HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF JUNCTIONS

BUREAU OF ENGINEERING City of Los Angeles

WALL A. PARDEE City Engineer OFFICE STANDARD No. II5 STORM DRAIN DESIGN DIVISION 1968

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The general formula for the hydraulic analysis of junctions which has been used in this monograph was derived by Donald Thompson, Chief Engineer of Design, Bureau of Engineering, City of Los Angeles. The formula is based on the well-known pressure plus momentum theory which states that the change in pressure through a junction is equal to the change in momentum. The application of the formula to actual design problems, the determination of control points, and the graphical solutions for conditions where a direct solution was not possible were prepared by Irving R. Cole, Division Engineer, Storm Drain Design Division. Valuable assistance and advice have been given by Floyd J. Doran, Deputy City Engineer. Numerous model tests conducted over a period of several years at the Experimental Hydraulic Research Laboratory of the Bureau of Engineering have confirmed the accuracy of the Thompson formula and the pressure plus momentum theory.

-1.

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

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JUNCTIONS

INDEX I II Foreword and Acknowledgment Introduction A. B. c. III Purpose and Objectives Notation General Formula Page 1
5-8 5 5-7 7-8

Open Channel Flow A. B. c. Criteria for Junction General Formula Control Points 1. 2. D. Subcritical Flow Supercritical Flow

8-10

i-9
g-10

z-10 10-12 10-11 11-12 12-14 12-13 13 13 13-14 14-27

Derivation of Formula 1. 2. Rectangular Section Circular Section

E.

Outline of Examples Rectangular Section-Subcritical Flow 21: Rectangular Section-Supercritical Flow Circular Section-Subcritical Flow Z: Circular Section-Supercritical Flow

F.

Examples :: Rectangular Section-Subcritical Flow Rectangular Section-Supercritical Flow Circular Section-Subcritical Flow Circular Section-Supercritical Flow

16-21 21-23 23-27

IV

Pressure Flow A. B. c. Criteria for Junction General Conditions Derivation of Formula 1. 2. Rectangular Section Circular Section

27-28 28-29 29
29-33 33-35

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HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

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JUNCTIONS

INDEX (Continued) D. Example: 1. 2. Circular Section

Page 35-37 36 37

Transition Losses Considered Transition Losses Ignored

OPEN

CHANNEL

FLOW SECTION

RECTANGULAR

OPEN

CHANNEL SEC

CIRCULAR

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HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

II A. Purpose and Objectives

INTRODUCTION

Junctions in conduits can cause major losses in both the energy grade and the hydraulic grade across the junction. If these losses are not included in the hydraulic design, the capacity of the conduit may be seriously restricted. The pressure plus momentum theory, which equates the summation of all pressures acting at the junction with the summation of the momentums, affords a rational method of analyzing the hydraulic losses at a junction. The pressures which must be evaluated are (1) upstream end of the junction, (2) downstream end of the junction, (3) wall pressures, (4) invert pressure, and (5) soffit pressure. Formulas for the above pressures, derived from principles of hydrostatics, are extremely complicated, difficult if not impossible to remember, and, because of their complexities, may result in frequent errors. The general formula used in this monograph makes it unnecessary to evaluate individual pressures. It can be shown (see below) that, regardless of the shape of the conduit, the summation of all pressures acting at the junction, ignoring friction, is equal to the average cross-sectional area through the junction, multiplied by the change in the hydraulic gradient through the junction. The following discussion, together with the sample problems and their solutions, illustrates the use of the general formula in determining the hydraulic changes at a junction. The discussion includes (1) the derivation of the general formula for both rectangular and circular conduits under open flow and pressure flow conditions, (2) the determinations of the control points for subcritical and supercritical flow in open channels, and (3) the solution for the hydraulic grade of the lateral under pressure flow conditions. B.
Q

Notation (Unit Weight of Water Omitted) Discharge, cubic feet per second (cfs.). Area of flow, square feet (ft2). Mean Area, square feet (ft2). Width of rectangular channel, feet. Diameter, of circular conduit, feet.

A Am b d

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IIYDHAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUN

CT1

ONS

u. D

Notation

(Continued) Elevation of hydraulic gradient above invert, feet. Depth of flow, feet (open channel). Gravitational second. acceleration, 32.2 feet per second per

g AY P pi ps pw pf V 0

Change in hydraulic gradient or water surface through the junction, feet. (Plus when increasing upstream.) Hydrostatic pressure, cubic feet. Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal component of invert pressure, cubic feet. component of soffit pressure, cubic feet. component of wall pressure, cubic feet.

Pressure loss due to frJction, cubic feet (friction loss), Velocity, feet per second. Angle of convergence between the center line of the main line and the center line of the lateral, degrees. Length of junction, feet.

L S sf M n Z
X s

Construction slope, feet per foot. Slope of the energy gradient, feet per foot. Momentum of a moving mass of water Mannings roughness coefficient. Change in invert elevation across the junction, Change in soffit e:levation across the junction, feet. feet.

QV E-' ()

cubic feet.

Distance from hydraulic gradient to center of gravity of section, feet. Velocity head V2 , feet. z () > Angle of divergence of transition,

degrees.

Angle of invert slope of junction, degrees. - 6-

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

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JUNCTIONS

B. h

Notation (Continued) Energy loss, feet. Hydraulic gradient. Energy gradient. Transition. Top width of water surface, open channel. subscript denotes position. "j" denotes junction. ltctl denotes critical flow. lfnll denotes normal flow. "tr" denotes transition.

H.G. E.G.
t

Numerical Subscript Subscript Subscript Subscript

c.

General Formula

The net hydrostatic pressure at a junction equals the change in momentum through the junction plus friction. GENERAL FORMULA WITH FRICTION INCLUDED (UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER OMITTED)
P2+M2 =

P1tM1tM3Cos0+Pw+Pi-Pf

(1)

P1tPwtPi-P2 = M2-Ml = M3Cose+Pf Net hydrostatic pressure = CP = P1+Pw+Pi-Pp Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = P1tPwtPi-P2 AVERAGE AREA = 1/6(Ait4Am+A2) (2)

or for practical use S(Al+Az) %(Al+AdAy

= M2-Ml-M3Cose+Pf
L(Sl+S2)(Al.+A2)

Q~V~-Q~V~-Q~V~COS~J
Q

(3)

+-2

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

C.

General Formula (Continued) Omitting friction, equation (3) is shown as:

Q2 2 ---= A2g

Q12 Alg

Q32Cos0
A3g

(5)

Equations 3, 4 and 5 are valid for all types of Prismatoidal Circular Channels and Conduits.

and

III A. Criteria for Junction

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Flow in channels and conduits with a free water surface is called open channel flow. The lateral inlet is cona sidered to be either submerged . or to have.: water surface _ ._ _ elevation approximately equai to the average water surface eleThe hydraulic gradient or water vation through the junction. surface elevations at Points 1 and 3 are identical.

&Ggg&..--b~

PROFILE
NO SCALE NO SCALE

B.

General Formula CP
=

CM
2

%(A,+A,h

Q2 -_ = A2g
-

Ql -Al@;
8 -

Q32Cos0 A3g
(5)

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

B.

General Formula (Continued) AY = Z+D1-D2 Q22CosG Q2 2 Q12 A3g %(Al+A2)(Z+Dl-D2) = ~2g - ~lg -

(6)

c.

Control Points Flow may be either subcritical or supercritical.

Subcritical Flow
D2 =

D2n

2.

Supercritical Flow It is necessary to determine if a hydraulic jump will occur at the junction. The depth at the downstream end of the junction (Point 2) is set at critical depth, and the momentums calculated to determine if the incoming flows can maintain supercritical flow. a. M2c<Mln+M2COSQ+%(A1+A2)Ay

Dl

Din

b.

M2c>Mln+M3Cos@+%(Al+A2)AY Hydraulic jump will occur

Where the expanded structure is longer than the junction, it may be necessary to compute a drawdown water surface profile to determine the water depth and area at the point where the lateral enters the structure. Transition losses are negligible and can be ignored.

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HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

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JUNCTIONS

c.

Control Points (Continued)

After determination of the change through the junction, backwater or drawdown calculations will have to be made to determine the water surface profile. D. Derivation of Formula 1. Rectangular Section Derivation of Equation (4) by D. Thompson; Rectangular channel with expansion, friction ignored.

PLAN
NO SCALE

PROFILE
NO SCALE

Q2V2-QIV1-QsVsCosO PI+Pw+PI-P2 =
Pl =

%(b1D12> = 3/s(blD12)

pW

= '/6(D12+D1D2+D22)(b2-bl)
=

pW

%j(b2Dl '+b2D1D2tb2D22-blD1D2-blD22-blD12) l/&blDl

pi
p2

=
=

%(b2D2!) = 3/6(b2D22>

CP = 3/6(blD12) t1&J2blDltblD2+b2D1+2b2D2)Z + '/c(bzDl 2tb2D1D2tb2D22-blD12-blDiD2'blD22) - 3/6(b2D22)

10 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

D.

Derivation of Formula AY = Z+Dl-D2 Average Area = 1{6<2blDl+blD2+b2D1+2b2D2) Ay(Average Area) = '/6(2blDl+blD2+b2D1+2b2D2)Z

l/&blDl

2tb2D1D2-blD22-2b2D22) 2-blD1D2tb2D1

CP = P1tPwtPI-P2 BY INSPECTION:A~(AVERAGE AREA) = CP = c MOMENTUMS Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = Q2V2-QIV1-Q$&CosO

Circular Section Derivation of Equation (4) by D. Thompson. Circular conduit with expansion, friction ignored.

WATER

SURFACE

PROFILE
NO SCALE NO SCALE

X-

PltPwtPI-P2 =
Pl = A&

g pW =

A,?,

SHADED AREA= Aw VERTICAL PROJECTION OF WALLS.

11 -

hYDRAUL'IC

ANALYSIS

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JUNCTIONS

Il.

Derivation of Formula (Continued) P2 =

Pi = 0

Aw = A~+%(T~+T&Y-A~ 5, =

5, =

Al71 - %AY A&(Tl+T&y-A1 A2(~2+Ay)+'/3Ay2(~T1+T2)-Al~l Fw = A&(Tl+T&y-A1 Pw = A& = A2(Y2+Ay)-A1Y1+'/3Ay2(~TltT2) - %AY

%AY p&(Tl+T&y-Al] Pw = A2~2-A1~1+~(A1+A2)Ay(1/126y2)(T2-Tl) 1/12Ay2(T2-T1) will be small and can be omitted. CP = P1tPw-Pp = Al~l+A2~2-Al~l+~(A1+A2)Ay-A2~2 CP = %(Al+Ap)Ay = Ay(Average Area) = C Momentums
Q~V~-Q~V~-Q~V~COS~

Ay(AVERAGE AREA) =
E.

(4)

Outline of Examples 1. Rectangular Section - Subcritical Flow Case A: Determine 2 so that D1 = Din

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HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

E.

Outline of Examples (Continued) Case'B: 2. Determine D1 when Z = 0

P.vtangular Section - Supercritical Flow _ _-Case C: Determine Z when I>1= Din so that a hydraulic jump cannot form. M2 2 Mln+M3Coso+%(A1+A2)Ay
M2 = M2C

M2

M2n

Case D:

Determine D1 when Z = 0 and D2 = D2c M2c>Mln+M3CosB+%(A1+A2)Ay

Case E:

Determine D2 when Z = 0 and D1 = Din M2c<Mln+M3Cose+%(A1+A2)Ay

3.

Circular Section - Subcritical Flow Case F: Case G: Determine D1 when Z = d2-dl = 0.5' Determine Z so that D1 = 3,'bdl and D2 = 3/4d2

4.

Circular Section - Supercritical Flow Case H: Determine D1 when Z = d2-dl = 0.5' and D2 = DzC

Case I:

Determine Z so that a hydraulic jump cannot form.

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HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

E.

Outline of Examples (Continued)

Mln+MaCosO+s(A1+A2)Ay
M2 = M2C

M2

M2n

Case J:

Determine D2 when D1 = Din and Z = 0.75'

F.

Examples 1. Rectangular Section - Subcritical Flow Case A: When flow is subcritical both upstream and downstream, D2 = D2n; SET D1 = Din and solve for value of Z required to maintain normal flow.

PLAN
NO SCALE

PROFILE
NO SCALE

GIVEN: Q1 = 11,015
bl Sl =

cfs

Q2 = 11,450 cfs b2 = 38.67 ft.

Q3 = 435 cfs d3 = 93 .in.

~38.67 ft. 0.0022

0.0020

47 sq.ft.

Din= 14.1 ft. Aln= 545 sq.ft.

Dzn" 15.0 ft. A2n= 582 sq.ft.

8 n

= 3o" = 0.014

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HYDRAULIC

ANAL,YSI3

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) FORMULA AND SOLUTION: CP = CM Q32Cos0 Ql 2 Q2 2 s(A1tA2)(Z+D1-D2) = - A2g Alg A3g %(545+582)(ztl4.1-15.0) = g;",+;; _ (l&:5;;

_ (435)2(.866) 7(32 . 2)

563.5(Z-0.9)
Z =
0.9

= 6ggo-6940.108

&.
ft.

Z = 0.80 AY

= ZtD1-D2 = 0.80+14.1-15.0
=

-0.10

ft.

Case B;

When Z is limited or is set a certain value; D2 = D2n, DETERMINE D1 when Z = 0.

PROFILE
NO SCALE

15 -

HYDRAUL.IC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) GIVEN: Q1 = 11,015 CfS

0.0022 Din= 14.1 ft.

Q2 = 11,450 cfs b2 = 38.67 ft. = 0.0020 s2 D2n= 15.0 ft. A2n= 582 sq.ft.

Q3 = 435 cfs d3 = 93 in.

o n

47 sq.ft. = 30'

= 0.014

FORMULA: CP = CM Q2 %(A1+A2)(Z+D1-D2) = & Q32Cose Q12 - Alg A3g

%(A1t582)(ZtD1-15.0) = 6ggo - 3,775,000 - 108

%(A1+582)(Dl-15.0) = 6882 - 3y7~~'ooo SOLUTION:

Al 620 639 648 657

ZP 601 918 1075 1240

CM 790 970 1050 1140

16.0 16.5 16.75 17.0

DI

16.5 -

PLOT D1 VERSUS CP and EM: EP & CM 16.7 ft. Dl .5.0 = 1.7 ft. AY = ZtD1-D2 = 0+16.7-l
=

To complete the computation, determine water surface profile from Dl = 16.7 ft. to Din = 14.1 ft. 2. Rectangular Section - Supercritical Flow Case C: Supercritical flow upstream and downstream; solve for value of Z so that a hydraulic jump

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HYDRA.ULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) cannot occur at the junction. MAXIMUM D2 = D2C. SET D1 = Din,

PLAN
N-SCALE NO SCALE

GIVEN:

11,015 cfs bl = 38.67 ft.

Q2 = 11,450 cfs b2 = 38.67

Q3 = 435 cfs d3 = 93 in.

ft.

0.00357

0.00357

47

sq.ft.

Din= 11.90 ft.

D2C= 13.98 ft.

o n

= 30' = 0.014

Aln= 460 sq.ft.

ARC= 540 sq.ft. Dm= 12.22 ft.

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Mln+M3Cose+%(A In+A2c)(Z*Dln-D2c)
= ~;;;;w;;+~: 866) 2)

ggg

((32

+%(46o+54o)(z+ngo-13.98)
7540 2 8210+108+(5OO)(Z-2.08)

-778 2 (5OO)(Z-2.08) Z 2 0.52 ft. ALTERNATE- SOLUTION: Am

CONSIDER D2 = D2n = 12.22 ft.

= 473

sq.ft.

= M1n+M3Cose+~(AAn+A2n)(Z+Dln-D2n)

17

HYDRAUL.IC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) 8620 = 82lo+lo8+466z-149

ft.

= o.g7tll.go-12.22 = 0.65 ft. AY = ZtDln-D2n Case D: Conditions are identical to those for Case C, except that Z = 0; DETERMINE D1 and D2.

PROFILE
NO SCALE

NOTE: CONJ.=CONJUGATE

DETERMINE POINT OF CONTROL:

7540

M~ntM~Coso+~(A~ntA2~)(ZtDl-D2)

82lotlo8+5oo(-2.08) = 7278
M2C is larger (7540~7278) A HYDRAULIC JUMP WILL FORM UPSTREAM OF THE JUNCTION.
D2 = D2c =

13.98

ft.; DETERMINE D1.

FORMULA: CP = cM Q2
2 2

Q32CosO

k(A1tA2)(Z+D1-D2) = ~2e; - k

1 3

- -- n3g

18 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) g(A,t540)(O+D1-13.98) = 7540 - v SOLUTION:

- 108

CP 1171 1482 1808

ZM 1330 1520 1690

16.0 16.5 17.0

619 2;;

PLOT D1 VERSUS CP and CM:

= 16.7 ft.

AY = ZtD1-D2 = ot16.7-13.98 = 2.72 ft. Din = 11.90 ft., D2n = 12.22 ft. %(Dln)2+ DIConj. s-+Dln+ IT= 15.55 ft.

DETERMINE WATER SURFACE PROFILE FOR: (a) Dl(l6.7 ft.) TO D1Conj.(l5.55 fta) (b) Dzc(13.98 ft.) TO D2n (12.22 ft.)

Case E:

Supercritical flow upstream and downstream, z=o.

PROFILE
NO SCALE

19 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued)
GIVEN: Q1 = 11,015 cfs bl = 38.67 ft.
Sl =

Q2 = 11,450 cfs b2 = 38.67 ft.

Q3 = 435 cfs d3 = 93 in.

0.00582
387 sq.ft.

0.00582

47 sq.ft.

Din= 10.0 ft.

D2c= 13.98 ft. A2 = 540 sq.ft. D2n= 10.25 ft.

o n

= 30' = 0.014

DETERMINE POINT OF CONTROL:

7540

Mln+M3CosO+%(AIn+A2c)(Z+Dln-D2c) = 977O+lO8-1840
= 8038 Mzc is the lower value;
Dl =

Din = 10.0 ft.; DETERMINE D2.

FORMULA: Q22 %(A1+A2)(Z+D1-D2) = ---_

QI 2
Alg

Q32Cos~
A3g

(193+$A2)(10.0-D2) = ,v SOLUTION:
D2 A2

- 9880

CP
-198

10.5 11.0

406

11.5
ILCYI 1j3 VI*:f{:;IJ:;

425 445

-406 -624

I: 1 ;1r1(1 tM : EP ti XM

II

11.25 ft.

AY = Z+D1-D2 = O+lO.O-11.25 = 1.25 ft.

- 20 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) DETERMINE WATER SURFACE PROFILE FROM Dz(11.25 ft.) to Dzn(10.25 ft.).
3.

Circular Section - Subcritical Flow

Flow is subcritical upstream and downstream, Z = 0.5 ft., D2 = D2n; DETERMINE Dl.

t NO SCALE

PROFILE
NO SCALE

GIVEN: Q1 = 200 cfs = 5.5 ft. dl Sl = 0.0044 Din= 3.99 ft.

Q2 = d2 = S2 = D2n= Azn=

250 cfs 6.0 ft. 0.0036 4.83 ft. 24.4 sq.ft.

Q3 - 50 cfs = 2.5 ft. d3 A3 = 4.91 sq.ft. 0 = 3o n = 0.013

FORMULA: CP = CM Q22 Q12 %(Al+A2)(Z+Dl-D2) = A2g - -Alg %(A,+24.4)(0.5+D1-4.83) =

Q32Cos0 A3g

(QA1+12.2)(D1-4.33) = 79.6 - y

- 13.7

- 21 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) SOLUTION:

CP 3.85 8.53 13.28

CM

4.91

4.5 4.7

4.9

20.85 21.7 22.2

PLOT D1 VERSUS CP and ZM: Dl = 4.71 ft.

AY = Z+D1-D2 = o.5+4.71-4.83 = 0.38 ft. Case G:

Determine required invert slopes and 2 value to maintain 3/4 depth of flow: dl
D2 d2 =

0.75

dd12
PROFILE
NO SCALE Q2 = 250 cfs Q3 GIVEN: Q1 r 200 cfs dl = 5,5 ft. d2 = 6.0 ft. d3 D2 = 4.50 ft. A3 D1 = 4.13 ft. Al = 19.1 sq.ft.A2 = 22.8 sq.ft.0 n

= = = = =

50 cfs 2.5 4.91 sq.'ft. 3o" 0.013

USING MANNINGS EQUATION, S1 = 0.00428, S2 = 0.00419.

- 22 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) FORMULA AND SOLUTION: CP = cM Q3Cos0 Ql 2 %(A1+A2)(Z+D1-D2) = A2g - Alg Q2 A3tT 2

4(1g.1+22.8)(2+4.13-4.50) = .w2

- :;""1;'
.

_ (5W2(.866> 4.9lEs

(21.0)(2-0.37) = 85.2-65.0-13.7 Z = 0.68 ft.

ZtDl-D2 = o.68+4.13-4.50 = 0.31 ft.

4.

Circular Section - Supercritical Flow Case H: Supercritical flow upstream and downstream Z = 0.5 ft.
7HYDRAULlC JUMP +--I

PROFILE
NO SCALE

GIVEN: Q1 = 200 cfs Q2 = dl .= 5.5 ft. d2 = = 0.0055 = Sl s2 D1,= 3.71 ft. D2C= A In= 17.1 sq.ft.~~~~ D2n=
23 -

250 cfs Q, 6.0 sq.ft. d3 0.0050 A3 4.33 ft. 0 21.8 sq.ft.n 4.17 ft.

= = = =

50 cfs 2.5 ft. 4.gi sq.ft. 30' 0.013

HYDRAUL.IC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) Qz2

mo>2
21.8g=

89.0

,(50)2(.866) 4.919

+~(17.1+21.8)(o.5+3.71-4.33) = 84.1

MzC is larger (89B84.1) A HYDRAULIC JUMP WILL FORM UPSTREAM OF THE JUNCTION.
D2 =

DZC, DETERMINE D1.

FORMULA: CP = cM

%(A1+A2)(Z+D,yD2) =
k&+lo.9)(Dp3.83)

Q2 & - Q12
Alg

Qs2Cose
A3g

= 75.3

- At

1242

SOLUTION:
D1 Al

CP 8.7 14.3 20.0

XM

4.25 4.50 4.75

19.7 20.8
21.8

PLOT D1 VERSUS CP and CM:

= 4.65 ft.

CP & CM

AY = ZtD1-DZC = o.5+4.65-4.33 = 0.82 ft.

- 24

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) Case I: Solve for the value of Z so that a hydraulic jurhpcannot occur. D1 = Din, Maximum D2 = D2c.

PROFILE
NO SCALE

GIVEN: Conditions are identical to those for except that Z is unknown. FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Case

M2c 2 Mln+M3CosB+%(Aln+A2c)(Z+Dln-D2c)
Q2 -= 2 < Q1 2 Q32C~~0

++.(Aln+A2c)(Z+D1nWD2c)
As@;

Azcg
89.0

-+ Alng

2 72.7+13.7+~(17.1+21.8)(2+3.71-4,331
CONSIDER D2 = D2n = 4.17 ft.3

z 2 0.75 ft.
ALTERNATE SOLUTION:

Azn = 21.0 sq.ft. Mzn = MlntM3Cose+%(Aln+A2n)(ZtDln-D2n)

= 72.7+13.7+1g.oz-8.8

= 0.78 ft.

= hY = ZtDln-D2n = o,78+3.71-4.17 0.32 ft.

25 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) Case J: Supercritical flow upstream and downstream; Z = 0.75 ft.

PROFILE

NO SCALE

NO SCALE

GIVEN: Q1 = 200 cfs dl = 5.5 ft.

Q2 = 250 cfs d2 = 6.0 ft. s2 = 0.0050

Q3 = 50 cfs d3 = 2.5 ft. A3 = 4.91 sq.ft. = 30' = 0.013

0.0065

Din= 3.50 ft. D2C= 4.33 ft. 8 AIn= 15.95 sq.ft. ~~~~ 21.8 sq.ft. n
D2n= 4.17 ft.

DETERMINE POINT OF CONTROL:

89.0

=m+
=
go.2

(200)2

(5012L866)

4.91g

t~(15.95+;1.8)(0.75+3.50-4.33)

~~~ is smaller (89<90.2)

= Din, DETERMINE D2.

- 26 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSJS

OF

JUNCTIONS

F.

Examples (Continued) FORMULA: CP = CM Q32Cos0 Q2 2 Q12 A3g ti!A1+AdZ+D1-D2) = A2g - Alg -

(8.0+%A2)(4.25-D2) = ,,qC SOLUTION:

91.7

CP 4.50 0.00

CM
4.50

4.00

21.8

20.0 21.4

-1.30

5.3 -1.0
-2.7
02 4.00 4.25

PLOT D2 VERSUS CP and 1M:

4.12

ft.

XP 8 XM

AY

= ZtD1-D2 = 0.75+3.50-4.12 = 0.13 ft.

IV A. Criteria for Junction

PRESSURE FLOW

A junction structure. as generally constructed includes a junction plus transition structures on either side. The loss across the structure will include transition losses as well as the junction loss. The hydraulic grade for the lateral is the same as for the main line where the lateral joins the upstream end of the main line (Point 0). The transition losses are very minor and the junction structure losses may be evaluated by using the physical properties at the ends of the junction structure.

- 27 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

A.

Criteria for Junction (Continued)

NO SCALE NO SCALE

Trl and Tr2 are transition sections either side of junction. B. General Conditions Junction Loss Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = Q2V2'-Q1V+Q3V3CosB

Q2V2'-Q1V+Q&'Cose Ayj = %g(Al+A2') + %Lj(sfl'+sf2')'

hcl = Ay+hvl'-hv2'
Transition Loss (Enlargers) Based on tests by Gibson (Standards of the Hydraulic Institute-).
K(VpV2)2

htr = K3.50

2g (TAN 9/2)"22

28

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

B.

General Conditions (Continued) For (p1 11O30' Tan 4/z = 0.100 K&

0.211
= &2J+ Z 0.0032 for $ h 11'30'

htrl = 0.0032

(v1-v1')2+~(Sfl+Sfl')L1

htr2 = 0.0032 (v,'-v2)2+%(Sf2+Sf2'n.J2 Junction Structure Loss hSTRUCT = hj+htrl+htr2 = Aythvl*-hv2'+htrlthtr2 Since h,, values are small, the transitions can be
u.L-

ignored. Use all values at dl and d2.

Ay = hSTRUCT

%(Al+A2)g = AythVl-hV2

+ %(Sf l+Sf2

IL

To determine lateral hydraulic grade H.G. Lateral = H.G.(l)thvl-hv+(Sfi')L1

c.

Derivation of Formula 1. Rectangular Section Derivation of Equation (4), by D. Thompson. Rectangular Box with expansion, friction ignored.

29 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

c.

Derivation of Formula (Continued)

P1-P2+PI-Ps+Pw = M2-Ml-M3Cos8 X+d2 = dl+Z AY+D~ = D1tZ

X = Z+dl-d2 AY = ZtDl-D2

bldl(Dl-%dl)

P2 - b2d2(D2-%d2) pi = '/6Z[b1D1+11(%)(bltb2)(%)(DItD2)tb2D2] ps =
/6x [bl(

D 1-d~W+(%)(b~tb2)(%)(Dl-dltD~-d~)

tbz(Dz-dz)] pw = '/6()i)(b2-b1)[%(D1tD~-d&t4(%)(dltd2)(%) ~$(2D1-d+4(2D2-d2$ CP = Ay(Average Area) CP = P1-P2tPi-PstP, Pl = bldlDl-%(bld12) = '/6(6bldlD1-3bld12) t%(D2tD2-d2)d2]2

- 30 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

U N c

T I

0 N Y

c.

Derivation

of
p2 =

Formula

(Continued) = 1,6(6b2d2D2-3b2c$L)

b2d2D2-%(b2dz2) l&Z(bl /gZ(2bl

pi

= -

D+blDl+blD2+bzDl+b2D2+b2D2) D 1 +blD2+b2D1+2b2D2) D 1 -bldl+blDl-bldl+blD2-bld3

? r

S =

1/6(Z+dl-d2)(bl

+b2Dl-b2dl+b2Dz-b2d2+b2D2-b2dz) = 1/&+dl-d2)( +2b2D2-2b2d2) = &(2blDl Z-2bldlZ+blD2Z-bld2Z+b2DlZ-bzdlZ 2b 1 D 1 -2bidl+blD2-bld2+b2Dl-bzdl

+2b2D2Z-2b2d2Zt2bldlDl-2b~d~2+b~d~D~-bld~d~ tb2dlDl-b2d12+2b2dlD2-2b2dld2-2bld2D1+2bldldz -b ld2D2+b = ldp 2-b2Dld2tb2dld2-2b2d2D2+2b2d22)

/6(2blD1Z-2bldlZ+blD2Z-b~d2Z+b2D~Z-b2dlZ t2b2D2Z-2b2d2Z+2bldlD12bld12+bldlD2+bld& tb2dlDl-b2d12+2b2dlD2-b~dld22bld2Dlbld~D~ tbld22-b2Dld2-2b2d2D2+2b2d22)

pVi

1/6(b2-bl)(Dldl-S

d l2 tdlDl-%d12+dlD2-%dld2

td2Dl-%dld2+d2D2-%d22tD2d&d22)
=

/6(b2-b1)(2dlDl-d12+dlD2-d~d~td2D1+2d~D~-d~2

- 31 -

HYDRAUL.IC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

C.

Derivation of Formula (Continued) = %j(2b2dl D 1-b2d12+b2dlD2-b2dld2+b2d2D12+b2d2D2

CP = %,(6bp.hD1-3bldl 2-6b2d2D2+3b2d22+2blD1Z +blD2Z+b2D1Z+2b2D2Z-2blD1Z'blD2Z-b2Dli'2b2D2Z

CP = %(2bl d 1D 1-2bldlD2-2b2d2D2tb2dlDl-b2dlD2

+2b2d2Z) Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = (ZtL+D#hj[bldl +4(~)(bltb2)~(dl+d2)t~2d2 I

/&A

tbldltbld2tb2dltb2di

tb2d2)(ZtD1-D2) = 1/6(2bldltbld2 +b2d1t2b2d2)(Z +Dl-D2)

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

c.

Derivation of Formula (Continued) Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = '/6(2bldlD1-2bldlD2-2b2d2D2

-b2dlD2+2bldlZ+bld2Z+b2dlZ +2b2d2Z) CP = Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = cM = M2-Ml-M3Cos0

2.

Circular Section Derivation of Equation (4), by D. Thompson. Circular conduit with expansion, friction ignored.
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT

PROFILE
NO SCALE VERTICAL NO SCALE PROJECTION OF Al AND A2

Q2V2-QlV1-Q3V3COS0

P1+Pw+PI-P2 =
Pl =

g Ali% = n/4d12(D1-%dl) = n/&2Dld12-d13)

p2

n/,+d22(D2-%d2) r/8(2D2dz2-dz3) =

Pi = 0

AW

= VERTICAL PROJECTION OF WALL = A2-A1

33

HYDRAUL.IC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

c.

Derivation of Formula (Continued) C.G. OF TRANSIcl = .TION of VERTICAL PROJECTIONOF H.G. PLUS AVERAGE DISTANCE ABOVE TRANSITION SOFFIT. Aw = &(dz2-d12) n/4(d22)(%d+h,(d12)(kdl) C.G. FROM SOFFIT = n/4(d22-d12)

d23-d13 Yw = 2(d22-d12) + %(Dl-dl)+%(Dz-d2)

D1+D2-dl-d2 = n/,,(d22-d12) t 2 CP = P1tPw-P2

>

d8(2Dldl

2-d13td23-d13tDld22tD2d22-D~d~2-D2d~2

AY =

(Dl-d+(D2-d2);

AVERAGE AREA = %(AltA2) = n/e(d12tdz2) Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = r/8(D~d12-D2d12-d13+d2d12+Dld22

BY INSPECTION:Ay(AVERAGE AREA) = CP = c MOMENTUMS

- 34 -

HYDRA

U LI

ANALYSIS ----

OF

JUNCTIONS

C.

Derivation of Formula (Continued)

by(AVERAGE AREA) = Qz2

g Q12 Q32CosO
A3e;

(4)

=Ase;--Ale-

1).

Example:

Circular Section Determine hydraulic and energy gradient across junction and across structure. Tfl ;lUNCTlO~ Tr2,

II
I
R

I
I A

nYu--+
A
I

+kYP=kr I \100.00 , ELEV.

PLAN
NO SCALE

PROFILE
NO SCALE 2

Pipe 1
cl,=4.5(54)
Q1=223

Pipe

Pipe 3
d3=3.5(42) 0=45O

d2=5.5(66)

cfs sq.ft.

Q2=380 cfs ~~=23.8 sq.ft. v2=1G.o fps hv2=3.g8 ft. sf2=o.0128

Q3=157 cfs ~3~3.6 sq.ft. ~3~16.4

n=0.013 L=8.8 ft. L1=2.6 ft. L3=4.7 ft. L,2=1.5 ft.

Al-l&9

v,=14.0 fps hvl=3.04 ft. sfl=o.o128

hv3=4.17 ft. sf3=o.0246

'=18.og sq.ft. '=12.3 fps

A2'=22.1 sq.ft.
v2

=17.3

fps

l'v *=2.35 ft. 1 Sfl '=0.0092

hV2'=4.62 ft. Sfn '=o.0156

35

HYDRAUL.IC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

D.

Example: 1.

Circular Section (Continued)

Transition Losses Considered Q2V2'-QIV1'-Q3V3Cos0 L\yj(AVERAGEAREA) = g

AYj = 380(17.3)-223(12.3)-157(16.'+)(.707) %(18.1+22.1)32.2 tWmog2to.ol56) *Yj = 3.1584' hj = *yj+bl

"Yj =

-hv2

3.158t2.35~4.62 = 0.888'

htrl = 0.0032(v1-v1')2+%(sf1+sfl')L~ = o.oo32(14.0-12.3)2t%(o.0128+o.oogz)(2.6) = 0.0378 ntr2 = 0.0032(V21-v2)2+%(Sf2+sf2')L2

o.oo32(17.3-16.0)2t%(o.0128+o.olfj6)(1.5)

= 0.0267 Computing Hydraulic and Energy Grade H.G. E.G. Assume H.G. at Pipe 2 = 100.00 100.000 = loo.oot3.g8o 103.980 E.G. AT d2': E.G. = lo3.g8o+o.o267 H.G. = 104.007-4.620 AT dl': H.G. = gg.387t3.158 E.G. = 102.545t2.350
AT

104.007 99.387 102.545 104..8g5 104.933 101.893

dl : E.G. = lo4.8g5to.0378 H.G. = 104.933-3.c40 - 36 -

HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS

OF

JUNCTIONS

D.

Example: 2.

Circular Section (Continued)

Transition Losses Ignored Using dl and d2

%Ul+Adg

++dsfl+sf2)L

Ay

380(16.0)-223(14.0)-157(16.4)0.707 %(15.9+23.8)32.2 t%(o.ol28to.ol28)(8.8)

Ay

= :

AT d2 AT dl

+8.8(o.o128) = 1.8930 H.G. 100.000 H.G. = 100.00 E.G. = loo.oot3.g8o

1138

E.G.

103.980
104.933

H.G. = loo.ootl.8g3 E.G. = lol.893+3.o4o

101.893

Difference: AT dl':

104.933-104.933 = 0.000'

Lateral H.G. = H.G.(l)+hv,l-hv+Sfl'Ll Lateral H.G. = 1o1.8g3+3.o4o-2.350-0.024 = 102.559 Difference: 102.559-102.545 = 0.014'

Values from Methods 1 and 2 are approximately equal. Method 2 using the average end areas should be used in determining the junction loss. The transition losses are small enough to be ignored.

- 37 -