Quantitative Research VARIABLE – characteristics that have two or more

 Objective and focuses on the real of factual mutually exclusive values or properties.
aspects of the object Types of Variables
 Analogous to scientific or experimental thinking  Continuous Variables – can take infinite
 Data is gathered using structured research number on the value that can occur within the
instruments population. It is categorized as:
 Data is in the form of numbers and statistics  Interval Variable – it has values that lie
 Results are based on larger sample sizes along an evenly dispersed range of
representative of the population numbers.
 High reliability, making replication or repetition  Ratio Variable – it has value that lie
of the study feasible along an evenly dispersed range of
Kinds of Quantitative Research numbers when there is absolute zero.
EXPERIMENTAL – where the researcher manipulates  Discrete Variables – any variable that has
one variable, and control the rest of the variables. limited number of distinct values and which
 True Experimental – researcher manipulates cannot be divided into fractions. It is
the IV while using random assignment of categorized into:
participants to groups  Nominal Variable – it represents
 Quasi-Experimental – design involves selecting categories that cannot be ordered in
groups, upon which a variable is tested without particular way. It has no quantitative
any random pre-selection processes value.
 Pre-Experimental – either a single group or  Ordinal Variable – it represents
multiple groups are observed subsequent to categories that can be ordered from
some agent or treatment presumed to cause greatest to smallest. It has two or more
change categories which can be ranked.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL Kinds of Variables
 Survey – brief interview or discussion with an  Independent Variables – cause variable or the
individual about a specific topic one responsible for the conditions that act on
 Historical – involves the systematic analysis of something else to bring about changes.
past data and events  Dependent Variables – outcomes or results of
 Observational – involves a systematic data the influence of the independent variable.
collection through observations of subjects or  Intervening Variable – variables that “stand
phenomena without manipulation of variables between” the independent and dependent
 Descriptive – designed to depict the variables, and they show the effects of the
participants in an accurate way independent variable to dependent variable.
 Correlational – method in which you have 2 or  Control Variable – special types of
more variables and you are trying to determine independent variables that are measured in the
if there’s a relationship between 2 variables study because they potentially influence the
 Comparative research – involves comparing dependent variable.
different groups or conditions to analyze  Confounding Variable – variables that are not
differences or similarities in specific variables of actually measured or observed in a study. They
interest exist but their influence cannot be directly
detected in a study.
Research Problem – doing an empirical investigation  Relation Questions – are questions about the
where by you search for answers to a problem by nature and manner of connection between or
collecting and analyzing data or information through among variables
which you can find the right answer or solution.  Causal Questions – reasons behind the effects
Sources of Quantitative Research Problem of the independent variable on the dependent
1. Agencies of the government or any non- variable is the focus of these types of research
government institutions questions
2. Your own experience or genuine interest in Scope and Delimitation
something  Scope – explains the extent to which the
3. Previous research findings you want to validate research area will be explored and specifies the
or consider as studies parameters within which the study will be
4. Present political or economic issues in society operating
5. Review of related literature  Delimitation – characteristics that limit the
Research Questions – specific or sub questions that scope and describe the boundaries of the study
specify the scope and the method in collecting and Significance of the Study – an essential part of any
analyzing data. They are also questions that give further quantitative research paper. It explains why the study is
definition or explanation of the research problem. important, what it contributes, and how it can be used
Guidelines in Formulating a Quantitative Research to improve practice or policy.
Problem and Research Questions Steps in Writing the Significance of the Study
1. Formulate a research problem that is 1. Identify the problem or issue that your research
researchable or open to empirical investigations is addressing
2. See to it that you state your quantitative 2. Explain how your research will contribute to
problem clearly if under APA referencing style solving the problem or issue
3. Have your research problem focus on a general 3. Consider the different groups of people who
understanding of your topic will benefit from your research
4. Construct a research problem that mirrors the 4. Be specific and concrete in your discussion
importance of carrying out the research 5. Be enthusiastic and passionate about your
problem for finding answers or solutions to a research
problem Theoretical Framework – set of concepts and theories
5. Let your quantitative research problem state that are used to explain a phenomenon or problem.
the variables and their relationships with one Steps in Crafting a Theoretical Framework
another 1. Identify your research topic and research
6. Construct an introductory statement to present questions
your research problem which is the main 2. Conduct a thorough literature review
problem of your research 3. Select the most relevant concepts and theories
7. State your research questions not in the form of for your research
yes or no questions but in informative questions 4. Write a theoretical framework statement
8. Express your research problem and research Conceptual Framework (IPO Model)
questions either in an interrogative or  Inputs – resources or information that are
declarative manner needed to start the process
Types of Quantitative Research Questions  Processes – steps or activities that are
 Descriptive Research Questions – ask questions performed to transform the inputs into outputs
on the kind, qualifications, and categories of the  Outputs – products or services that are
subjects or participants produced by the system