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Quantum

Quantum mechanics

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14 views3 pages

Quantum

Quantum mechanics

Uploaded by

joey040303
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch8 Live Homework

1. There are 12C16O molecules which has 𝒗


̃ = 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝐜𝐦−𝟏 and rotational constant 𝑩 =
𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝐜𝐦−𝟏 .
(𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝐦𝟐 𝐤𝐠 𝐬 −𝟏, 𝒌𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝐉 𝐊 −𝟏 , 𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

(a) Derive the equation for 𝑱𝒎𝒂𝒙, the states at which the most number of molecules are
distributed.

(b) Find the most popular rotational state at 300K.

(c) Draw the R-branch of IR spectrum graph; intensity versus the wavenumber (cm-1) at 300 K.
Assume that the intensities are proportional to the population of the originating state.

2. Raman peak of Si can be measured at 521 cm-1 when you use a 514 nm laser. Answer the
following questions.

(a) Calculate the wavelength of the anti-Stokes line.

(b) The intensity ratio of the Stokes and anti-Stokes line in Raman scattering is given by
𝑰𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒗𝒐 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟒 𝒉𝒗 /𝒌 𝑻
=( ) 𝒆 𝒊 𝑩
𝑰𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊−𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒗𝒐 + 𝒗𝒊
Where 𝒗𝟎 is the Rayleigh scattered frequency, 𝒗𝒊 is the frequency of the Raman light. Calculate
the intensity ratio of the Stokes and anti-Stokes lines at 300 K.

(c) List and explain two ways to decrease the intensity ratio of the Stokes and anti-Stokes line.
Solution

1.

(a)
𝑁𝐽 ℎ𝑐𝐵𝐽(𝐽+1)
−
= (2𝐽 + 1)𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑁0
𝑑 𝑁𝐽 −
ℎ𝑐𝐵𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 +1) (2𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 1)2 ℎ𝑐𝐵 −ℎ𝑐𝐵𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 +1)
[ ( )] = 2𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 − 𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 =0
𝑑𝐽 𝑁0 𝐽=𝐽 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑚𝑎𝑥

(2𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 1)2 ℎ𝑐𝐵


2− =0
𝑘𝐵 𝑇

1 2𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (√ − 1)
2 ℎ𝑐𝐵

(b)

1 2 × 1.375 × 10−23 × 300


𝐽𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (√ − 1) ≅ 6.83
2 6.626 × 10−34 × 3.0 × 108 × 193.1

Only positive integer J can be exist


𝑁7 15 −14ℎ𝑐𝐵
= 𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ≅ 1.013
𝑁6 13
Therefore, the most popular state is when 𝐽 = 7

(c)
2.

(a)
1
𝑣̃𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖−𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 𝑣̃𝑜 + 𝑣̃𝑖 = + 521 cm−1 = 19976 cm−1
514 × 10−7 cm
1
𝜆𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖−𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 = = 501 nm
𝑣̃𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖−𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠

(b)
4
𝐼𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣𝑖 4 ℎ𝑣 /𝑘 𝑇 18934 cm−1 6.626 × 10−34 × 3.0 × 108 × 52100
=( ) 𝑒 𝑖 𝐵 =( ) exp ( )
𝐼𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖−𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑣𝑖 19976 cm−1 1.375 × 10−23 × 300
≅ 9.94

(c)
To decrease the intensity ratio of the Stokes line.
𝐼𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣𝑖 4 ℎ𝑣 /𝑘 𝑇
=( ) 𝑒 𝑖 𝐵
𝐼𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖−𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑣𝑖
1) Increase the temperature → larger population of molecules in higher energy states → increase
the probability of anti-Stokes scattering (𝑒 ℎ𝑣𝑖/𝑘𝐵 𝑇 decreasing)
2) Decrease the frequency of an incident laser (Increase the wavlength of an incident laser) →
𝑣𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣 −𝑣 4
Frequency ratio 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖−𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠
decreases → (𝑣𝑜 +𝑣𝑖) decreases
𝑜 𝑖

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