7 Gen - Bio 1 Mod5 (NOT FINAL)

Cell Theory
All cells come from

pre-existing cells.
General Biology 1
CELL CYCLE
Cell Cycle
• It is a series of events that
takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides.
• It is the name we give the
process through which cells
replicate and make two new
cells.
Mitosis Meiosis
• A type of cell division that • A type of cell division that

results in two identical happens on the sex cells.
daughter cells each having the
same number of chromosomes • A special type of cell division
as the parent cell. in which chromosomes
duplicate only once, but the
Somatic cells (body cells) – cells in cell divides twice which results
all parts of the body except sex to four daughter cells.
cells)
2 Events of Cell Cycle
1. Interphase - where the cell spends most of the time
to grow and replicates its chromosomes for cell
division.
a. First Gap (G1) c. Second Gap (G2)
b. Synthesis (S)
2. The Mitotic phase which composed of five stages:
a. Prophase d. Anaphase
b. Prometaphase e. Telophase
c. Metaphase
Interphase
• It is where the cell spends most of the
time to grow and replicates its
chromosomes for cell division.
1. First Gap (G1)

Cell increase in size and volume.
RNA and proteins including enzymes
needed for making DNA are synthesized.
Interphase
2. Synthesis (S)
Replication of DNA occurs &
chromosomes are replicated
Interphase
3. Second Gap (G2)

Cell increase in size and volume.
There is an increased production of
protein (replenishment of energy)
Phases of Mitosis
• Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its
chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two
identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.
• Mitosis is generally followed by equal division of the cell's
content into two daughter cells that have identical
genomes.
• It is divided into 3 parts:
A. Interphase – First Gap, Synthesis, and Second Gap
B. Mitotic Phase – Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase
C. Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
Prophase Phases of Mitosis
• Condensation of chromatin materials
• Spindle fibers emerge from the

centrosome
• The disappearance of the nucleolus.
• Nuclear envelope breaks down

Prometaphase Phases of Mitosis
• Nuclear membrane breaks apart into
numerous “membrane vesicles”
• Chromosomes become doubled
stranded and each sister chromatids
are attached by kinetochore or
centrosome.
• Presence of spindle fibers formed by
centrioles.
• Centrosomes move toward opposite
poles
Metaphase Phases of Mitosis
• The doubled stranded chromosomes

carrying genetic information align in
the equator of the spindle.
• Mitotic spindle is fully developed,

centrosomes are at opposite poles of
the cell
Anaphase Phases of Mitosis
• Spindle fibers appear to shorten

pulling the chromatids apart at the
centromere.
• Two sets of chromosomes are

formed. Each set move the opposite
direction of the pole.
Telophase Phases of Mitosis
• As the chromosomes reach the
poles, each nuclear envelope re-
assembled surround each set of
chromatids.
• Nucleoli reappears
• Chromosomes begin to decondense
back into the expanded chromatin
that is present during interphase.
• Mitotic spindle breaks down
Telophase Phases of Mitosis
Cytokinesis Phases of Mitosis
It is the division of the

cytoplasm occurs during late
telophase.
Mitosis - Number of Chromosomes
2n 2n 2n 2n
2
Phases of Meiosis I
Meiosis I
• It is also called as Reduction Division or Heterotypical
division.
• It involves the formation of two daughter cells with
chromosomes number half to those of the parent cell.
A. Interphase – First Gap, Synthesis, and Second Gap
B. Karyokinesis – Prophase I, Metaphase I, anaphase I,
Telophase I
C. Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
Phases of Meiosis
Phases of Meiosis I
Prophase I
• Homologous chromosomes pair closely and interchange
hereditary material.
Metaphase I Phases of Meiosis I
• Centrioles are at the opposite poles.
• The homologous chromosomes are

arranged at the middle of the spindle,
each has 2 kinetochores.
• These both kinetochores of

chromosome are joined to the spindle
fibers of the same side pole.
Anaphase I Phases of Meiosis I
• Two duplicated homologous

chromosomes separate from each
other and move to opposite poles
of the spindle.
• Cleavage furrow is formed.

Telophase I Phases of Meiosis I
• Haploid set of doubled stranded

chromosomes is at each pole.
• Nuclear membrane re-appeared.

Cytokinesis I Phases of Meiosis I
• It is the division of the cytoplasm

occurs during late telophase.
Phases of Meiosis II
Meiosis II
• Formation of actual number of variants is very much
greater because of a second cell division, Meiosis II without
further DNA replication.
• It is called equational division (similar to mitosis)
A. Interkinesis - It involves only protein synthesis and
there is no DNA synthesis.
B. Karyokinesis (Mitotic Phase)
C. Cytokinesis
Prophase II Phases of Meiosis II
• It involves the disappearance of

nuclear membrane and nucleolus.
• Condensation of chromatin fibers

into a definite number of
chromosomes.
Metaphase II Phases of Meiosis II
• The doubled stranded

homologous chromosomes are
aligned at the equator.
• Centromeres lie at the equator
while the other arms are directed
towards the poles.
Anaphase II Phases of Meiosis II
• The centromere divided and two

chromatids of each chromosome
separate and move toward the
poles.
Telophase II Phases of Meiosis II
• Disappearance of spindle fibers.

• Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus reappeared.
• The four groups of chromosomes
become organized into four
haploid nuclei, each nucleus at
contains the haploid number of
chromosomes and forms four
cell.
Cytokinesis II Phases of Meiosis II
• Takes place by cell furrow formation.

• Four daughter cells are produced, each
with haploid set of chromosomes.
Meiosis - Number of Chromosomes
2n 2n 2n n
n n n n

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Cell Theory

All cells come from

• A type of cell division that • A type of cell division that

1. First Gap (G1)

3. Second Gap (G2)

• Spindle fibers emerge from the

• The disappearance of the nucleolus.

• Nuclear envelope breaks down

• The doubled stranded chromosomes

• Mitotic spindle is fully developed,

• Spindle fibers appear to shorten

• Two sets of chromosomes are

It is the division of the

• Centrioles are at the opposite poles.

• The homologous chromosomes are

• These both kinetochores of

• Two duplicated homologous

• Cleavage furrow is formed.

• Haploid set of doubled stranded

• Nuclear membrane re-appeared.

• It is the division of the cytoplasm

• It involves the disappearance of

• Condensation of chromatin fibers

• The doubled stranded

• The centromere divided and two

• Disappearance of spindle fibers.

• Takes place by cell furrow formation.

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