Industrial Electrical Systems

Chapter- 3
Illumination Systems

By
Prof. Manish G Prajapati
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
Government Engineering College Palanpur
 Characteristics of Good Lighting

1. Sufficient illumination level

2. Uniformity of illumination
3. Contrast with surroundings and sunlight
4. Correct color effect
5. Freedom from glare
6. Aesthetic appearance
7. Facility for easy maintenance and emergency lighting
8. Economical
9. No hazard of fire and accidents
10. Secure against pilferage and sabotage
11. No ageing and deterioration
12. Free from noise and humming
 Term related to Lighting

1. Light: It is defined as the radiation energy from a hot body which produces the
visual sensation upon the human eye. It is expressed in lumen-hours and is
analogous to watt-hour
2. Luminous flux. It is defined as the light energy radiated per second from a
luminous body.
3. Luminous Intensity (I): The amount of Luminous flux emitted by per unit solid
angle in any given direction is known as Luminous Intensity. It is expressed in
candelas which was formerly known as candle power.

Lumens/steradian or candle
4. Lumen: It is a unit of flux and is defined as the luminous flux per unit solid angle
from a source of 1 candle power.
 Term related to Lighting

5. Illumination: When the light is falls on a surface it is illuminated, the illuminance

is defined as the luminous flux received per unit area.
6. Mean horizontal candle power: The Mean horizontal candle power of a source of
light is the mean of the candle power in a horizontal plane ion all direction.
7. Mean Spherical candle power: It is the mean of candle power of a source of light
in all direction within the hemisphere either above the horizontal plane or below
the horizontal plane.
8. Reduction factor: It is ratio of Mean Spherical candle power to Mean horizontal
candle power.
9. Foot candle: It is a unit of illumination and may be defined as the illumination of
the inside of a sphere of radius 1ft. At the centre of which there is a source of 1 C.P
10. Lux: It is mere candle and is defined as the illumination of the inside of the sphere
of 1 metre at the centre of which there is a source of 1 C.P.
 Term related to Lighting

11. Nit: It is an MKS unit of illuminance as of degree of illumination at the surface

and is defined as illumination of one candle per square meter.
12. Stilb: It is a bigger MKS unit of luminance at the surface and is defined as
illumination of one candle per square centimeter.
13. Brightness; It is defined as the flux emitted per unit area of the source in a
direction perpendicular to the surface. The unit of brightness is candle per square
meter.
 Types of Lighting Schemes

1. Direct Lighting
2. Semi Direct Lighting
3. Semi Indirect Lighting
4. Indirect Lighting
5. General Lighting
 Direct Lighting

➢ It is most commonly used type of lighting scheme.

➢ In this lighting scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is made to fall directly on
the working plane with the help of deep reflectors.
➢ It is most efficient but causes hard shadows and glare.
➢ It is mainly used for industrial and general out-door lighting.
 Semi Direct Lighting

➢ In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of the total light flux is made to fall downwards
directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors, remaining light is used to illuminate the
ceiling and walls.
➢ Such a lighting system is best suited to rooms with high ceilings where a high level of
uniformally distributed illumination is desirable.
➢ Glare in such units is avoided by employing diffusing globed which not only improve
the brightness towards the eye but improve the efficiency of the systems with reference
to working place.
 Semi Indirect Lighting

➢ In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of total light flux is thrown upwards to the
ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly except for
some absorption by the bowl.
➢ This lighting scheme is with soft shadows and glare free. It is mainly used for indoor
light decoration purposes.
 Indirect Lighting
➢ In this light scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is thrown upwards to the
ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors.
➢ In such a system the ceiling acts as the light source, and the glare is reduced to mini-
mum. The resulting illumination is softer and more diffused, the shadows are less
prominent and the appearance of the room is much improved over that which results
from direct lighting.
➢ It is used for decoration purposes in cinemas theatres and hotels etc. and in workshops
where large machines and other obstructions would cause trouble some shadows of
direct lighting is employed.
 General Lighting
➢ In this scheme lamps made of diffusing glass are used which give nearly equal
illumination in all directions.
 Electric Lamp
➢ Incandescent Lamp
1. Incandescent vacuum Lamp
2. Incandescent gas filled Lamp
➢ Discharge lamp
1. Low pressure mercury discharge lamp
2. High pressure mercury discharge lamp
3. Sodium discharge lamp
4. Neon lamp
 Incandescent vacuum Lamp

Rating of bulb is specified in volt and wattage, 60 W, 230 V, 100 W, 230 V

 Incandescent vacuum Lamp
➢ Advantage
1. Operating power factor is unity
2. Direct operation on standard distribution voltage
3. Availability in various shape and shades
4. Good radiation characteristic in the luminous range
5. No effect of surrounding air temperature
Incandescent gas Lamp
Halogen Lamps
 Halogen Lamps
➢ Advantage
1. Long life of 2000 burning hours nearly double the conventional tungsten filament
lamp.
2. Better color emitting
3. No blackening of lamp hence no depreciation of lumen output throughout the life
o0f the lamp
4. Reduced dimension of lamps is offered.
➢ Application
1. Outdoor illumination of building, Play grounds, Car parks, Air port run ways, large
gardens etc.
High pressure mercury Discharge lamp
Sodium Discharge lamp
Neon lamp
 Fluorescent tube Light

➢ Thermal Type starter

➢ Glow type starter
Thermal Type starter Fluorescent tube Light
Glow Type starter Fluorescent tube Light
comparison between tungsten filament lamp and
fluorescent tube light
Tungsten Filament Lamp Fluorescent Tube
Light output is affected by voltage Light output is less affected by voltage
fluctuation fluctuation
Luminous efficiency increase with Luminous efficiency increase with
increase in applied voltage. increase in wattage and length of tube
It's light is close to the natural light. It's light is not close to natural light.
Life is about 1000 Hrs. Life is about 4000 Hrs.
Maintenance cost is more. Maintenance cost is low.
Brightness is more. It's light is cool and pleasant.
Light output is reduced with time. It also reduces but very less.
As the temperature is less, and hence less
Heat radiation loss is there.
radiation.
More Lumen output/watt (it is 40
Less Lumen output/watt.
lumen/watt).
Lumen efficiency is poor due to coloured
The colour of light depends upon the gas.
glass etc. in case of coloured light.
Compact Fluorescent lamp
 Compact Fluorescent lamp
• About 70 – 80 % energy saving
• It provides alternative to incandescent lamp for direct energy saving
• It officer is compact luminaries
• Provide a replacement for tubular fluorescent tubes for space saving
• CFL lamp weight so little that they are even suitable for pedant luminaries
• 7 to 10 times average life of incandescent lamp
• Instant flicker free starting and figure free operation
• Suitable for emergency lighting
• Available in long range
 Equivalent Chart

Filament Lamp CFL Lamp

15 W 2W
25 W 5W
40 W 7W
60 W 11 W
75 W 15 W
100 W 20 W
125 W 24 W
 LED Lamp
An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light that produces light using light-emitting
diodes (LEDs). LED lamps are significantly more energy-efficient than
equivalent incandescent lamps and can be significantly more efficient than most fluorescent
lamps
 Comparison between LED, CFL and
Incandescent Lamp
LED Incandescent CFL
Life (Hrs) 50000 1200 8000
Watts of electricity
used (equivalent to
6-8 60 13-15
60 W bulb)
Turns on Instantly Yes Yes Yes
Durability Very Durable Not Very Not very
21.44 kcals/hour 7.57 kcals/hour
Heat Emitted 0.86 kcals/hour

Failure mode Not typical Some Yes

 Comparison between LED, CFL and
Incandescent Lamp
LED Incandescent CFL
450 4-5 40 9-13
800 6-8 60 13-15
1100 9-13 75 18-25
1600 16-20 100 23-30
2600 25-28 150 30-55
 Design of Indoor Lighting Schemes
• Provision of adequate illumination
• Provision of Uniformity of illumination
• Provision of desired color light
• Provision of avoid shadow and glare
• Mounting height
• Spacing
Design of Indoor Lighting Schemes
 Design of Indoor Lighting Schemes

• Co-efficient of Utilization
• Depreciation factor

Sometimes, depreciation factor is also given as

 Methods of Lighting Calculation
• Watts per square metre method
• Lumen of light method
= no. of lamps X wattage of each lamp X efficiency of each lamp X co efficient of
utilization X maintenance factor
• Point to point or inverse law method

Where , N is the no of fitting needed

E is the required illumination
A is the area
O is the luminous flux produced per lamp
CU is the coefficient of utilization
MF is maintenance factor
Methods of Lighting Calculation
Methods of Lighting Calculation
 Example
A workshop measures 10 m X 25 m. The shop is illuminated by 24 lamps of 200 watts each.
The lumen efficiency of each lamp is 15 lumens per watt. Depreciation factor is 0.8 and a
co-efficient of utilization of 0.5. Determine the illumination on the working plane.
Total floor area = 10 m X 25 m = 250 m2
Total lumen given by lamp = no. of lamp X wattage of each lamp X luminous efficiency
of each lamp
 = 24X 200X 15 = 72000 lumens
Lumens actually falling on working plane
= X co efficient of utilization X depreciation factor
= 72000X0.5X0.8 = 28800 lumens
Illumination per a square meter of working plane
 Example
The conference hall measuring 30 m X 10 m is to be provided with illumination scheme at
250 lux and to be provided with double tube set of 40 watts each. If the utilization factor is
0.5 and the maintenance factor is 0.9, determine the number of tube sets (each set of two 40
watts fluorescent tubes) required. The efficiency of each tube set is 60 lumens/watt.

Total floor area = 30 m X 10 m = 300 m2

Illumination required E = 250 lux.
Total lumens required = AX E = 300 X 250 = 75000
 Street Lighting
• To make the road clearly visible in order to promote safety
• To make the street more attractive
• To increase the community value of the street

Lighting schemes
• Direct lighting

Street Lighting Installation

• The Diffusion principle
• The specular reflection principle
 Street Lighting
• To make the road clearly visible in order to promote safety
• To make the street more attractive
• To increase the community value of the street

Lighting schemes
• Direct lighting

Street Lighting Installation

• The Diffusion principle
• The specular reflection principle
 Street Lighting
The Diffusion principle
 Street Lighting
The specular reflection principle
 Street Lighting
Road classification

Type of
Description
Road
A Main Road
B Secondary Road
C Residential and unclassified road
Grade separated junctions, bridges and elevated
D
roads
E Town and city centre

F Road with specials requirement

G Tunnels
Flood Lighting
 Example
A drawing hall measuring 30 m X 15 m with a ceiling height of 5 m is to be provided with
illumination scheme at 120 lux. If the utilization factor is 0.7 and the maintenance factor is
0.8, determine the number of fluorescent tubee required, their spacing and total wattage. The
lamp are mounted at a height of 3.0 mt from floor. Take luminous efficiency of tube is 60
lumen/watt for 40 watt tube.
Total floor area = 30 m X 15 m = 450 m2
Illumination required E = 120 lux.
Total lumens required = AX E = 450X 120 = 54000
 Example
A drawing hall measuring 30 m X 15 m with a ceiling height of 5 m is to be provided with
illumination scheme at 120 lux. If the utilization factor is 0.7 and the maintenance factor is
0.8, determine the number of fluorescent tubee required, their spacing and total wattage. The
lamp are mounted at a height of 3.0 mt from floor. Take luminous efficiency of tube is 60
lumen/watt for 40 watt tube.

Assume space height ratio = 1.25

Spacing between lamp fitting = 1.25 X 3 = 3.75 m
Therefore no. of tubes fitting along the width = 15/3.75 = 4
No. of tubes fitting along the length = 40/4= 10