Numpy

1. Introduction to NumPy
NumPy (Numerical Python) is a powerful library for numerical computations in
Python.

It provides support for large multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with
a collection of mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

2. Installation

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pip install numpy

Import NumPy in your script:

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import numpy as np

3. Creating Arrays
From Lists:

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

Using Functions:

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 python
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zeros = np.zeros((2, 3)) # 2x3 array of zeros
ones = np.ones((2, 3)) # 2x3 array of ones
empty = np.empty((2, 3)) # 2x3 uninitialized arr
ay
arange = np.arange(0, 10, 2) # Array of [0, 2, 4, 6,
8]
linspace = np.linspace(0, 1, 5) # 5 evenly spaced numbe
rs between 0 and 1

4. Array Attributes
Dimensions:

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arr.ndim # Number of dimensions

Shape and Size:

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arr.shape # Shape of the array
arr.size # Total number of elements

Data Type:

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 arr.dtype # Data type of elements

5. Reshaping Arrays

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arr = np.arange(1, 7) # [1 2 3 4 5 6]
reshaped = arr.reshape((2, 3)) # [[1 2 3], [4 5 6]]

6. Indexing and Slicing

1D Arrays:

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arr[0] # First element
arr[-1] # Last element

2D Arrays:

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arr_2d[0, 1] # Element in first row, second column
arr_2d[:, 1] # All rows, second column
arr_2d[1, :] # Second row, all columns

Slicing:

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arr[1:4] # Elements from index 1 to 3

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 arr[::2] # Every other element

7. Array Operations
Element-wise Operations:

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arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
sum = arr1 + arr2 # [5, 7, 9]
product = arr1 * arr2 # [4, 10, 18]
scalar_mult = arr1 * 2 # [2, 4, 6]

Mathematical Functions:

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np.sqrt(arr1) # Square root
np.exp(arr1) # Exponential
np.sin(arr1) # Sine

8. Linear Algebra

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mat1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
mat2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])
dot_product = np.dot(mat1, mat2) # Matrix multiplication
transpose = mat1.T # Transpose of the matri

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 x

Inverse and Determinant:

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inv_mat = np.linalg.inv(mat1)
det_mat = np.linalg.det(mat1)

9. Broadcasting
Broadcasting allows arithmetic operations on arrays of different shapes.

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
add_scalar = arr + 2 # [3, 4, 5]
add_array = arr + np.array([1]) # [2, 3, 4]

10. Aggregations
Basic Statistical Operations:

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
arr.sum() # Sum of all elements
arr.mean() # Mean value
arr.std() # Standard deviation
arr.min() # Minimum value
arr.max() # Maximum value

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 Axis-wise Operations:

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arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
arr_2d.sum(axis=0) # Sum of each column [4, 6]
arr_2d.sum(axis=1) # Sum of each row [3, 7]

11. Random Number Generation

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rand_arr = np.random.rand(3, 2) # 3x2 array with rand
om numbers between 0 and 1
rand_int = np.random.randint(0, 10, 5) # Array of 5 random i
ntegers between 0 and 9

12. Advanced Indexing

Boolean Indexing:

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
bool_idx = arr > 3 # [False, False, Fals
e, True, True]
filtered_arr = arr[bool_idx] # [4, 5]

Fancy Indexing:

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 arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
indices = [1, 3]
arr[indices] # [20, 40]

13. Copying Arrays

View (Shallow Copy):

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
view = arr.view()
view[0] = 7
print(arr) # [7, 2, 3]

Copy (Deep Copy):

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copy = arr.copy()
copy[0] = 1
print(arr) # [7, 2, 3]

14. File I/O with NumPy

Saving and Loading Arrays:

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np.save('array.npy', arr)
loaded_arr = np.load('array.npy')

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 Text Files:

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np.savetxt('array.txt', arr, delimiter=',')
loaded_txt_arr = np.loadtxt('array.txt', delimiter=',')

15. Performance Tips

Use NumPy's built-in functions which are implemented in C and optimized for
performance.

Avoid loops; use vectorized operations instead.

Use .astype to convert data types if you need to optimize memory usage.

16. Common Pitfalls

Be aware of the differences between views and copies.

When performing operations that modify the original array, ensure that’s your
intention, as some methods act in-place.

17. Practical Examples

Element-wise Operations:

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data = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
adjusted_data = data * 2.5 + 3

Normalizing Data:

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data = np.array([5, 10, 15])

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 normalized = (data - data.min()) / (data.max() - data.min
())

Finding Unique Elements:

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4])
unique_elements = np.unique(arr)

18. Further Learning

NumPy Documentation: The official documentation is a great resource for
understanding all the functions and features of NumPy.

Practice Problems: Try implementing various mathematical and statistical

operations using NumPy to build your understanding.

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