1) Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. How many strands does each have?

What are their bases? What are their sugars? What are their functions? DNA and RNA are found in all cell organisms and DNA contains all the genetic information and RNA reads or translates the information found for the directive force of protein assembly. DNA have a sugar, phosphate grouping and normally 4 different nitrogen bases, 3 are identical in RNA and DNA. 2) If this is one strand of DNA: ATTGCGTCAATTACGCTA, what would its complementary strand be? The complementary strand would be TAACGCAGTTAATGCGAT. 3) If this is a strand of DNA: ATTGCGTCAATTACGCTA, what would the mRNA strand look like after transcription? What would the amino acid sequence be of the mRNA? The strand would be AUUGCGUCAACGCUA 4) What are the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA? mRNA is the type of RNA that carries protein-building information. tRNA is the type of RNA that delivers amino acids to ribosomes while being read by mRNA. rRNA is what becomes part of ribosomes. 5) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. What is the purpose of each? In what types of cells are each occurring? What are the differences in the divisions of each? What is the final outcome of each (number of cells and genetic make-up)? In mitosis and meiosis, they are both mechanisms that help describe cell division. Meiosis occurs in eukaryotic life cycles involving reproduction. Mitosis is the eukaryotic cell process for the maintenance of the chromonal set that each cell form receives. Meiosis uses reductional division of chromosomes. They divide into half a chromosome and grow to a full one where meiosis uses division where it replicates and divides into four. 6) Name the 4 phases of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each. The four phases are G1, S, G2, and M. First G1 is the first phase that is in interphase (G1, S, and G2 collectively). In this phase various enzymes go through synthesis and growth occurs. In the S phase starts when DNA synthesis begins and when it completes the chromosomes are replicated. In the G2 phase the cell remains in this status until mitosis or the M Phase. In the G2 phase much creation of microtubules for the process are created. Then in the M phase there are four distinct phases that are the prophase, the metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The sum of all these phases is to separate cells in their own cell nucleus with the chromosomes.

7) Define the following: sporophyte, gametophyte, allele, zygote, egg Sporophyte is the spore producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations. Gametophyte is the gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations. Allele is an alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Zygote is the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum. Egg is the female gamete that is also called an ovum. 8) In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A brown-eyed man marries a blueeyed woman and they have children. What are the phenotypes and genotypes of their children? What are the phenotypes of the parents? Mother Bb Father bb 2 of 3 will be brown eyed. Children will be b2 bb, 1Bb. 9) In some cats the gene for tail length shows incomplete dominance. Cats with long tails are homozygous dominant and cats with no tails are homozygous recessive. Heterozygous cats have short tails. For each of the following construct a punnett square and give phenotypic and genotype ratios of the offspring. a) a long tail cat and a cat with no tail b) a long tail cat and a short tail cat c) a short tail cat and a cat with no tail d) two short tail cats. LL - Long Tail, Ll - Short Tail, ll No Tail A. All will be LL. l l L L Ll Ll Ll Ll

B. Half will be cats with short tails and half long tail. L L L LL LL l Ll Ll

C. 1 out of 4 will have Long tails, 2 out of 4 will have short tails, and 1 out of 4 will have no tail. L l l LL Ll l Ll ll

D. All will be short tail cats. l L L Ll Ll l Ll Ll

10) Describe one of the genetic disorders discussed in chapter 9.