St.

Anthony Academy of Mondragon,

Northern Samar, Inc.
Real St., Brgy. Chitongco, Mondragon, Northern Samar
6417, Philippines
Education You Can Trust

Statistics and Probability

nd
2 Semester – Final
S. Y. 2022-2023

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MS. JONNA O. MENDEZ

 Subject Teacher

Statistics and Probability

Lesson 1

Random Sampling, Parameter and

Statistic, and Sampling Distribution of
Statistics

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 Lesson 1.1
Random Sampling

The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research, the population does
not always refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by non-random sampling.
A sample is a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the
population.

Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population, which is the subject of
an investigation or experiment, where each point of the sample has an equal chance of being selected using the
appropriate sampling technique.

Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. An instance of this is when members of the population have their names represented by small
pieces of paper that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the members selected will
be included.
2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and samples
are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from
a randomly selected starting point. For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population of 6,000,
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we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to
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act as the starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of the population are grouped on
the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the
population within which full representation is required. The sample is constructed by classifying the population
into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of the population, such as age, gender or
socio-economic status. The selection of elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually by
random or systematic sampling methods.
Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400 students from the population which
are grouped according to the cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per city.
City Population
A 12, 000
B 10, 000
C 4, 000
D 2, 000

Solution:
To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city, we divide the number of students per
city by total population (N= 28,000) multiply the result by the total sample size (n= 400).
City Population Sample (n)
A 12, 000 12,000
× ( 400 )=171
28,000
B 10, 000 10,000
× ( 400 )=143
28,000
C 4, 000 12,000
×(400)=57
28,000
D 2, 000 12,000
× ( 400 )=29
28,000

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a geographical basis.
Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before going down to lower levels. For example, samples
are taken randomly from the provinces first, followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from
households.
5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For example, when selecting
respondents for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method first for regions and cities. We can
then use stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents from selected areas and clusters.

ACTIVITY 1.1
Identify what type of sampling method describe in the following statement.
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1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and puts it in a box for the graded recitation.
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2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.
3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
4.There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55 senior citizens in a certain area. Samples are taken
according to the total number of people in the area.
5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.

Lesson 1.2
Parameter and Statistics
A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire
population (a mass of all the units under consideration that share common characteristics) based on all the
elements within that population.
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and all students
in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed directly. The statistic
is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample
and calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain conclusions
about the entire population.
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal. Researchers can’t ask
hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of the population and calculate
the rest.
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

ACTIVITY 1.2
Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic.
1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a certain Barangay is P 12, 213.00 a month.
2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.
3. Number of senior high schools in Region 3.
4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students reported the average weight of 54.3 kg.
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5. Average age of students in East High School.

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 Lesson 1.3
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means

A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency distribution using the means computed from
all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.

Example:
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a time), where N is the total
population and n is the sample to be taken out of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 2

5C2 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

Sample Sample mean

2, 3 2.5
2, 6 4
2, 10 6
2, 12 7
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3, 6 4.5
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3, 10 6.5
3, 12 7.5
 6, 10 8
6, 12 9
10, 12 11

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample drawn from a
population is expected to assume different values for samples.

C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This probability distribution is called
the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample mean Probability
2.5 1/10 or 0.1
4 1/10 or 0.1
4.5 1/10 or 0.1
6 1/10 or 0.1
6.5 1/10 or 0.1
7 1/10 or 0.1
7.5 1/10 or 0.1
8 1/10 or 0.1
9 1/10 or 0.1
11 1/10 or 0.1

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Observe that all sample means appeared only one; thus, their probability is P ( x )= ∨0.1
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ACTIVITY 1.3
A. A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 8, 10 and 5. Let us list all the possible samples of
size 3 from this population and construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

B. Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data below. 86 88 90 95 98
Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.

C. Construct all random samples consisting two observations from the given data. You are
asked to guess the average weight of the six watermelons by taking a random sample
without replacement from the population.

Watermelon A B C D E F
Weight (in pounds) 19 14 15 9 10 17
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 Statistics and Probability

Lesson 2

Finding the Mean and the Variance of

the Sampling

Distribution of the Sample Means

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 Lesson 2
Find the mean and the variance of the
sampling of the sample means

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION of sample means is frequency distribution of the sample means taken from a
population.

HISTOGRAM of the sampling distribution of the sample means is a bar graph constructed by plotting the
sample means along the horizontal axis and the problem along the vertical axis.

MEAN of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the mean of the population.

STANDARD ERROR of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Mean is also called expected value.

Situation:
It is Monday! Harvey is very enthusiastic and challenged for his Modular Distance Learning (MDL)
experience at Week 5 in Statistics and Probability. His encounter with past quarters and modules justifies his
excitement in learning more about the core subject. He chose the MDL's Digital Module Scheme because it is
more practical to his condition.
On the other hand, his mobile phone notified him that Module 5 of Statistics and Probability had been
posted to their Facebook Learning Space, ready to be accessed and downloaded. Surprisingly, there's a problem
with Harvey. He forgot his 5-digit smartphone passcode!
Let us help Harvey decode his passcode by reviewing the past lesson on the introduction of sampling
distribution of sample means.
The Variance (𝛔𝟐) and the Standard deviation (𝛔) of ungrouped data are computed by using the
formulas presented on the next page, respectively.
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Concept 1 Example:
Given the set of data: X = {2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13}, complete the corresponding table and compute for the
variance and standard deviation.

Concept 2 Reviewer:
The Mean (𝛍) or the Expected Value E(X) of a discreet probability distribution is computed using the
formula presented below.

Concept 2 Example:
Find the mean or the expected value of the given probability distribution below.

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Concept 3 Reviewer:
Recall that the Variance (𝛔𝟐) and the Standard deviation (𝛔) of probability distribution are computed by
using the formulas presented below, respectively.

Concept 3 Example:
Compute the variance and standard deviation of the given probability distribution below.

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ACTIVITY 2
The following table gives the sum of tutorial rate of six teachers in Central Luzon per month. Suppose
that random samples of size 4 are taken from this population of six teachers, do the following tasks.

1. Solve for the mean of the population μ.

2. Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means μx̄ .
3. Compare μ and μx̅ .
4. Solve for the variance (σ2) and the standard deviation (σ) of the population.
5. Solve the variance (σ2x̅ ) and the standard deviation (σx̅ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample means μx̅ .
6. Compare σ and σx̅ .

Statistics and Probability

Lesson 3

Central Limit Theorem

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 Lesson 3
Central Limit Theorem
Central Limit theorem is important because it teaches researchers to use a limited sample to make
intelligent and accurate conclusions about a greater population. It also justifies the use of normal curve methods

when computing for the probability that 𝑋̅ will take a value within a given range in the sampling
for a wide range of problems. Furthermore, it justifies the use of the formula

distribution of 𝑋̅.

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