2° goss of Signa oo ggkoe Signal: Arythigg that carries information i9 called signal > A Signe! iS a deperdent yarioble con) function of one o move independent variable % Types of signals : © Goinuos lime signale ; when the Signal values av continuous and voted at each instant of Lime «(¢7¢A) cr gpeech signals , video signals image ggro'd- conkinuovs time Signals represented by c> tke VCE) @ oiscatke hime sypals: when the signal volues are conkiouas and are noted ot giseacte time forced pwercle signet represented by [J like WC) © pigita’ signal; piscecel in time but amplitudes ose quantised. - Jo geaaret * Noles al) Continous Hag uf) > discreet Advanloges of discacte lime ginal > af we store the some dato for all Samples chonnel band width 19 not effecienlly used te ovotd we store the data were amplituces | ae changed =z ssl = ddf= is of - oO f0n)= fe! a oy Stee inc 19 discontineys ate - ow neo nto f 4 ocar lise De ea eo iS then ymullipied we get belo 2% othenase thar al xlto) SC to} wtt-2)et vo teat SCE EZ) =, cos dtt LT ~Adlp ~ bgt=o D gh gCt9> 2SCEV w+ Sampling (or ahiFting pacperly Lele by advonce4) (od WODNCE-toddt = ie nto? hehe 4 other ah « b frce dle torat ty = Cfo) Jew to).dt = Clo) ele : ; frcp seer dts 100 soa gts) | -® Gime geolieg ee ixtal Compreagio? dab - +6 (a! expangnn yng t pros tek alo wok a-dl =d¥ Die et) = 90) dt-dvja 90 ue) fake , Jaco. at 1 Mer gow aU.) -o to et7: 0 : Jaco = fden-dh 21 Jace “e -0 Oo lel, &) 1 fct) for only posite values for a» G0 gent} a fur ts Jeers) -dle-pot 2 tecoott [y., ° eco s tol HO + fac d@-Hdk * yD, r2 2y(r3) = ICD 8 ————— VM AAT 2 D J cootuct-3 gip-dk = cost UUED [p25 oO u(-3) =0 » . wed f bad | rite o beD -R 0 o - ef SALE DE & [decew * -O “~ : “| pit deve wn “2 +4 i Pg (eve -D PO os ' © Jest) { Cearat + 6 =. fy=3. cloesn't crigt in the bmiks 4| athe uieeeemicamemaael & OF furrdesre 2 Pas Dv 0 D nit som signa’ : wt) | bk £20 o «(tee afr) = f n n20 fo neo ©) Signy — function: Syoll) = i -I ggoind = at a % [el*dotuet - mo 2 34de lt a fel scent o > set? ot bed z 1.0024 2 E uP Mn 2 5 3 3 4 al? {1 o—}-—4 —"' J 9 Osi f foFE spite = 5 Reclonguir signe! : A el(H L | ee yeckc) | Relation between” uct? aU? ole: +) = | t a sd val at ab 3 t6 — 5 ult) 7 — SJ ae : j + 0 & ee otto Fnaatrcctl. «wapalreo.| : | dt salt) - fateoe 3 ucsind) ul = ) Lo. Ep. ba? ucsint? ucsin) : = 1 gint20 = eee, j; gntzo ipl aye : aeclorpolas ware only hoe positive ampiitecte 2 GnCsinb) grt) = ft boo ip eee t Sgn (sit) = ji gino m4 oS Kf -1 ginkeo area El a Le, Lu 2 db) = [? 136 B: -FERO Ses [taoin oP impulses) A gn o Smt0 sink = 0 $2507rp) g20 l e 1. tee> i ( und < do) KD = dfn) ag {n-0- ' 1 aa ° 1 (e422 7 WCB wn web) fate eae trek be-2 tec t-0 bast tedide= 9 wed ny wa) 2 vay ecer) apres 2 t:2 ekbst 2 be? HCl feus 2 >? beg burr 2 t6 no oy (ta? baie -3°St bs fie 2 atel oO ar 0 focrerar 34 - t p jacrvrar - a -aa) 4 Cat+P) MTe2 Scaling 2 wei ghhling @ mach? 4 xcat? ach? ghilng Pa 9 704 ta) scaling 2 m (AC LAPD) acolo) rer ae”) ghet =a 4 1) net) wT (3 Ct4? 2 a ate MAF a) ‘ gnc | rn gteck 5 | eo -) toa t nar? =) arate) h = at nat 142) reAa \ A 16-4) HeT-2 15 ) WEE? ued) x0 f arim va 2 ; o | e / LO i \ oO yetrad yl", (2 ofof < pfatearutnd) Pee | 1 LL ty ff * eee “ih | : jill. | ‘ if ee ; ry | i A i of? ) opa aa 922) nw about)cca ti Ae 7 0 yn) Ww aoty ' i nD etd Lf Na iw (ul? 9 v7 neu? vi nC-EP? p 97@l? 8) aad 2 th)a saificalian of signals: 1) Enemy % power signals Energy signals : we! ago! A Gina 19 Satd to ek P il ie the velue lie between we eee) g energy *9 Bite p-0 c- eS iatng® 2 bet [ rot dt 5 770. pbone-N pave 9igog! A Gignal 19 Soid to be poor signal cohen power 15 finite. miata P- «J incet* dt TF s E22 Nu pc et oahin E20 Cage : of any gignal aS tao @ Amp-20C finitearp) these —gignals a7¢ called energy signals: Exe Ob Gace : = Ampsd e e t70eo tt Jl Facer | df Ta -7 | we [ewe 0 # too) a -|e-€ 6 6 -Cgre alealate t= (2 culo le? (FI not an encgy signa! 4 | neither enengy rot poe? gignl i Cuene) a cages: iP 0 aigonl, -Favird Conglen! amelie (7 infinite curation the” bet called | power “97g nal | ytthz A Ro . | \ a Le: 3 2 Pr ast j(4l dtyuck) = Anal “A pak, = te | pe ens og ‘fol WOULD! — Power —ofBira energy signal ig “ero T © enemy of “oo signa) 39. infi ‘Ce] Agee wo, efpr-e ‘ All periodic signal ane power Signals - P oo vty lt £3 1 tees sna tao t A ou AA ( somo st} a0 Ht R es cae) “SGP 4 of “q90 Tet i Alot €) Average pave? - (eet |? Jewel . Wot Cosapl 1) Gin Cot ele: r 2 LComple? sinasoid) mo ea= + tare no 1-0 2 Compe expen ential @ Sor el gt Cr 4 f Oot? no . e- e° J Coot 5 Sot on : el oun oe © _ pens @ alt? ° Ae? ot ; ae oo p-_tt oe tacit dt © Es @-0)+! cgo. et a 2 fkemeleet zs ae f- ier J £° pao 8 4 € ya 2 Ir = the # f{(ecsect+i neat} ol tad at -T poset: etaaes eat ¢ i - ee fat. we ait eA re az Tao AT rile &nglh % finite N19. gignal? having are. Cage i A signal Amplieoe — dh0ge Ggnag aliedbet Amp fey wed” energy pot pour 1 Sana! 9) 100: tu) D: 4 too | Amp 90 4 yk ig every signe! uy) UG) + ehee yed 2 pout Signa! eta 9 enrgd signa! power signal + eneyy Signe! = potecnsene! a a : Be ie. Ee peP 4 PScneigy efor Put. 0 J ucn) 7 um sy ol ee oe cayh hist | Fe | | 0 guy « $F? ye? fuera a) ylt) = [eer gue a ; | i t ‘let YO = nthe) 0 + i 3 > 2 a a: £2 SG {uae wale 286) bao 2 ut cy eee ebs a g rhe arule) . dd) 4 ars Un poon gra ho O Bap aon gly 7 BI APTI g = dugn) Px yp nae NEN me Abate ded 9 w= ar" {afte) = EU 2s CR? gignn! at) 2-0 2 ccd Signa lt? = Yet) +0? 7? net = Hel - Hett? 7 © es hs. le 4 CO = ate? neo > men ancl 2 acer = HOD IEP 2 0 ect) Z act? a L eet TH et me 4 1) _— 4 ae? = nce eae? os + 2 wo < phy pa. 16." S cr tS 160 act) ofl * nene?nding Br? agpetch tee 600" an = odd part alas ah aU: 08d mtr raee 0h, 4S oe (a discrete) peptrd= ends neal nos tr= Hd 2EM : xen a oy ne £47 5% 33 fe neo ned = £3, 4 pene Brod Ys 0) of geiorgd o «0@ «Cn - {23-89 Even 4 del conjugal? = ME. Even aonjug ok acnd nO = catond odd conjugal Heel - oubnde 1860) ake, cagA Ice 2 he g Wd = fit Zr add ao = fab -* sg ake) = toed - F Heccnd = % oucras XEN? = -f = ~ fad, 2,09 ed Z on pert sag 2 Ee al sits a ee ora ee Hoel = abe - teran wird -[-6-S6, a8 9 Final EE en anti aymmetnc part gunmetie poo and - Lee, Ne a wind 2 fe 85, < J @ Find the rabies of fn,2-- © of the wwli0d in Bkp® ri ‘ait the resultant 8a! number thep Pr Signal; 9m! 19 pericdic Sygnals.6 @ G 9 LOM of pode | chonominalo# Ww G2 lb tMt ek 1? gin somes Cool worl G2 Fa te? cr 8 q . ae vie Lenka c P. fa 7 qe 3% 70 U rag ot G28 aged : jut ye? et e ert G = ones 26 bee W a. 2b ep 12 2 — G28 7 4E # & Wp ginet)* (05 (go 36 gino wo (Z amp) ae a * iat ae Xo iy \ cs wD } | )) 5) Cog wt aginlane Canig 19 aperiodic] 6) 4). joie? : jue e = C09 4 $gin nt : | eg jE se gitiots ed okt a) - @ | - pee Wp =\0 | els (om jon am = | k ee (ry ak & “ ee a j * ‘ mp. -¢ a4 ait ® ' Bc -Jab 2 .e 2 soit s periodic = aperiodic | x produc! of aperiodic & periodic must be aperiodic ogra) | 9g) gin Cam tale? | qo a9 aperiodic | q) lO = even § Cog. ant Ulery £ cosamt ole) 4 Te ah ad Sieo) ve sy + gosin wot + 100093001 4 6 gintgooltT ) Bed ee j Breguoney 7 1 2 ane nee eS god ay ee a 500 AGO 3 sq 180 gy ee uP ip - qZ° ¥ « 7 % qe Ct) = 8 coaamt ce? + cog ant Ue? oe a coos nice ace) : oe 2 1 c0gg0tli = : e099 a ogg EFA wv Gongicler the 390g) 0 09 (FE* tu) find the Aincmentol Hime period « qe ated 3° 29! Ty gaet T ot f me Ud — 3 '® oepe > Conliquons a and compe? gine period Por any value 1 ghere ag the equivalent auserete. 79 ie perion! af ae | 19 0 ational abe? (2) | 2» To mate yg paved e aigcrete i970? yr _no-of Bll YES in corbin 049 gigna! 19 epeat eo” ‘ and = ypntnd at = gin Lword) cnavde 0 Goon coon!) Z pained wa Sat 1” peor [#8 #) on 0 and = 09 (ag nd) ghe gyn! "9 4 periodwp aon) = 44/2 ! GH x i aC : fa oS ede i a ana Pp 7a anon) + ny Cn) + aint - Time periods ge aln- BY, vi - 3) +») catcalate the — individuad riod) aj Lion C Mn et - 2 tel Cindividea! time P.§ ln) = ey" [ewe 2) DY yin) = utr oer) ‘ nell iL i9 aperiodic T afd 2 uond+ ob-A- i Ne) \ aco « 2 tow fem ed) {yn} ( on p22) \ 14) ts ? ‘| Nie a. 1#) Coysal & non Causal 919'6 peting only on positive lime (nlenalg thos are called causa! § sgnas signals | yon causa 9900" woo | includes -¥* dime inkonae ceee? | ts _1i— a ak que! ule) oekine ony on negate dime | snkowa —ahese signate 7° ab alle anti couse) 59m 9) Rongom ate eleppnle 990°" fancem gignal’ a cannol be epreso ara thameticerlly » paitkm sgt one tase cnch an be PB? Gur nonge baie eo eBDelerninistic , gn": eoukd mathemolically ¢ delerminiotic Signals gon ve emp el medieraticol All can be pralict 1g, audio gjgnas ex: gpscch Signe2 Gysders yp of Adem: cantiqens tigne yoler 0g dime — aystems "9 nemedhich Continucns A Cenbinue! | gime — input gynoy oe taanlermeel inte — Conlinuws — | {ime oulpul Signals | | we | Le | pute Oxgcrele tine gyoten A pocele time one if ghia gysters ‘9 j into ascete cligercte lime put Gigne! ax fran wnee , bine cubut SYN ee | o nM {} ypno §fnindy Clason of Sate? treeor alors os ghoities (0 © hing? and Qo? # gpetem gael fo be linen prepentiee ail 4 adoles thot Hf onbater ot? probes? cuted! wect) prcavces cole JCP % ua) ghen beth die nad[ aching Get Lan Ching Semldoneeusy — the gysten proatces ye) WL nC 2 40 apee? 2 YC? yl) 230) 7 yc Be? ofr) 2 4,00] In) > y,[nI brs ahr) 2 yprd 1g vir ggoting they cautpud 60 f inpel 15 Geol censtort ¢ geared WY game unit yt? 7 yee? axl? cy? agin tt? yond ound 7 cgtn) AUCH ar P MN RR ng athe @ ycle art? 2 ante) 1B ECE? nce? 104 pe lt? yet) - 0% uct? 7 y= ant y(t? 2 p(t? = awl? a yces C&C? Canis ig. bnear) gtk? z@ at axct)4 6 ipa? 1 pact ge = dart oo an post uct? ~ md -? wy cee > ny 7 yyCt? = anced cts (E40 ge? ¢ AMO OBC? ghio 9 9" linear y(t? ay? 4m? gn (E085 t 4 py qneesst © 4b ceroast i yl? | wey YO * y(t) (0992 | @28@ ~ ast «, nnes® a yd 4 py? | yee? * | 8 » | : HO * ra core t ye= same? CCE , | yer 2 ann? eo goperceened yo 7 “50 CH? 1 goo ¢ geen wor linet @ wo: gli WEY? yO _(anos9m) cargos y= On wBce? ag. EY ay,co sug? «ane? CEU? apne med) yee) 4 ay, 9PR? 'f= won lineer © um) ain Yind- 9 J > av(n) +p mind oin ee fr) yon) - ytn) = anon yond = yer pag + dyna - tees yp + ayir4 pycn) won near gn Time spvariant 4 Lime variont we Quay me Yan Gime igvaniagt #0 if i 5% chenatenistto oo a a! spvoaiant em °9 lime wren regpect bt of the A os ce@nel — change gf the eHponk v5 yb) me 7 ae? &) y(t-to? H(t to? on (te input 19 epttor? ime get fo an input 2 “eres cutpel: Signo he to delay do delay ed of t ely vention cope jar sate| i pale? a key(t? ‘ : yco - Ut to) nvarrant y(t ao) y,(P # 8 (ime ce? HO | g yx? Wt pi’ per Ct to) (tbo? y(t? 4 yce? 50 9 time variant: 6 y@- enter ao ' 9Ce reg xct bola Cl? = grtt-lor® . yee? Ge? ap ig thme jnvanian - 6 gee? . uae) wilt? pare YpCt) = net? ag Hee venient 2 yge) a BP pn yl= { gts #22 o b40 yl > j a(t-to? £70 Qt He? 140 fb id dime vacant | 4,0 = 5 att) Wwe Sit gSwayne” prowuces #CO \ bce? input ' Consider OP baa | gyste inet! gt the ut put Oy the frien nt 2 YOene ho és d- at-1) ces) ye -yft-) $l) 4-0 i) 2 te : aon, xe +4 $t-2) 2 $00 Low apace? age dB Ggusol & pgn- covee! ne present cuped A gygiem 8 post values of input gut mot or prcsat input & flore vou th td couse ex;) yee) = eA) eCO » yer 2 7? ve 69 non cousal yey = #0? D y= ace?! al 19 couse’ ging 14 ye) = ging ce yor = 9108 YS cage o ycere ap sintd gato, : fe3ntt non cauoald ») 6 =, ' yin): gnlel yo = am _ oped yd. £08) kit ie eg non- Canal ren 8 D gap. og RS a5 caused nn where No 19 finite yp yo & WH k-nmno mM 1 yend> exe) 2. non CONete mn Yn), tne) 410 CriPhidne ceperl9 20 q ESATO erremmenmnmmcemnnciineeienf ® stale ¢ uns Ba : | 1 A syatem 16 lable Hox every bounded input there 6 op bounded! output [81827 Sn) obo “ es + ul O yee ety tt) 2uck? 7 yt? = gO ~av ' EK otable 8) acer > 1.c6) 9 Wot 2. 006 at % 4 t 1 j Gintet ax eo 2 fe Goble table Gouncled é a) y= fer ow foc 2 ge 7 0nstoee pe ungtobe gy Hers od olt?= eee df § nbounded output| cn) Gere awlnj- Anil ; finite , owed 9 Y= e > gable 19 Finke eo gp= i. \. daalable Ea yore Budiey -eF2 yer yle? -& Yor = 3 5) Gakic gye Dynami “A gyotem 18 atalic rf input ¢ catped ore at Som ‘stout tbo C49) ” f yO .o@ > jd glatic gyatemd me Qusal bab Mt Catéal me rot static. we yind= gbned) Ea) ollie D yond wn") yp 2 ~ pgnamie 0 gqnie og wen Saibe imvegtile oifFerent snput- leodg A gsten 19 clffrent oat pel Sitfen —ghoatd vot prechees at? 7, nce Tucan pe do different input Sor giver? Gome output aw? ee obscnedwoyre CED _ eee — aie Ha Ge g Avie) ven Gio hMernt imarts : : yea) su gives Some output yCe? - y(b-g) > Non ipvertabié §(e-9? eal, ) SEL invertoble Dyce). tater ged- go pon Invertosie aco: ! ® gt) -d ae at se 19 non invertobie Cony constant) =0 90 dt” i 4 o) ye) - faerer - spver dove aptem 6) yee? - 09 § x04 + yen inverdoite golem woe set caput = 3 ConePF : ws Syalen9 3 when i ‘ pen the input impluge dhen output 69 rmpulee glep dhen gutput 0 qeGponge and fopat 79 olep qegpon® - gre! a» Arytcon be fencceniel woing impige Fenctin pe bed an) ft ub te) Ly it a ced anwenn cygcnrd u + te a+. \ eo —{_} ycers OP re a | tt SO SE”? nee”? 9 ne acre? a 3 pee-ar fen see 87 : yl? a : t yet = ec er# he? 2 ct? 2 5 fren etear i e@ wae _ Conslution 19 0 mathematical bea! fin Combining {wo signals {0 piody(¢ onetied sigrad « (on? a we def : 1 j a, on oi dete is imothenatical operotion Wot 19 used ¢ expres “Hee reskin gw inpule oatpt on 11 oh ConscolivnSrophieo) Nether « Garey, “SA 2 nee. atl-9? e ult? t* Hep 1: — cotcutote tims of ct? Gum oP lower 4 & & Sum oP ump gents tims aicléo w& gett? eed glep 2: ta T : > : Nhe a ae -bY C1? 2@ wl? +, hers alt? or Fleding_ 4 gtep: 5 Multiplication a ye? ce 7 gue? Le — iG 0 a fe" \ dv 0 : ca ad | : $e |, | uD oe u et? | eet He pO YW H tt ‘ nce? 4 iE A a } ah 0Zbee gle . a ee? | at ae \ hee? | hy 9. tee t | | tl “te! ee | V 7 . oP ? ‘e ' - : gi: jrev i gee op(eam a4 ne e770 Hy \ \ 2a" a 0 bal eel) Le yer] 4 ya 6 ow a a7} : j . (DA t qa ian 07979 (nn ae go vaynjonuan anFcleat ay favor 0 2 Tr? on io 9) = ° i [ gt octet ¢ 7ebert @ nc? 67 4, t ‘ aaclea ner? nee? acy? base td 9 =f )i a 7 Sammars = ~ > = 4 re lesa a. we dace pee we - A yO 4 : )? 4 = i \ y) nt t ) *y } yo = : | | tL. hh sh - a 7 Oo T: r 2b?) ; ue) en (960 | {63 a. = iy E970 | $73 : i ! | pe 43 /, 4 oy : e 27 Wy gine | 4 aA “p “ae wd 2D - oe ¢ 9 © : ato fear {3 d “A “2~ NS eee a yw. f° eo qd getty tte $ ce ote | | | | | { Keegy bor Panpenties of contiouees lime Convolution . © Conmitalive erally: TE tates that respons of an 175 aetem 39 nol ef fecled even if the position of the input G impulse reapord of on LT9 gystem are interchanged uct? the? = pepe ree? 2 f fcr) hee-v787 a t-¥2A 7 ope te? ated - io fauce-ad how da ~ [nan nce-mda 0 -0 = Wtereace? | ® Oitybele srl +L glates thal ony mo-of bat gyatems Comets tn paralte! can av Ye Combined into a Siggle Syslen &hb eg eoual bo ith an impluse ve5p0n be — . o. individuag of all individuad —impluse — CShome* gum XO — |, nce thle? [ner 7 ’ a ct) thile? 47 ce7 tne) [ste Sp yee) Ht? | vi HEC ED 4 CEE ACO = oyte) ¥LInce rs tt) Proof ect) Luter aCe] ac . = fra tpn? Sb ‘ 7 1 : : a Fait? pite-tH a7 -& . 4 ‘ 2 J ucr ince tat Jace par -& | cei Wil tet hie? » Asgeciatin proras'd- stg alates fat any oP ee foocade =) genes ca” alt be combined into Suge gystem phase imple sg equal 0 Convolution of individuat jmpl9® qogponsed“cen? Cgcent 7 = 2 jo eo} 2fimc Ges oC) | 0 {cco hicar) hy CE- -2 eee: axes (need # Pron? aes 7 ; 9A y(t) | : (.. wert [nce ate) 2 ean Ee Prgof ce ¥ [hyP* bce) _ 2 2 ate f hic? py cera? je 4 5 A” ef wc? yg (te v-82 07d -A-0 72 ped 9 Ged-k dteab a a | =| { oye yt nde na CE bE eh rds ‘| | z (act? ter) * bale?_ ee * Convolution with an wait igaulge Eunctign W ca 2. [nce ® 5Ce to -xcl-&0) | | 4 ( ’ oon SCh-bo VAT -@— . f. f acted (Crt Ho a 6 fo ane % | @ : see | \ - 4(é-t) . 2 _ 1Ct0)) | » ‘ine nf hing pagpeaty * gp tent Wee) * 2 yce) oy CE -b) RICED = gato [ teh) + les) = nee eh (eto) ~ yet yc H 4) ProoP i= nce -b)* niet) oe fuera) (rte? oY 22 i Yee reel trk)dt d7 = dk ao ace) nC te Be ~ alts)6) 3 Pace Ste) athe? | oifferenta! ion pppeny oh plane h(t? 90 yeh(t) = ? 4 uct¥ 4 ye qed nee? >, ye? dt dt HOI A-MW) = ale) suture) 2 ult-10 nee SOR = = Hct 4S ley) a ri oye) = uce79- BED nite) eu find ace hee? ae a al? gh z 3 “ = ea sin % © lo o § Seal ay (bs ul? atk» £5 ma, ROE ee oy Sa2 uli -gule? re g ser gh CER ISCE-W 6 fll) 2 6dlt-#) g xt) = uteeg - ace cert le? nce? ~ Ulta - uct-V ge a ee (iu LD - veetd* (te? ~ weed) ane secgptes 0M? Ulla” ¥ ulé pe ue? + uce- ~ 2 rite ot? - werd CED? eh) x u(e-t? | | wo \ ore be 6 xlt= 7-8 IP heed i 1 yt nte? ol t > . oft). 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