Loops in Python

Python For Loops
A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a
set, or a string).
Example
Print each fruit in a fruit list:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)
The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.
Looping Through a String
Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters:
Example
Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
The break Statement
With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped through all the items:
Example
Exit the loop when x is "banana":

for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
Example
Exit the loop when x is "banana", but this time the break comes before the print:

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
print(x)
The continue Statement
With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and continue
with the next:
Do not print banana:

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
The range() Function

To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use
the range() function,
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.
Example
Using the range() function:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6, but the values 0 to 5.
The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is possible to specify the
starting value by adding a parameter: range(2, 6), which means values from 2 to 6 (but
not including 6):
Example
Using the start parameter:
for x in range(2, 6):

print(x)
The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however it is possible to
specify the increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3):
Example
Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):
for x in range(2, 30, 3):

print(x)
Else in For Loop
The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when the loop is
finished:
Example
Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has ended:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
Nested Loops
A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.
The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer loop":
Example
Print each adjective for every fruit:
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
The pass Statement
for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop with no content, put
in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
Example
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
The break Statement
With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is true:
Example
Exit the loop when i is 3:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1
The continue Statement
With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with the next:
Example
Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:
i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
The else Statement
With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the condition no longer is
true:
Example
Print a message once the condition is false:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
Python If ... Else
Python Conditions and If statements
Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:
 Equals: a == b
 Not Equals: a != b
 Less than: a < b
 Less than or equal to: a <= b
 Greater than: a > b
 Greater than or equal to: a >= b
These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if statements" and
loops.
An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.
Example
If statement:
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
In this example we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part of the if statement
to test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33, and b is 200, we know that 200 is greater
than 33, and so we print to screen that "b is greater than a".
Indentation
Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define scope in the
code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.
Example
If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error
Elif
The elif keyword is pythons way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then
try this condition".
Example
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
In this example a is equal to b, so the first condition is not true, but the elif condition is
true, so we print to screen that "a and b are equal".
Else
The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.
Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
In this example a is greater than b, so the first condition is not true, also the elif condition
is not true, so we go to the else condition and print to screen that "a is greater than b".
You can also have an else without the elif:

Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
else:
print("b is not greater than a")
Short Hand If
If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same line as the if
statement.
Example
One line if statement:
if a > b: print("a is greater than b")

Short Hand If ... Else
If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for else, you can put it all
on the same line:
Example
One line if else statement:
a=2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions.
You can also have multiple else statements on the same line:
Example
One line if else statement, with 3 conditions:
a = 330
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")
And
The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
Example
Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")
Or
The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
Example
Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")
Nested If
You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if statements.
Example
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
The pass Statement
if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if statement with no
content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
Example
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
pass

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Python For Loops

Print each fruit in a fruit list:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

Exit the loop when x is "banana":

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

Do not print banana:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

The range() Function

Using the range() function:

Using the start parameter:

for x in range(2, 6):

Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):

for x in range(2, 30, 3):

A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.

Print each adjective for every fruit:

adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

Exit the loop when i is 3:

Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:

Print a message once the condition is false:

Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.

You can also have an else without the elif:

One line if statement:

if a > b: print("a is greater than b")

One line if else statement:

One line if else statement, with 3 conditions:

Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:

The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:

Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:

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