AUDIO TO SIGN LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR USING PYTHON

A project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree in Bachelor of Technology

In

Computer Science and Engineering

BY

N. NAGA GOWRI PRASANNA(20A41A0536)

P. VENKATA CHANDANA(20A41A0541)

A. HARI NADH REDDY(20A41A0504)

CH. GOPICHAND(20A41A0516)

S. SAMBASIVARAO(20A41A0550)

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

ANTHONY. JOJAPPA
(Assistant professor)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMNT

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUK,
Kakinada) (An ISO 9001:2015 Certified & NAAC ‘A’ Grade
Institution) Dhulipalla-522412, Sattenapalli(M),Guntur District, Andhra
Pradesh 2020-2024
 LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Approved By AICTE& affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified & NAAC ‘A’ Grade Institution)
Dhulipalla-522412, Sattenapalli(M)
Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that this project report is a entitled as an AUDIO TO SIGN LANGUAGE
TRANSLATOR USING PYTHON the bonafide record work of N.NAGA GOWRI PRASANNA
(20A41A0536), P.VENKATA CHANDANA (20A41A0541), A.HARI NADH REDDY(20A41A0504),
CH.GOPICHAND(20A41A0516), S.SAMBASIVARAO(20A41A0550) under the Guidance and
supervision of ANTHONY.JOJAPPA submitted to the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Loyola Institute of Technology and Management, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree in Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Anthony. Jojappa Mrs. B. Prasanna Jyothi

Asst. Professor

External Examiner
 DECLERATION

We students of LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Dhulipalla, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, hereby declare that this dissertation titled is “AUDIO
TO SIGN LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR USING PYTHON”, being submitted to the
department of Computer Science and Engineering of this institute, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technology University Kakinada, for the award of the Degree in Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Science and Engineering is a record of bonafied work done by us at college and it has
not been submitted to any other institute or University for the award of any other Degree.

Signatures of Students with Names and Roll no’s:

N. Naga Gowri Prasanna (20A41A0536)

P. Venkata Chandana (20A41A0541)

A. Hari Nadh Reddy (20A41A0504)

CH. Gopichand (20A41A0516)

S. Sambasivarao (20A41A0550)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is great pleasure for us to express our gratitude to our honorable chairman Mr. E. Vamsi Krishna
Reddy, and secretary Sri K V J Kumar for kindly providing facilities in accomplishing our project
and their consistent work in growth of management.

We express our great pleasure to our honorable principal Dr. S. Siva Reddy, who had inspired a
lot through his valuable message. He is only personality who had given the meaning to the
technological studies.

We express our sincere and heart full thanks to our beloved Head of the Department of Computer
Science & Engineering, Mrs. B. Prasanna Jyothi for his motivation and encouragement at the
stage of this endeavor and his constant help and support throughout our project.

We express our whole hearted thanks to our beloved guide Anthony. Jojappa for his splendid
effort and guidance throughout the course of project work without whom the assignment would not
have beensuccessfully completed. We express our whole hearted thanks to our Senior faculty for
their help during the period of project.

We deeply cherish the splendid efforts and unstinted support of all our friends without which this
assignment would not have been successfully completed. We also owe a special thanks to all our
family members and the management and administration of LITAM.

Project Associates

N. Naga Gowri Prasanna (20A41A0536)

P. Venkata Chandana (20A41A0541)

A. Hari Nadh Reddy (20A41A0504)

CH. Gopichand (20A41A0516)

S. Sambasivarao (20A41A0537)
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

NO
ABSTRACT
1 1

2 INTRODUCTION 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
3 5

7
4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

8
5 SYSTEM STUDY

SYSTEM DESIGN 10
6
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT 14
7
SYSTEM TEST 38
8
SCREENSHOTS 42
9
CONCLUSION 48
10
REFERENCES: 49
11
BASEPAPER
12
 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

1.ABSTRACT:

This project is based on converting the audio signals receiver to text using speech to text API. Speech
to text conversion comprises of small, medium and large vocabulary conversions. Such systems
process or accept the voice which then gets converted to their respective text. This paper gives a
comparative analysis of the technologies used in small, medium, and large vocabulary Speech
Recognition System. The comparative study determines the benefits and liabilities of all the
approaches so far. The experiment shows the role of language model in improving the accuracy of
speech to text conversion system. We experiment the speech data with noisy sentences andincomplete
words. The results show a prominent result for randomly chosen sentences compared to sequential
set of sentences.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

2. INTRODUCTION:
This project is based on converting the audio signals receiver to text using speech to text API.
Speech to text conversion comprises of small, medium and large vocabulary conversions. Such
systems process or accept the voice which then gets converted to their respective text. This paper
gives a comparative analysis of the technologies used in small, medium, and large vocabulary
Speech Recognition System. The comparative study determines the benefits and liabilities of all
the approaches so far. The experiment shows the role of language model in improving the accuracy
of speech to text conversion system. We experiments the speech data with noisy sentences and
incomplete words. The results show a prominent result for randomly chosen sentences compared
to sequential set of sentences.

Text to sign language conversion is mainly focused on communication between ordinary people
and ordinary people and deaf-mute people. Sign language paves the way for deaf-mute people to
communicate .Sign language is a visual language that is used by deaf and dumb as their mother
tongue. It is figure out about 240 sign language have exist for spoken language in the world. Sign
language is a type of language that uses hand movements, facial expressions and body language
to communicate. It is used by the people who are deaf and people who can hear but cannot speak.
The Conversion system consists of following steps:-

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

DATA PREPARATION

The corpus used for the system is the publicly available corpus. It contains a total of 1000
sentences about general information. The system is trained with 1000 sentences and tested 150
sentences.

LANGUAGE MODE

A Language model comprises of a large set of words together with its chances of occurrence. The
model extracts the number of unigram bigram and trigrams of the corpus and calculates the
probability of each unigram bigram and trigram. These statistical results are used by the decoder
to predict the possible combination of words and phrases. It helps to achieve faster execution and
higher accuracy by constraining the search in a decoder by limiting the number of possible words
that need to be considered during the search.

DICTIONARY PREPARATION

Dictionary provides the data to map vocabulary words to sequence of phonemes to the system.
Uses Letter-only phone names without special symbols which simplifies the system. Dictionary
should contain all the words needed to be recognized by the recognizer.

ACOUSTIC MODEL Acoustic model is a file which contains statistical representation of each
of individual sounds that make up a word. An acoustic model is created from a speech corpus using
training algorithms. In Sphinx it is done using Sphinx train module. This part gives the output in
the form of a configuration file. The parameters written in configuration file are used by the
decoder to generate the acoustic model for a given language.

SPHINX TRAIN (Open source toolkit for speech recognition)

Training is performed when there is need to create an Acoustic model for a new language.
Knowledge on the phonetic structure of the language should be there to perform the training. Once
the training is done it creates the database and by running the sphinx train the speech recognition
files can be created.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

TRAINING ALGORITHM

Acoustic model is a file which contains statistical representation of each of individual sounds that
make up a word. An acoustic model is created from a speech corpus using training algorithms. In
Sphinx it is done using Sphinx train module. This part gives the output in the form of a
configuration file. The parameters written in configuration file are used by the decoder to generate
the acoustic model for a given language.

EXISTING SYSTEM

This approach should be capable to recognize the speech and convert the input audio into text.
Likewise, this problem related to several problems. Speech recognition is an interesting
application of digital signal processing which has real world applications. This method is also used
in automation of many tasks which previously needed the human interaction, like identifying
spoken commands to perform things like closing a door or switching on lights.

DE-METRIC

Complex speech patterns can be recognized as well. For instance, there are quite a few appropriate
speech recognitions which can actually take up speech at decent speed and later convert it to the
text format and hence no typing would be required to generate a document. Even after such
successful software landing in the market however, current efforts are not yet meeting the 100%
human speech recognition

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Tensor layer was replaced with single sigmoid hidden layer by Hutchinson, Deng and Yu in the stacking
networks. The performance was worst when the configuration in which only the bottom (first) layer was
replaced with the DP layer. The performance was best and achieved more than 1% absolute reduction over
the DNN when the configurations replaced the top hidden layer with the DP layer performs. This concludes
the DP layers are suited to perform on binary features, consistent in findings from.

METRICS

On a voice search task and the Switchboard (SWB) phone-call transcription task it is found that
CD-DNN-HMMs have achieved 16% and 33% relative recognition error reduction over strong,
discriminatively trained CD- GMM-HMMs.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

1. 3.LITERATURE SURVEY:
1. sign language to text and vice versa recogonization using computer vision in Marathi

Sign language recognition is one of the most growing fields of research today and it is the most
natural way of communication for the people with hearing problems. A hand gesture recognition
system can provide an opportunity for deaf persons to communicate with vocal people without the
need of an interpreter or intermediate. The system is built for the automatic recognition of Marathi
sign language. Providing teaching classes for the purpose of training the deaf sign userin Marathi.
The system can train new user who is unaware of the sign language and the training will be
provided through offline mode. In which user can learn sign language with the help of database
containing predefined sign language alphabets as well as words. A large set of samples has been
used in proposed system to recognize isolated words from the standard Marathi sign language
which are taken using camera. The system contains forty-six Marathi sign language alphabets and
around 500 words of sign language are taken. Considering all the sign language alphabets and
words, the database contains 1000 different gesture images. The proposed system intend to
recognize some very basic elements of sign language and to translate them to text and vice versa

2. Rehabilitation of hearing impaired children in India

The prevalence of deafness in India is fairly significant. It is the second most common cause of
disability. Approximately 63 million people (6.3%) in India suffer from significant auditory loss.1
Rehabilitation of hearing impaired children in India remains a challenging task. Early detection
and intervention are the mainstay of this initiative. This article does not purport to detail the
clinical aspects and surgical management of hearing handicapped children. We discuss here the
resources and options available in India for the education of deaf children and the role of the
Government bodies in rehabilitation. Awareness about education and rehabilitation of hearing
handicapped is low among the general public and even among the medical fraternity

3. "Study of Sign Language Translation using Gesture Recognition

Communication is an integral part of human life. But for people who are mute & hearing impaired,
communication is a challenge. To understand them, one has to either learn their

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

language i.e. sign language or finger language. The system proposed in this project aims at tackling
this problem to some extent. In this paper, the motivation was to create an object tracking
application to interact with the computer, and develop a virtual human computer interaction
device. The motivation behind this system is two-fold. It has two modes of operation:Teach and
Learn. The project uses a webcam to recognize the hand positions and sign made using contour
recognition [3] and outputs the Sign Language in PC onto the gesture made. This will convert the
gesture captured via webcam into audio output which will make normal people understand what
exactly is being conveyed. Thus our project Sign Language to Speech Converteraims to convert
the Sign Language into text and audio.

4. "The pedagogical struggle of mathematics education for the deaf during the late nineteen
century: Mental Arithmetic and conceptual understanding

An advisory e-user group comprising ministry personnel, teacher educators, educational

researchers, NGOs, foundations and other development partners offered advice and support and
commented on the draft initial report and draft final report, and responded to enquiries within their
area of expertise. Nine electronic databases for relevant literature and 17 key journals were hand
searched; the websites of key governmental and non-governmental organisations were also
searched; citations referenced in identified papers were followed up; and team members, the e-
user group and the team’s professional contacts were consulted for recommendations of relevant
studies and ‘grey’ unpublished reports and papers. The review was conducted in two stages. Stage
one consisted of a systematic ‘mapping’ exercise on the 489 studies that met the inclusion criteria
through coding, giving a broad characterisation of pedagogical practices used by teachersin formal
and informal classrooms in developing countries. Studies that met the inclusion criteria of
relevance and clarity of method were selected for stage two, the in-depth review. Fifty-four
empirical studies, reported in 62 publications, using both quantitative and qualitative methods,
were included and rated for methodological trustworthiness and quality of contextualisation. A
random sample of 15% of studies was double coded for quality assurance. Data from the 45 studies
ranking high or moderate on both dimensions were used to address this review’s overarching
research question.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Ø System : MINIMUM i3.

Ø Hard Disk : 40 GB.
Ø Ram : 4 GB.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Ø Operating System: Windows 8

Ø Coding Language: Python 3.7

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

4. 5.SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth
with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed
system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

Ø ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
Ø TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Ø SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have
on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and
development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed
system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are
freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements
of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement,
as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users
solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make
him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

6.SYSTEM DESIGN
UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose

modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed,
and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object oriented
computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a Meta-model
and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process may also be added to; or associated
with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,
Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business modeling
and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful
in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the software
development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the designof software
projects.
GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
Ø Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can
develop and exchange meaningful models.
Ø Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
Ø Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
Ø Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
Ø Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns and
components.
Ø Integrate best practices.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral
diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical
overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as
use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram
is to show what system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system
can be depicted.

UploadHandGestureDataset

TrainCNNwithGestureImage
user

SignLanguageRecognitionFromWe
bCam

CLASS DIAGRAM:
In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of
static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes,
their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. It explains which
class contains information.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram that
shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message
Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event scenarios, and
timing diagrams.

user application

uploadHandGestureDataset

signLanguageRecognitionFromWebam

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

COLLABORATION DIAGRAM:

4: logout 1: uploadHandGestureDataset
2: trainCNNwithGestureImage applicati
3: signLanguageRecognitionFromWebam on

user

IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULES:

1. Upload Dataset’

IN THIS MODULE WE NEED TO UPLOAD DATASET

2. REGISTER

In this Module user need to register with details .

3. Login

In this Module user need to login with username and password.

4. Give Input

In this module we need to give text or audio input sign.

5. OutPut

In this module we will get output sign for the given input.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

7. SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms.Python programs

generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used for
the following –

Machine Learning
Ø GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
Ø Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
Ø Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
Ø Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
Ø Test frameworks
Ø Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like regular
expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading, databases, CGI,
email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete code for that
manually.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of
your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code
in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to
our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things
done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for
the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in Python,
just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why
when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages
like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English. This is
the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces
to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability ofthe code.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world.
A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It
downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to
it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need
to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere
(WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent
features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by one,
debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in other
languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to search
for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest
learning Python to beginners.

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the free
available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you
better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need
to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web
apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also
build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.
Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you should
be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python over
another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it often
results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point forthe
project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are
enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the client-
side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such
application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

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3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the type
of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just
means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmersduring
coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity)
and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are a bit
underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t
do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java
code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both start
with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming
language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and programming
environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum
Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of
Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum worked that time in a
project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill
Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team
building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know
how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because
I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later
on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued:

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

"I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to
design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without
its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple
runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax,
used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and
developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we callit), a
list, strings, and numbers."

What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by looking
at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a subfield
of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at first brush. The
study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the data science
application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine learning as a
means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand

data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the
data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict and
understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical
digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is
similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some
broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

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Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features
of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used
to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks and
regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the
labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised learningin
the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any label,
and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include taskssuch
as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct groups of
data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct representations of the
data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because
they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial
stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is that what
is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make decisions,
based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several
real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines,
particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using
programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we
can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world
problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity and
autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is

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that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing
currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest challenges.
Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and feature
extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time

especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of expert
resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and well-
defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this technology is
not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be

represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be deployed

in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are
in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which
cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML

Ø Emotion analysis
Ø Sentiment analysis
Ø Error detection and prevention
Ø Weather forecasting and prediction
Ø Stock market analysis and forecasting

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Ø Speech synthesis
Ø Speech recognition
Ø Customer segmentation
Ø Object recognition
Ø Fraud detection
Ø Fraud prevention
Ø Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of study
that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”. And
that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is oneof the
most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer
Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary of $146,085
per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start learning
it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you canfollow to
eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented Machine
Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your needs to reach
your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some prerequisites
that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and
Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degreein these topics
to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

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(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important
as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML expert
will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the collection,
analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!! Some
of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance, Probability
Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very
important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors,
and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn them
as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip
is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala,
etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python
libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various online
resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

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Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML (Which
is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more complicated
stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

Ø Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some

machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
Ø Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of
numeric features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature
vectors are fed as input to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there
may be features like color, smell, taste, etc.
Ø Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our
model. For the fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each
set of input would be the name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
Ø Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected
outputs(labels), so after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then
map new data to one of the categories trained on.
Ø Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will
provide a predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

Ø Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data
using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the
required level of performance is achieved.
Ø Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using
factor and cluster analysis models.

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Ø Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised

Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
Ø Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and
error. So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current
state and that will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that
would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, itserves
to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right
products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant
advertisements to them.

2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on
their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as
they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets
them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of
data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-
variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

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5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while
also targeting the right customers.

Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be inclusive/unbiased,
and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose with
a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function.
This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms.
You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected
for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the
source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

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Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system. Python
version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this release were
the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum
never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This release
included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was supporting unicode.Python
flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major release as Python 3.0 (also
known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not backwards compatible with
Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of duplicate programming
constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of
Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes
in Python 7.3:

Ø Print is now a function

Ø Views and iterators instead of lists
Ø The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list
cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
Ø There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
Ø The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to
have the "old" behaviour.
Ø Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—

even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

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Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supportsmultiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and
has a large and comprehensive standard library.

Ø Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
Ø Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several
of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for
machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and
production at Google.

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released
under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

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Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features
including these important ones:

Ø A powerful N-dimensional array object

Ø Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
Ø Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
Ø Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and
preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem.
Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data,
regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with
Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including
finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety
of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be used in
Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application servers,
and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard
things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts,
scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample plots and
thumbnail gallery.

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For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when
combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font properties,
axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to
MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supportsmultiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and
has a large and comprehensive standard library.

1. Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
2. Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several
of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

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Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-
level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its
notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come
pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but
this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or in
other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about your
System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based processor,
you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating system.
So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device orto install Python 3.
Download the Python Cheat sheet here.The steps on how to install Python onWindows 10, 8 and
7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

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Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color or
you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we are
downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

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Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-based
installer.

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Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part in
installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

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Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly installed
Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.

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Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

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Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first uninstall
the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click on
Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

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8.SYSTEM TEST

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test
type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program
logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. Alldecision branches
and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform
basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately to
the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputsand expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with
the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components
were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of
components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the
problems that arise from the combination of components.

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Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user
manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective value
of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge
of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose.
It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

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Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software
under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds
to outputs without considering how the software works.
Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase
of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted
as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
Ø All field entries must work properly.
Ø Pages must be activated from the identified link.
Ø The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
Ø Verify that the entries are of the correct format
Ø No duplicate entries should be allowed
Ø All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.

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The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level –
interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation
by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

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9.SCREENSHOTS
Home page

User registration

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

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 Audio to Sign Language Translator Using Python

7. 10.CONCLUSION

Ø Sign language is one of the useful tools to ease the communication between the deaf and
mute communities and normal society.
Ø Though sign language can be implemented to communicate, the target person must have
an idea of the sign language which is not possible always.
Ø This was meant to be a prototype to check the feasibility of recognizing sign language.
Ø The normal people can communities with deaf or dumb using sign language and the text
will be converted to sign images.

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11.REFERENCES:
1. Amit kumar shinde and Ramesh Khagalkar “sign language to text and vice versa recoganization using
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4. Christopher A.N. Kurz "The pedagogical struggle of mathematics education for the deaf during the late
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5. Foez M. Rahim, Tamnun E Mursalin, Nasrin Sultana “Intelligent Sign Language Verification System
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12. T. Kapuscinski and M. Wysocki, “Hand Gesture Recognition for Man-Machine interaction”, Second
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 10 XI November 2022

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