cr2O72−(aq) + ................ H2O(l)
(ii) Which solution is a source of hydrogen ions for this reaction?

(1)
A H2O2(aq)
B HCl(aq)
C NaOH(aq)
D NH3(aq)
(c) When aqueous potassium chromate is added to aqueous lead(II) nitrate, a bright yellow
precipitate is formed.
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction by inserting the missing state symbols.
K2CrO4(.. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ) + Pb(NO3)2(. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbCrO4(. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . )

(1)
(ii) Describe how you could obtain a pure, dry sample of the insoluble solid from
the final reaction mixture.
(3)
... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...............................
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... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...............................
... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...............................
... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...............................
... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...............................
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
States of Matter
Time allowed
62 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/52 %
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) B (condensation) 1
(b) M1 (the particles/they) lose (kinetic) ACCEPT lose 3

energy / have less energy potential/heat
energy
M2 (the particles/they) move closer ACCEPT not

together / pack more closely as many gaps
/ smaller gaps
REJECT refs
to density
M3 (the particles/they) do not move as ACCEPT

freely / move more slowly / move less molecules for
randomly particles
NB M1, M2 and M3 can be scored REJECT atoms

anywhere across the whole answer once only.
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a M1 l AND g in first row 3

State State
symbol symbol M2 g AND s in second row
Change of state
before after
change change M3 s AND g in third row
Water boils in a
l g Accept upper case letters, eg S in
kettle
place of s
Ethene is converted to Accept words, eg liquid in place of l
g s
poly(ethene) Accept answers in brackets
Crystals of iodine sublime

s g
on heating
b Award 1 mark for s and g correct

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Award 1 mark for other 3 correct
2
Accept upper case
Reject words
c s / solid Accept upper case S in place of s 1

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a i six circles separated from each other Accept minimum of 4 complete circles 1
Ignore size and shape of circles
Ignore arrows and other symbols implying
movement
Ignore a pattern
Reject any touching circles
Reject circles joined by bonds
No penalty for half-circles at edges of
square
ii B (They move randomly in the liquid state) 1
ii D (melting) 1
i
b i B (condensing and evaporating) 1
ii D (N2(l)) 1
Total 5 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) Diagram shows four circles well-spaced apart accept minimum of 3 complete circles 1
ignore size and shape of circles
ignore arrows and other symbols implying movement
ignore a pattern
reject any touching circles
reject circles joined by bonds
no penalty for half-circles at edges of square
(b) move freely/randomly Accept fast OWTTE 1

ignore references to vibrate
(c) M1 – (average kinetic) energy of the particles accept particles move faster/more rapidly/more quickly 2
increases allow the energy of the liquid increases
M2 – more particles have enough energy to accept particles escape more quickly
escape / particles can escape more
easily
OR accept molecules/atoms for particles for both M1 and
more particles overcome the forces (of M2
attraction) holding them together (in the
liquid) allow bonds for force of attraction
OR
the forces (of attraction) between the
particles are overcome more often
Total 4 marks
Question
Answer Accept Reject Marks
number
1 (a) B – (filter) funnel 1
D – test tube/boiling tube 1
E - pipette teat pipette/dropping 1

pipette
F - beaker 1
(b) M1 - A 1
M2 - E 1
(Total marks for Question 1 = 6 marks)

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a i steam Accept gas / vapour 1
ii ice Accept solid 1
iii ice Accept solid 1
b i D (melting) 1
ii B (condensing) 1
c D (solid to gas) 1
d i exothermic 1
ii H2O(g) → H2O(l) Accept multiples and fractions 1

Question
number
2 (a) X boiling 1
Y condensing 1
Z freezing 1
(b) C The particles move freely. 1
(c) (i) thermometer 1

water does not get hotter
(ii) it/water boils at 100ºC
than 100ºC 1
OR
it/water boils below the melting point of (solid) Q / reverse argument
140ºC / boils before Q melts
IGNORE evaporates
words that imply 1
(iii) to keep the liquid at an even/equal temperature OWTTE
constant temperature,
(throughout)
eg steady
OR
to avoid the bottom of the liquid from overheating/the

bottom getting hotter than the rest of the liquid/to
evenly distribute the heat/to avoid hot spots
IGNORE references to increasing movement, etc of
particles
Total 7
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) (i) element(s) 1
(ii) compound 1
(iii) mixture 1
(iv) element 1
(b) (i) solid 1
(ii) gas 1
Total 6 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) 3 1
(b) ammonia / NH3 Do not accept ammonium 1

hydrogen chloride / HCl Do not accept hydrochloric 1
acid
Accept in either order.
If name and formula given,
both must be correct.
Ignore state symbols, except
HCl (aq)
(c) ammonium chloride / NH4Cl Do not accept ammonia 1
chloride.
If name and formula given,
both must be correct.
(d) cross in box 2 (decomposition) 1

cross in box 4 (neutralisation) 1
Total 6 marks
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures 1
Time allowed
64 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/52 %
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) D (filtration) 1
(b) (i) award one mark 3

for each correct
label
solvent: ALLOW
label line to any
point under the
solvent level
paper: ALLOW
label line to
paper, including
under solvent
level
original spot: has

to be in the
centre of the
baseline i.e.
below the visible
spots
(ii) Four because there are four spots/dots ALLOW blobs / 1

(above the baseline in the marks / colours
chromatogram) IGNORE refs to
different heights
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a D / simple distillation 1
b C / fractional distillation 1
c B / filtration 1
d A / crystallisation 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a i to prevent spots/them dissolving/mixing (in the solvent) / OWTTE Accept

substance(s)/pigment(s)/dy
e(s) for spots
Ignore references to
diffusion/absorption
1
Ignore references to spots
smudging/running
Accept spots would be
washed off/away
Ignore water for solvent
ii Any two from:
M1 evaporation /loss of solvent / OWTTE Accept water for solvent

Ignore gas escaping
M2 risk of fire Ignore it is flammable only

2
M3 fumes may be toxic/poisonous Ignore harmful/dangerous
substances entering
tank/spillage
reaction with air
b M1 cross in box A (chlorophyll is not present in carrots, sweet If more than three answers 3
potatoes or tomatoes) given mark on list principle:
eg four answers given with
M2 cross in box C (both beta-carotene and lycopene are present in 3 correct and 1 incorrect
sweet potatoes) scores 2 marks
eg all five answers given so
M3 cross in box E (Both carrots and tomatoes contain a pigment 3 correct and 2 incorrect
other than beta-carotene, chlorophyll and lycopene) scores 1 mark
c M1 (distance between start line and solvent front) = 6(.0)
M2 correct evaluation of Rf value Accept answer to 1 or more

1.3/6.0 = 0.22 dp, eg 0.2, 0.217,
Accept 0.216recurring
Reject 0.216
correct answer with no

2
working scores 2
M2 CQ on M1
d (there is a substance in sweet potatoes that) does not dissolve/is Ignore mix
insoluble (in the solvent) Ignore water for solvent
1
Reject not very
soluble/partially soluble
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 a CaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq) All four must be correct to score 1

Do not penalise upper case letters
b M1 filter paper in filter funnel 2

Do not penalise inappropriate size
M2 everything else correct

Not essential that funnel touches flask
Reject beaker/tube for M2
Ignore labels
Ignore relative sizes
c i Ca2+ / calcium (ion) Reject Ca with incorrect or missing charge 1

Mark (i) and (ii) independently
ii calcium sulfate/CaSO4 is partially/slightly soluble 1
OR
contains unreacted/excess calcium chloride/CaCl2 Accept unreacted/excess calcium ions

(solution)
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 d i white precipitate Accept solid / ppt / ppte / suspension in place 1

of precipitate
Reject other colours
Reject other observations eg fizzing
Ignore cloudy/milky/grey
ii silver chloride Accept correct formula 1

Ignore incorrect formula
Award both marks if both answers in either (i)
or (ii)
iii (hydrochloric/sulfuric) acid / H+ there Accept because there are no other ions that 1
OR could form a precipitate
solution acidic Accept no carbonate/hydroxide (ions)
Reject methods that refer to filtrate /solution

/crystallisation
e M1 wash/rinse (with water) Ignore other named solvents 2
M2 leave it (to dry) / leave in a warm place / Accept leave on a window ledge
place in an oven / place in desiccator / heat it / Ignore evaporate it / boil it
dry with absorbent paper (eg
kitchen/filter/blotting)
Award 1 mark for both M1 and M2 correct but
in wrong order
Total 10 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) M1 – C 1
M2 – (it) has a spot in line with/at the Accept references to travelling same distance 1
same / having same Rf value
height as (the spot produced by)
bute/an illegal drug
M2 dep on M1
(b) a substance/liquid that dissolves a Accept it forms a solution with a 1

solute/solid/another substance solute/solid/substance
(c)
M1 correctly measured distance for lasix spot Lasix spot 62-64 mm / 6.2-6.4 cm 1
correctly measured distance of solvent front Solvent front 84 mm / 8.4 cm
M2 – any value in range 0.73 – 0.77 Minimum of 2 dp 1

correct answer with no working scores 2
M2 csq on M1
(d) the more soluble the substance the further Allow distance increases with (increasing) 1
it solubility
will travel ignore any reference to proportionality
Total 6 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) (i) green ignore shades 1
accept yellow-green
(ii) to allow (excess/unreacted) gas to accept to prevent (the risk of) an 1

escape/to prevent pressure build up explosion/breaking the apparatus
(iii) Chlorine/the gas is toxic/poisonous ignore harmful, dangerous, etc. 1
(b) (i) M1 -
award 0/3 if division by atomic numbers / wrong
2.8(000) and 5.325 way up / multiplication used 1
56 35.5 do not penalise roundings or minor transcription
errors (e.g. 5.235 for Cl)
OR
If 71 used for Cl2, lose M1 but M2 and M3 can be
0.05(00) and 0.15(00) awarded – consequential answer from this error is
Fe2Cl3
M2 – 1:3
1
M2 subsumes M1
M3 – FeCl3
1
Accept symbols in any order
(ii) Award 3 marks for correct final answer with no 1

iron(III) chloride
working
accept ferric chloride

ignore iron chloride
accept iron trichloride
9 (c) Cl2 + 2 NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H2O 2
M1 – all formulae correct
M2 – balanced using correct formulae
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) (i) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 2
M1 – all formulae correct and equation balanced
M2 – state symbols correct

M2 can be awarded for near misses on
formulae, e.g. ZnCl and H
accept upper case letters for state

symbols
(b) M1 bubbles/fizzing/effervescence accept gas given off 2

ignore hydrogen given off
M2 zinc/solid gets smaller/disappears accept zinc/solid dissolves / (final)

solution is colourless
reject zinc melts and other Group 1
observations, eg floats / moves across
surface
Ignore references to heat and

temperature change
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (c) (i)
M1 – all four burette readings correct Ignore trailing zeroes for M1 and
M2
M2 – subtractions correct
M2 CSQ on burette readings given
M3 – all six values in table given to 2 decimal places in table
(ii) M1 – (because) the volume/amount of acid required has Mark independently 1

doubled
M2 – the concentration is half / 0.37 (mol dm–3) 1
OR
M1 for use of an expression such as V1c1 = V2c2 accept either a calculation or a

description
M2 for indicating how c2 can be calculated (e.g. because
V1 , c1 , and V2 are known) / for an answer of 0.37 (mol
dm–3)
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Atomic Structure 1
Time allowed
68 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/57 %
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) (i) E 6
(ii) B
(iii) F
(iv) C
(v) F
(vi) E
(b) (i) M1 (bonding/shared) electrons 2
M2 nuclei ACCEPT protons /

nucleus(es)
OR
M1 nuclei ACCEPT
nucleus(es)
M2 bonding/shared electrons
(ii) A2D / DA2 ACCEPT H2O 1
REJECT if charges
shown
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) (i) ACCEPT any 1
combination of dots
and crosses
NB H does not need to be shown if
touching / overlapping circles are shown if overlapping /
touching circles used
both electrons must
be within the
overlapping/touching
area
(ii) M1 weak forces (of attraction) between ACCEPT particles 2

molecules / weak intermolecular ACCEPT bonds for
forces forces for both M1
and M2
ACCEPT correctly
named IMF
M2 (therefore) little (thermal/heat) IGNORE more easily

energy required to overcome these separated / easier to
forces / separate the molecules (into break
the gaseous state)
REJECT atoms for
both M1 and M2
NB any mention of
breaking covalent or
ionic bonds scores 0
(b) (i) M1 atoms of the same element atoms with same 2

atomic number /
atoms same number
of protons
M2 with different masses different mass

numbers / different
numbers of neutrons
IGNORE references to
electrons unless
incorrect
(ii) H
1
H
2
H
3 one mark for each 3
protons 1 1 1 correct row
neutrons 0 1 2
electrons 1 1 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
(c) (i) exothermic 1
(ii) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ACCEPT multiples 2

and halves
M1 all formulae correct IGNORE state
symbols even if
M2 balanced incorrect
(iii) M1 (add to) anhydrous/white copper(II) turns copper(II) 2

sulfate sulfate from white
to blue scores 2
M2 turns blue
ACCEPT equivalent
M2 dep on M1 or near miss description of test
with anhydrous
cobalt(II) chloride
(blue to pink)
IGNORE any
references to
testing with
indicators
(iv) M1 measure/determine the boiling point ACCEPT boil the 2

water / heat until it
boils
M2 100 ºC it boils at 100 ºC
ALLOW “heat it and

OR
it boils at 100 ºC “
for 2
M1 measure/determine the ACCEPT freeze the

melting/freezing point water / cool until it
freezes
M2 0 ºC it freezes at 0 ºC
ALLOW “cool it and

it freezes at 0 ºC “
OR for 2
M1 measure/determine the density
M2 1 g/cm3
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a A simple molecular 4
B giant covalent
C giant metallic
D giant ionic
b i M1 electron transfer AND correct direction If any reference to sharing electrons, 0/3 3
If any reference to covalent bonds, MAX 2
Penalise atoms in place of electrons each time
M2 magnesium (atoms) lose 2 electrons
M3 (each) chlorine (atom) gains an electron Accept two chlorine (atoms) gain two electrons
Reject chloride in place of chlorine
M2 and M3 both correct also scores M1
ii M1 for electronic configuration of Mg2+ ion 3
M2 for electronic configuration of Cl– ion
M3 for both charges correct
Accept any combination of dots and crosses

Charges can be shown anywhere so long as
there is no ambiguity
Brackets not essential
Ignore 2 before or after chloride ion
0/3 for any diagram showing shared electrons
Ignore diagrams showing electron transfer –
mark only the ions formed
Penalise missing inner shell(s) once only
If two Cl– ions shown, both must be correct
Do not penalise empty third shell in Mg2+
If only 2.8 etc notations without diagram, only
M3 can be awarded
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 c M1 for 4 electrons in both C=O bonds 2

These can be shown in a vertical or horizontal line
M2 all other electrons correct
M2 DEP on M1
Ignore inner electrons even if wrong
Ignore circles around atoms
Non-bonding electrons do not need to be paired
d i M1 positive ions / cations Not just ions 3

Reject reference to protons/nuclei/atoms in place of
cations for M1, but M2 and M3 can still be awarded
M2 delocalised electrons / sea of Ignore free electrons

electrons
Ignore layers / planes / rows or similar
M3 crystal / lattice / regular Accept (electrostatic) attraction between positive ions
arrangement / array and electrons
/ giant structure / OWTTE
0/3 if reference to ionic bonding / covalent bonding /
molecules
/ intermolecular forces (eg van der Waals')
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 d ii M1 layers / sheets / planes / rows 2

AND
(positive) ions / atoms / particles
M2 slide (over each other) Allow OWTTE, eg slip / flow / shift / roll / move
M2 DEP on mention of EITHER layers or equivalent

OR mention of ions or equivalent
Do not award M2 if protons / electrons / nuclei /

molecules in place of ions, etc
If reference to ionic bonding / covalent bonding /

molecules / intermolecular forces, no marks
Total 17 marks
Question
Expected Answer Accept Reject Marks
number
4(a) (i) 12 1
(ii) M1 – 2 roman numeral 1
M2 – two electrons in outer/valence shell 1

Award M2 if M1 missing but not if incorrect
Ignore references to magnesium and 2.8.2
(iii) X2+ Mg2+ 1
(b) M1 – (79 x 24) + (10 x 25) + (11 x 26) (0.79 x 24) + (0.10 x 25) + (0.11 1
x 26) for 2 marks
M2 – divide by 100 1
M3 – 24.3 24.32 with no working scores 2 1
Mark M2 and M3 csq on M1 if one minor

slip in numbers in M1 (eg 97 instead of 79
or 25 instead of 24)
M3 dep on M2
Correct answer with no working scores 3
IGNORE units
(Total marks for Question 4= 7 marks)
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) i 5 1
ii 11 1
iii 5 1
iv 6 1
v 5 1
5 (b) i more 1
ii more 1
iii the same number of 1
5 (c) cross in box D (2.8.3) 1

Total
o 9
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Atomic Structure 1
Time allowed
90 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/75 %
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a atomic number Accept proton number 1

Accept number of protons
b (relative) atomic mass Reject mass number 1
c i electrons 1
ii electrons 1
iii protons AND neutrons Names can be in either order 1
iv protons AND electrons Names can be in either order 1
v neutrons 1
Question
number
2 (a) (increasing) atomic number(s) proton number / number mass number / 1
of protons RAM
IGNORE references to electrons / electronic
configurations
(b) (i) sodium / potassium Na / K 1
(ii) fluorine / chlorine / bromine F / Cl / Br / F2 / Cl2 / Br2 fluoride / 1

chloride /
bromide
(c) (i) sodium OR potassium Na / K
AND
fluorine OR chlorine OR bromine OR hydrogen F / Cl / Br / H / F2 / Cl2 / fluoride / 1
Br2 / H2 chloride /
Answers can be in either order bromide /
hydride
IGNORE incorrect symbols/formulae if names are
correct
(ii) Marks do not have to be CQ on (c)(i), and all marks
can be scored here for correct diagrams of the ions in a
hydrogen halide Incorrect 1
0 electrons
electron
M1 Na or K with 8 electrons transfer for M1
and M2
H with 2 electrons 1
M2 F, Cl or Br with 8 electrons
IGNORE diagrams showing initial electron 1

configurations
M3 (1)+ AND (1)– charges correct
IGNORE inner shells even if incorrect
Allow any combination of dots and crosses
If shown covalently bonded, then max. 1 for correct

charges if given
If the position of 2 electrons shown between the two

species makes it hard to be sure that the bonding is
definitely ionic (and not covalent), do not award M1 or
M2
Question
number
2(d) (fluorine reacts) vigorously / instantly / explosively / the quickest / more quickly fluorine 1
violently / very quickly / very rapidly than chlorine reaction slower
than chlorine
IGNORE references to electron transfer, even if reaction
incorrect
ferric fluoride / FeF3 1

(to form) iron(III) fluoride
(e) M1 colourless (IGNORE clear) no colour decolourised 1
M2 orange / yellow /brown any combination of colours any other 1

on left colour
IGNORE qualifiers such as light / dark
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) (i) A (Ag) 1
(ii) D (Zr) 1
(b) (i) 3 1
(ii) (The atom has) three electrons in its outer / ‘energy level’ for ‘shell’ 1
valence shell ignore references to inner shells
ignore ‘it has a valency of 3’
(iii) 3 1
(iv) (The atom has) electrons in three shells / three ‘energy levels’ for ‘shells’ 1
shells are occupied (with electrons) accept ‘it has three shells’
(v) aluminium / Al 1
(c) accept any symbol for electrons, eg dots, 1

the letter ‘e’
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 a A simple molecular 4
B giant covalent
C giant metallic
D giant ionic
b i M1 electron transfer AND correct direction If any reference to sharing electrons, 0/3 3
If any reference to covalent bonds, MAX 2
Penalise atoms in place of electrons each time
M2 magnesium (atoms) lose 2 electrons
M3 (each) chlorine (atom) gains an electron Accept two chlorine (atoms) gain two electrons
Reject chloride in place of chlorine
M2 and M3 both correct also scores M1
ii M1 for electronic configuration of Mg2+ ion 3
M2 for electronic configuration of Cl– ion
M3 for both charges correct

Charges can be shown anywhere so long as
there is no ambiguity
Brackets not essential
Ignore 2 before or after chloride ion
0/3 for any diagram showing shared electrons
Ignore diagrams showing electron transfer –
mark only the ions formed
Penalise missing inner shell(s) once only
If two Cl– ions shown, both must be correct
Do not penalise empty third shell in Mg2+
If only 2.8 etc notations without diagram, only
M3 can be awarded
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 c M1 for 4 electrons in both C=O bonds 2

These can be shown in a vertical or horizontal line
M2 all other electrons correct
M2 DEP on M1
Ignore inner electrons even if wrong
Ignore circles around atoms
Non-bonding electrons do not need to be paired
d i M1 positive ions / cations Not just ions 3

Reject reference to protons/nuclei/atoms in place of
cations for M1, but M2 and M3 can still be awarded
M2 delocalised electrons / sea of Ignore free electrons

electrons
Ignore layers / planes / rows or similar
M3 crystal / lattice / regular Accept (electrostatic) attraction between positive ions
arrangement / array and electrons
/ giant structure / OWTTE
0/3 if reference to ionic bonding / covalent bonding /
molecules
/ intermolecular forces (eg van der Waals')
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 d ii M1 layers / sheets / planes / rows 2

AND
(positive) ions / atoms / particles
M2 slide (over each other) Allow OWTTE, eg slip / flow / shift / roll / move
M2 DEP on mention of EITHER layers or equivalent

OR mention of ions or equivalent
Do not award M2 if protons / electrons / nuclei /

molecules in place of ions, etc
If reference to ionic bonding / covalent bonding /

molecules / intermolecular forces, no marks
Total 17 marks
Question
number
5(a) (i) 12 1
(ii) M1 – 2 roman numeral 1
M2 – two electrons in outer/valence shell 1

Award M2 if M1 missing but not if incorrect
Ignore references to magnesium and 2.8.2
(iii) X2+ Mg2+ 1
(b) M1 – (79 x 24) + (10 x 25) + (11 x 26) (0.79 x 24) + (0.10 x 25) + (0.11 1
x 26) for 2 marks
M2 – divide by 100 1
M3 – 24.3 24.32 with no working scores 2 1
Mark M2 and M3 csq on M1 if one minor

slip in numbers in M1 (eg 97 instead of 79
or 25 instead of 24)
M3 dep on M2
Correct answer with no working scores 3
IGNORE units
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) i 5 1
ii 11 1
iii 5 1
iv 6 1
v 5 1
6 (b) i more 1
ii more 1
iii the same number of 1
6 (c) cross in box D (2.8.3) 1

Total 9
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 a i M1 35 on lines 1 and 3 1
M2 44 on line 2 1
ii isotopes 1
iii same number of electrons (in outer shell) Ignore references to protons and neutrons 1
OR unless incorrect, eg different numbers of
same electron arrangement or configuration protons, same number of neutrons
79
iv M1 Br Accept just 79 1
M2 79 is closer to 79.9/more accurate value Accept 79 is closer to relative atomic mass 1
M2 dependent on M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 b i M1 shared pair of electrons 1
M2 other electrons correct (not necessary to be 1
paired)
M2 dependent on M1
Accept any combinations of dots and
crosses
Circles not needed but if drawn must
overlap or touch – if not, then 0/2
Ignore inner electron shells even if
incomplete or incorrect
Do not penalise incorrect symbols, eg br/BR
If Na used in place of H, max 1
No marks if ions shown
ii M1 shared (two/pair of) electrons Not share an electron 1
M2 attracted to both nuclei M2 dependent on M1 or near miss 1
eg the electrons are attracted to the
nucleus scores 0
the electrons are attracted to both nuclei
scores M2 but not M1
0/2 if references to ions / ionic bond /
intermolecular forces
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 b iii M1 (sodium bromide) ionic bonding / + and – ions Reject covalent bonding / shared 1
electrons
M2 (hydrogen bromide) attraction between Accept dipole-dipole attractions / van 1
molecules der Waals' forces / IMF / vdW
/ intermolecular forces (of attraction) Ignore hydrogen bonds
Reject ions/ionic
M3 ionic bonding stronger Accept ionic bonds stronger 1
OR M3 dependent on comparison of
IMF / attractions between HBr molecules weaker intermolecular forces and ionic bonding
Accept correct references to energy
needed to overcome bonding /
attractions
Ignore references to reactivity and
mass
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 c M1 Na Br O 0/3 if division by atomic number(s) 1
13.8 47.9 38.3 /division wrong way round
23 80 16 If only two elements shown correctly,
only M1 can be awarded
M2 0.6 0.6 2.4 Accept 1 : 1: 4 1
M3 NaBrO4 Accept elements in any order 1
Penalise M3 for incorrect symbol, eg
SBrO4 or NaBO4
Dividing by 160 instead of 80 gives
Na2BrO8
Dividing by 32 instead of 16 gives
NaBrO2
Award 2 in these cases
Both these errors give Na2BrO4
Award 1 in this case
Correct final answer scores 3 marks
T
Total
ota 16
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Chemical Formulae, Equations, Calculations 1
Time allowed
53 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/44 %
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) 1
ACCEPT a flame
if >1 arrow
drawn, all must
be correct
NB the arrow must point to the solid
(b) to condense the (water) vapour / steam ACCEPT to cool 1

the water vapour
ACCEPT to
cool/condense the
gas (given off)
IGNORE to
condense the
water
IGNORE to stop
the water
escaping as water
vapour
IGNORE to
condense the
product
(c) M1 n(CuSO4.5H2O) = 2.50 ÷ 250 OR 0.01 mark csq 3

(mol) throughout
M2 n(H2O) = 0.01 x 5 OR 0.05 (mol) correct final

answer (with no
M3 mass of water = (0.05 x 18) = 0.9(0) (g) working) scores 3
OR ACCEPT
calculations that
M1 5 x 18 OR 90 use Ar of Cu as
63.5 (giving
M2 250 (g) → 90 (g) 0.9(05) (g) as a
final answer)
M3 2.50 (g) → 0.9(0) (g)
M2 subsumes M1
OR for all methods
M1 5 x 18 OR 90
M2 90 ÷ 250 x 100 (%) → 36 (%)
M3 36 (%) x 2.50 (g) → 0.9(0) (g)
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) Solid Amount ALLOW values 2
KHCO3 0.080 (corrected
K 2O 0.059 rounded) from
KOH 0.099 1 sf up to
K2CO3 0.040 calculator
value
all four correct = 2 marks
three correct = 1 mark
(b) M1 equation 3 mark csq on 2

amounts given
M2 the (mole) ratio of KHCO3 to K2CO3 in part (a)
/reactant to product is 2:1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) i cross in box A (zinc sulfate) 1
ii Apply list principle - 3 crosses = max 1 1

cross in box B (iron)
4 or 5 crosses = 0 marks 1
cross in box C (magnesium)
3 (b) burns with a pop/squeak Must be reference to test and result 1
OR Reference to splint/match with no
use burning/lit splint/flame to indication of flame is not enough
see if pop/squeak Reject reference to glowing splint
Ignore flame extinguished
‘Squeaky pop test’ on its own is not
sufficient
3 (c) 2 (1) 2 Accept multiples and fractions 1
3 (d) i 1
cross in box 3
ii Ignore references to equilibrium

reversible / can go in both
Ignore references to other reaction 1
directions
types (e.g. hydration / oxidation /
/ can go backwards and
exothermic)
forwards
Accept either equation with ֖
Total 7
Question
number
4 (a) (i) measuring cylinder 1
(ii) M1 44 answers in other 1

correct units, e.g.
0.044 dm3 1
M2 cm3
ml
(iii) 1
M2 0.00044(0)
0.0004 1
0.44 for 1 mark only
Mark csq on answer to (a)(ii)
correct answer with no
working for 2 marks
(b) zinc because
M1 1 mol zinc reacts with 2 mol HCl 1
M2 only 0.005 mol of zinc are needed 1

M1 is standalone
M2 is dep on zinc given as being in excess
(c) (i) (rate) increases/faster reaction less time for reaction faster time 1
to take place
(ii) no effect/same volume (of hydrogen) produced none/no change 1
Total 9
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) 3
M1 & M2 all points correctly plotted to deduct one mark for each incorrectly plotted point
nearest gridline do not penalise missing (0, 0)
if points are not visible, but graph goes through
that point, then do not penalise
M3 suitable curve of best fit, from the
origin
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
(b) (i) 25 (cm3) accept anomalous point based on graph 1
drawn
(ii) M1 the volumes (of gas) are the same accept ‘no more gas is being 2
produced/collected (after 35 cm3)’
M2 therefore the reaction has finished / reject ‘all of the reactants have reacted’
all of the solid/MgCO3 has reacted / the reject ‘all of the acid has reacted’
solid/MgCO3 has been used up ignore refs to MgCO3 dissolving
accept refs to MgCO3 being limiting reagent
(iii) value correctly read to nearest gridline 1

from candidate’s graph
(iv) value correctly read to nearest gridline 1

from candidate’s graph
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) (i) 2HgO → 2Hg + O2 accept halves and multiples 1
(ii) redox accept ‘(thermal) decomposition’ 1

ignore ‘oxidation’
allow ‘reduction’
(b) (i) (tap / dropping / separating) funnel reject ‘filter / thistle funnel’ 1
(ii) (the gas / it) contains air (from the accept ‘contains impurities’ or ref to possible 1
conical flask) named impurity eg nitrogen
reject ‘water vapour’
allow ‘contains less oxygen’
(c) M1 perform reaction with and without accept: 4

catalyst
M1 perform reaction with and without catalyst
M2 keep remaining variables (eg
concentration or volume of hydrogen M2 oxygen produced more quickly/at a faster
peroxide / temperature) the same rate/in a shorter time (in experiment) with catalyst
M3 measure time (to fill the gas jar with M3 weigh a sample of manganese(IV) oxide
oxygen) (before putting it into the conical flask)
M4 oxygen produced more quickly/at a M4 the mass at the end of the reaction should be
faster rate/in a shorter time (in the same as at the start
experiment) with catalyst
OR
M1 weigh a sample of manganese(IV)

oxide
(before putting it into the conical
flask)
M2 filter (to remove the solid)
M3 dry the solid (and re-weigh it)
M4 the mass should be the same as

before
(d) (i) SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 accept SO2 + H2O + ½O2 → H2SO4 1
allow products shown as correct ions
(ii) M1 (Universal Indicator turns) accept ‘red’ 2

orange/yellow
allow ‘contains sulfurous / sulfuric acid’
M2 (the solution/it) is acidic / contains
hydrogen
ions / contains H+ ions
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Ionic Bonding
Time allowed
50 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/42 %
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a covalent Ignore references to polar bonding and electron

1
sharing
Accept bonds for forces for both M1 and M2

Reject atoms for both M1 and M2
b M1 weak forces (of attraction) between Accept particles for molecules

molecules / weak intermolecular forces Accept correctly named IMF eg van der Waals'
M2 (therefore) little (thermal/heat) energy Ignore more easily separated / easier to break
required to overcome the forces / separate the 2
molecules
if any reference to/implication of breaking
covalent or ionic bonds scores 0/2
M1 and M2 indep
c M1 (strong) attraction between bonding/shared

pair of electrons
M2 (and) nuclei of (both atoms) Do not award M2 if reference to only one nucleus
2
OR
M1 bonding/shared pair of electrons

M2 (strongly) attracted to nuclei (of both atoms)
Do not award M2 if reference to only one nucleus
d M1 for 2 electrons shared between one H and one
Cl
M2 rest of molecule fully correct
M2 DEP on M1

2
Ignore inner shells of electrons in chlorine
if overlapping touching/circles are used both

electrons must be within the overlapping/touching
area
symbols do not need to be shown if overlapping

touching /circles are used
e
M1 (effervescence) due to hydrogen (gas)
M2 solution A is acidic / contains H+

/ contains hydrochloric acid
M3 solution B is not acidic / does not contain H+ Accept hydrogen chloride/HCl does not ionise/
/ does not contain hydrochloric acid dissociate
If only reference to HCl ionises/dissociates allow 3

max one mark for M2 and M3, ie reference to
either H+ or acid(ic) needed to score both marks
Ignore the bonds between H and Cl are not

broken (when HCl dissolved) in methylbenzene
Do not award M3 if any reference to

methylbenzene reacting or dissociating
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) (i) M1 – (covalent) bonds have to be broken any mention of ions / metallic bonding / molecules 1
/ intermolecular forces scores 0/2
M2 – large amount of energy required Accept large number of bonds to be broken 1

/ bonds are strong Accept forces (of attraction) between atoms in place
of bonds
(ii) the (covalent) bonding in silicon dioxide is Accept the covalent bonds (in silicon dioxide) are 1
stronger (than the (ionic) bonding in stronger than the ionic bonds (in sodium chloride)
sodium chloride) Accept more energy is required to break the
(covalent) bonds in silicon dioxide (than is required
to break the (ionic) bonds in sodium chloride)
Accept forces (of attraction) between atoms in place
of bonds
(b) ions flow/move (to the electrodes) Accept ions are mobile/can move 1
reject electrons
(c) weak forces (of attraction) between Accept boiling point is below room temperature 1
molecules
reject any mention of covalent bonds broken
/ weak intermolecular forces (of attraction)
/ little energy is required to separate
molecules
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a i M1 H—O—H with both bonds represented by 2 Accept 2 dots, 2 crosses or 1 of each 1
shared electrons Atoms do not have to be labelled
with H or O
If wrongly labelled, only M1 can be
awarded
M2 8 electrons in outer shell of O Ignore inner shell of O 1
AND Reject if H has 2 shells
2 electrons in outer shell of both H M2 dependent on M1
ii M1 (strong electrostatic) attraction between Must refer to pair or two electrons 1

bonding/shared pair of electrons
M2 and nuclei (of hydrogen and oxygen) Accept word nucleus instead of nuclei 1
if clear reference to 2 atoms
0/2 if any mention of ions / electron
transfer
M2 dependent on mention of both
attraction and electrons in M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 b i M1 idea of electron transfer / loss and gain of 1
electrons
M2 direction of transfer, eg sodium to oxygen / 1
sodium loses and oxygen gains
M3 correct number of electrons involved, eg (each) Ignore charges on ions 1
sodium loses 1 and oxygen gains 2
Ignore covalent
0/3 if any mention of electron
sharing
All marks may be scored on
diagrams or by reference to
electronic configurations
Max 2 if molecules mentioned
ii M1 (sodium) loses electron(s) Ignore oxygen gains electrons 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3. c M attractions between water molecules are Allow (named) intermolecular forces 1
1 weak(er) / easily overcome / need little energy in place of attractions
to break
M attractions between (sodium and oxide) ions are Do not award M2 if any mention of 1
2 strong(er) / ionic bonds are strong /need a lot of intermolecular forces / metallic
energy to break bonding
Any implication of breaking covalent
bonds = 0/2
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 d i M1 s
M2 l
M3 aq 2
All three correct = 2 marks
Two correct = 1 mark
One/none correct = 0 marks
Do not award M1 for g or if not
possible to be sure that it is s and
not g
Do not award marks for
abbreviations such as sol / liq
ii M1 blue / purple Allow indigo or violet 1

M2 OH– / hydroxide M1 and M2 independent 1
Total 14 marks
Questio
n
Answer Notes Marks
numbe
r
4 a M1 NH4+ Award 1 if wrong way around 1
M2 Cl– Penalise missing charges both times 1
b i M1 (add) sodium hydroxide/NaOH (solution) Accept any identified Group 1 or Group 2 1

(and warm) hydroxide
If no reagent added, max 1 mark for correct
test AND result even if dipped into solution
If just hydroxide or OH- ions, do not award M1
but continue marking
If any other incorrect reagent added, then 0/3
M2 test (gas / ammonia) with (damp red) Accept use of universal indicator 1
litmus (paper) Accept holding litmus above tube etc
OR Reject blue litmus for M2 and M3
test with hydrogen chloride / conc HCl Do not penalise ammonium instead of
ammonia in M2 1
Do not allow (dilute) hydrochloric acid
M3 (litmus paper) turns blue Do not award M3 if litmus dipped into solution
OR (even if only implied)
white smoke/solid/powder
ii M1 (add) silver nitrate/AgNO3 (solution) If missing or incorrect reagent, 0/3 1

M2 (dilute) nitric acid Do not accept any other acid or just acidified 1
If acid missing or wrong, M3 can still be
awarded
M3 white precipitate / solid / suspension If bleaching litmus paper mentioned, only M1 1
can be awarded
Questio
n
Answer Notes Marks
numbe
r
4 c M1 reversible / goes both ways Ignore equilibrium 1
d i M1 ammonium chloride / NH4Cl Do not accept ammonia chloride 1

If name and formula given, both must be
correct
ii M1 ammonia / NH3 / molecules / they / it Ignore descriptions such as lighter / smaller / 1

are / move / diffuse /travel faster / denser
quicker
Accept phonetic spellings including amonia /
ammonium
Do not accept hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric
acid / HCl / ammonium chloride / NH4Cl in
place of ammonia
Accept all other words with same meaning as
faster - eg speedier
Do not accept react faster or travel further
Accept reverse statements such as hydrogen

chloride slower
e M1 Corrosive / burns / damages skin or eyes Ignore harmful / irritant / toxic / poisonous 1
M2 Wear eye protection eg goggles or mask Allow tongs / tweezers if reference to cotton 1
/ gloves / place bung in the end of the wool
tube / use of fume cupboard Ignore lab coats
M1 and M2 are independent
Total 13 marks
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Covalent Bonding
Time allowed
76 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/63 %
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Covalent Bonding
Time allowed
47 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/27 %
Question
number
1 (a) covalent 1
(b) (i) M1 – giant covalent / giant structure/lattice/network macromolecular Max 1 if bonding stated to be 1
giant molecular intermolecular/ionic/metallic
M2 – strong (covalent) bonds/many (covalent) 1
bonds
M3 – lot of (thermal/heat) energy required 1
M4 – to break bonds 1
(ii) M1 –intermolecular forces(of attraction) intermolecular bonds any indication that 1

/ forces (of attraction) between molecules in place of covalent/ionic/metallic bonds
intermolecular forces are broken scores 0
M2 – are weak / little (thermal/heat) energy 1
required (to overcome the forces)
M2 DEP on M1
Weak bonds on its own = 0
(c) theory B AND since there are no/fewer gas fewer gas molecules 1
molecules in space at high altitude/less
OR gas at high altitude
there is no/less gas in space
OR air/specified gas in
space is a vacuum place of gas
ORA
(d) high temperature AND since (forward) reaction is 1
endothermic/absorbs heat
IGNORE references to le Chatelier’s principle
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a 4 electrons shared between 2 (carbon) Ignore inner electrons 1

atoms even if wrong Ignore
number of hydrogen
atoms
4 electron pairs between 2C and 4H atoms 1

Accept all permutations of
dots and crosses
Ignore intersecting circles
Accept H atoms at all
angles
At least one C or one H
atom must be labelled –
max 1 if not
Max 1 if more than 2 C
atoms
Max 1 if wrong number of
electrons in outer shell of
any atom
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 b i setting out correct division of each % Award 0/3 if division by any atomic numbers / 1
by Ar wrong way up / multiplication used
OR Do not penalise roundings and minor misreads
3.2, 9.7 and 3.2 of % values, eg 38 or 39 for carbon
If molecular masses used for H and/or O, no
M1, but can award M2 and M3
but no CQ in ii
Using 2 and 32 gives C2H3O
Using 1 and 32 gives C2H6O
Using 2 and 16 gives C2H3O2
Working required for these answers
division by smallest /ratio of 1 : 3 : 1 M2 subsumes M1 1
CH3O Accept elements in any order 1
Award 3 for correct final answer with no
working
No ECF from M2
Accept use of 62 from ii,
i.e. 62 × 0.387 = 24 etc scores M1
ratio scores M2, answer scores M3
ii C2H6O2 Accept elements in any order 1

No other answer acceptable
Total
o 6
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a covalent Ignore references to polar bonding and electron

1
sharing
Accept bonds for forces for both M1 and M2

Reject atoms for both M1 and M2
b M1 weak forces (of attraction) between Accept particles for molecules

molecules / weak intermolecular forces Accept correctly named IMF eg van der Waals'
M2 (therefore) little (thermal/heat) energy Ignore more easily separated / easier to break
required to overcome the forces / separate the 2
molecules
if any reference to/implication of breaking
covalent or ionic bonds scores 0/2
M1 and M2 indep
c M1 (strong) attraction between bonding/shared

pair of electrons
M2 (and) nuclei of (both atoms) Do not award M2 if reference to only one nucleus
2
OR
M1 bonding/shared pair of electrons

M2 (strongly) attracted to nuclei (of both atoms)
Do not award M2 if reference to only one nucleus
d M1 for 2 electrons shared between one H and one
Cl
M2 rest of molecule fully correct
M2 DEP on M1

2
Ignore inner shells of electrons in chlorine
if overlapping touching/circles are used both

electrons must be within the overlapping/touching
area
symbols do not need to be shown if overlapping

touching /circles are used
e
M1 (effervescence) due to hydrogen (gas)
M2 solution A is acidic / contains H+

/ contains hydrochloric acid
M3 solution B is not acidic / does not contain H+ Accept hydrogen chloride/HCl does not ionise/
/ does not contain hydrochloric acid dissociate
If only reference to HCl ionises/dissociates allow 3

max one mark for M2 and M3, ie reference to
either H+ or acid(ic) needed to score both marks
Ignore the bonds between H and Cl are not

broken (when HCl dissolved) in methylbenzene
Do not award M3 if any reference to

methylbenzene reacting or dissociating
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 (a) (i) M1 – (covalent) bonds have to be broken any mention of ions / metallic bonding / molecules 1
/ intermolecular forces scores 0/2
M2 – large amount of energy required Accept large number of bonds to be broken 1

/ bonds are strong Accept forces (of attraction) between atoms in place
of bonds
(ii) the (covalent) bonding in silicon dioxide is Accept the covalent bonds (in silicon dioxide) are 1
stronger (than the (ionic) bonding in stronger than the ionic bonds (in sodium chloride)
sodium chloride) Accept more energy is required to break the
(covalent) bonds in silicon dioxide (than is required
to break the (ionic) bonds in sodium chloride)
Accept forces (of attraction) between atoms in place
of bonds
(b) ions flow/move (to the electrodes) Accept ions are mobile/can move 1
reject electrons
(c) weak forces (of attraction) between Accept boiling point is below room temperature 1
molecules
reject any mention of covalent bonds broken
/ weak intermolecular forces (of attraction)
/ little energy is required to separate
molecules
Question
number
5 (a) (i) M1 – divide all the masses by division by atomic 1
respective Ar number/division
upside down for all
M2 – to give 0.02 : 0.02 : 0.04 marks 1
M3 – (mole) ratio is 1 : 1 : 2 1
Correct ratio or empirical formula
with no working scores 0/3
(ii) M1 – 204 ÷ 102 = 2 (2 x 12) + (2 x 19) + (4 x 35.5) = 1

204
OR 102 x 2 = 204
1
M2 – C2F2Cl4 symbols in any order Fl for F
Correct answer with no working
scores 2 marks
(b) 2
Fl for F
M1 – all four bonding pairs correct any combination of dots and

crosses
M2 – rest of diagram correct
M2 dep on M1
IGNORE inner shell electrons even if
incorrect
Award 1 mark for similar molecules,
eg CCl4 and CF4
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 a i gains oxygen Accept increase in oxidation number/state 1

Ignore reference to loss of electrons
ii SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 Accept 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 OR 1

2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 AND SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
b i covalent Accept sharing electrons 1

Reject sharing 1 electron
Reject references to ions
Ignore intermolecular forces
Ignore simple
Reject giant
ii intermolecular forces (of Accept intermolecular bonds 1

attraction) / forces (of
attraction) between molecules
weak / need little (thermal/heat) energy Accept easily overcome 1
to
overcome
M2 DEP on M1 at least partially correct
If only answer is weak bonds, then 0/2
If any reference to breaking covalent /ionic /
metallic bonds, then 0/2
iii Mo2O6 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
9 c i (giant structure of) positive ions Accept cations but not just ions 1
Reject references to negative ions and molecules
(surrounded by) delocalised electrons Accept sea of electrons 1
Mark independently
ii (delocalised / sea of) electrons Ignore free electrons 1

Ignore references to carrying
charge/current
move / flow (through M2 DEP on M1 1
structure) / are mobile (when
voltage/potential difference
applied)
No penalty for references to
molybdenum atoms or ions / nuclei /
protons, but any mention of these
moving = 0/2
iii layers/sheets/planes/rows If any reference to 1

AND molecules/protons/electrons/nuclei, then 0/2
(positive)
ions/atoms/particles
slide (over each other) Allow 1
slip/flow/shift/move/OWTTE in
place of slide
M2 DEP on mention of either layers etc OR ions
etc
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 a i M1 H—O—H with both bonds represented by 2 Accept 2 dots, 2 crosses or 1 of each 1
shared electrons Atoms do not have to be labelled
with H or O
If wrongly labelled, only M1 can be
awarded
M2 8 electrons in outer shell of O Ignore inner shell of O 1
AND Reject if H has 2 shells
2 electrons in outer shell of both H M2 dependent on M1
ii M1 (strong electrostatic) attraction between Must refer to pair or two electrons 1

bonding/shared pair of electrons
M2 and nuclei (of hydrogen and oxygen) Accept word nucleus instead of nuclei 1
if clear reference to 2 atoms
0/2 if any mention of ions / electron
transfer
M2 dependent on mention of both
attraction and electrons in M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 b i M1 idea of electron transfer / loss and gain of 1
electrons
M2 direction of transfer, eg sodium to oxygen / 1
sodium loses and oxygen gains
M3 correct number of electrons involved, eg (each) Ignore charges on ions 1
sodium loses 1 and oxygen gains 2
Ignore covalent
0/3 if any mention of electron
sharing
All marks may be scored on
diagrams or by reference to
electronic configurations
Max 2 if molecules mentioned
ii M1 (sodium) loses electron(s) Ignore oxygen gains electrons 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 c M attractions between water molecules are Allow (named) intermolecular forces 1
1 weak(er) / easily overcome / need little energy in place of attractions
to break
M attractions between (sodium and oxide) ions are Do not award M2 if any mention of 1
2 strong(er) / ionic bonds are strong /need a lot of intermolecular forces / metallic
energy to break bonding
Any implication of breaking covalent
bonds = 0/2
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 d i M1 s
M2 l
M3 aq 2
All three correct = 2 marks
Two correct = 1 mark
One/none correct = 0 marks
Do not award M1 for g or if not
possible to be sure that it is s and
not g
Do not award marks for
abbreviations such as sol / liq
ii M1 blue / purple Allow indigo or violet 1

M2 OH– / hydroxide M1 and M2 independent 1
Total 14 marks
Edexcel
IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Electrolysis 1
Time allowed
41 minutes
MARK SCHEME
Score Percentage
/34 %
Question
number
1 (a) M1 (negative electrode) – graphite carbon 2
M2 (positive electrode) – graphite carbon
(b) (i) it/aluminium oxide/alumina has a (very) high aluminium has a high 1
m. melting point
IGNORE high b.pt/references to strong
bonding/bauxite has a high m.pt/lot of energy
(ii) needed to melt it added to aluminium is dissolved 1
Na3AlF6 for cryolite in cryolite
aluminium oxide/alumina is dissolved in/mixed cryolite is used as the
with (molten/liquid) cryolite solvent (for aluminium
oxide/alumina)
IGNORE cryolite lowers the m.pt of aluminium
oxide/alumina
(c) M1 reduction redox for M1 only 1
M2 (it/aluminium ions/Al3+) gain of electron(s) reacts with/combines with Al/aluminium gains 1

IGNORE references to loss of oxygen decrease in oxidation electrons
number/oxidation number
M2 dep on M1 changes from +3 to 0
(d) M1 oxygen formed/produced (at the positive oxygen from the electrolysis any indication that the 1
electrode/anode) oxygen is from the air
IGNORE oxygen from the aluminium oxide for M1 only
M2 reacts with the carbon/the (positive) anode / graphite cathode/negative 1

electrode electrode
M2 not dep on M1, but must mention oxygen

(e) Any two from: 2
M1 malleable easy to shape/easy to

bend/easy to extrude bend
M2 low density
M3 does not react with food/drink(s) non-toxic/does not corrode
IGNORE light(er)/high strength to weight

ratio/references to cost/lightweight/does not rust
Tota
Total 10
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) (i) electrolysis 1
(ii) carbon / graphite 1
(iii) negative 1
(iv) cryolite Accept Na3AlF6 1

solvent (for alumina) Reject to lower melting or 1
boiling point of alumina /
OR aluminium oxide / aluminium
Ignore refs to boiling point of
to lower operating temperature / mixture / electrolyte
to lower melting point of mixture / Accept to reduce (heat)
electrolyte energy requirement
Accept to increase
conductivity of electrolyte
Ignore references to boiling
point
Reject acts as catalyst
M2 indep of M1
(b) (i) oxygen / O2 Ignore O 1
(ii) decreases capacity of blood to Accept correct reference to 1

carry oxygen haemoglobin /
oxyhaemoglobin /
carboxyhaemoglobin
Accept ref to CO bonding to
red blood cells but not to
white blood cells
(iii) (pass through) limewater / Ignore incorrect formulae eg 1

calcium hydroxide solution CaOH
Accept Ca(OH)2 solution /
Ca(OH)2(aq) but not just
Ca(OH)2
turns milky / cloudy / white Accept chalky / white ppte etc 1
Ignore refs to later going
clear
M2 dep on M1
2 (c) (i) (positive) ions / cations / Al3+ Do not accept atoms / 1
negative ions / anions as
alternative
(delocalised) electrons 1
(ii) layers of ions/particles Accept planes / sheets / rows 1

Do not penalise atoms instead
of ions here
Reject molecules / protons /
electrons
slide over each other Accept explanation in terms of 1

non-directional bonding
Do not award mark if wrong
particles named, eg protons /
electrons
(iii) delocalised / sea of electrons Accept free 1

move (through structure) / mobile “ions free to move” scores 0 1
(iv) low density / high strength to Ignore light 1

weight ratio Accept lightweight / not dense
Total 16 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) M1 chromate (ions) are negative accept ‘anions’ 2
M2 so they are attracted/move towards accept ‘anode’

positive electrode/electrode B
(b) (i) 2 2 (1) (1) accept halves and multiples 1
(ii) B (HCl(aq)) 1
(c) (i) aq aq aq s Do not accept words eg aqueous 1
(ii) M1 filter (off the precipitate) allow ‘decant’ 3
M2 wash (with distilled/deionised/pure reject refs to crystallisation for M2 and M3

water)
allow ‘heat it’
M3 dry in a warm oven / leave to dry /
dry with filter paper

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Edexcel

As the water vapour cools it turns into droplets of liquid water.

change in arrangement ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

State symbol before State symbol after

Water boils in a kettle

Ethene is converted to poly(ethene)

Crystals of iodine sublime on heating

(b) Some marble chips are added to a solution of hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3(... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ) o CaCl2(.......................... ) + H2O(.......................... ) + CO2(... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

solid liquid gas

Each circle represents a molecule of the substance.

(iii) Which term is used for a solid changing to a liquid?

air and water vapour

(i) What is occurring in the flask?

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)

(c) Explain why heating a liquid causes it to evaporate more quickly.

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

(a) The particles of H2O are arranged differently in each state.

(ii) In which state do the particles have the least energy?

(iii) In which state are the particles arranged in a regular pattern?

(b) (i) Change of state 1 is called

(ii) Change of state 4 is called

(Total for Question 6 = 8 marks)

solid liquid gas

boiling condensing crystallisation diffusion freezing

(i) Give the name of the apparatus labelled P.

(ii) Solid Q melts at 140 qC.

(Total for Question 7 = 7 marks)

Each of the diagrams below represents either an element, a compound or a mixture.

State which one of these is represented by each diagram.

Each of the diagrams below represents either a solid, a liquid or a gas.

State which one of these is represented by each diagram.

(Total for Question 8 = 6 marks)

(a) The formula of ammonium chloride is NH4Cl.

How many different elements are there in ammonium chloride?

(b) Identify the two gases in mixture A.

(c) Identify the white solid B.

(i) Add three more labels to the diagram to show

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

(b) Ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water

(c) Calcium carbonate from a mixture of calcium carbonate and water

(d) CuSO4.5H2O(s) from CuSO4(aq)

(Total for Question 2 = 4 marks)

Key to vegetable and fruit extracts and pigments

Key to vegetable and fruit extracts and pigments

Which three of the statements A, B, C, D and E are supported by the

distance travelled by pigment

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

CaCl2(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + H2SO4(. . . . . . . ................. ) o CaSO4(........................ ) + 2HCl(........................ )

folded filter paper

filter funnel conical flask

(ii) Suggest why this ion is present in the filtrate.

(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

(a) Explain which urine sample contains an illegal drug.

(c) The results for known drugs are given as Rf values.

R f value for lasix =............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 6 marks)