INTENSIVE: RESEARCH

ATTY. CAPILI || INTENSIVE FACE TO FACE

Angelu Nicole M. Villegas, RN - #NOV RN 2023 || SEPTEMBER 19, 2023

SCIENTIFIC METHOD ○ Summarize the resources

● Informal way to discover new things ○ RECOGNIZED THE AUTHOR - to prevent
plagiarism
RESEARCH ○ Copyright infringement - intellectual property
● More formal, intensive, and comprehensive method for the ○ Plagiarism - stealing an idea on an author. Even
discovering of new knowledge if translated to another language
3. Undertaking a clinical fieldwork
NURSING RESEARCH ● Same purpose on RRL
● Deals with clinical problems, encountered in the clinical ● RRL and clinical fieldwork complement each ither
duty 4. Defining the framework and develop conceptual definitions
5. Formulating the hypothesis
RESEARCH IN NURSING
● Broader study of nursing and the profession, focuses more FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
on issues that can affect the nursing profession ● Graphical representation of concepts and relationship
between concepts
EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE ○ Concepts came from the RRL
● The use of the current best evidence ○ No findings on framework
● “LATEST FINDINGS” ● Focus
○ Conceptual framework - topic
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN NURSING ○ Theoretical framework - theory
● Professionalism - enhance the profession
● Accountability - increase accountability DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Social Relevance - contribute to society ● We define the variables
● Research and Decision Making ● We utilize

*ULTIMATE GOAL OF NURSING RESEARCH OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

● To improve the practice of NURSING ● Define the variable on how they were used in the study
○ Client care
○ Patient care CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
○ Healthcare ● Utilized for highly technical terms
○ Nursing care ● Definition found in the book, resource material

SOURCES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE (TALES) PHASE 2: THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
● Tradition - story that has been passed to one generation 6. Selecting a research design
to another 7. Developing protocols for the intervention
● Authority - the people who are considered experts ○ Optional, used for experimental (with
● Logical reasoning - used for logic and reason manipulation)
● Experience and trial and error ○ Protocol - susundin ng lahat ng researcher
● Scientific method - experiment before, during and after giving the intervention to
all the subjects to prevent bias
PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE 8. Identifying the population to be studied
1. Formulating and delimiting the problem 9. Designing the sampling plan
2. Reviewing the related literature (RRL) - synthesis of ● Probability and Non-Probability sampling
previous studies related to the problem of interest 10. Specifying the methods to measure the research variables
● Purpose: to get an idea and background of the study ● Methods - tools and instruments on data
● How to create the RRL? collection
○ Have a topic 11. Developing methods for safeguarding human/animal rights
○ Identify the variables - focus of research 12. Finalizing and reviewing the research plan
○ Conduct a computer search/ library search
○ Remove irrelevant resources ● Phase of research - the researchers spends most of
○ Print it out for easy retrieval his/her time
○ Organize - most important to least important
○ Retrieving PHASE 3: THE EMPIRICAL PHASE
○ Copy the article 13. Collecting data
○ Conduct a preliminary reading 14. Preparing the data for analysis
○ Critically read the sources

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 ● Longest phase of research ■ Characteristics and condition of the
subjects
PHASE 4: THE ANALYTIC PHASE ■ Activities and behavior
15. Analyzing the data ■ Skill attainment and performance
16. Interpreting the results ■ Environmental characteristics
■ Verbal communication
PHASE 5: THE DISSEMINATING PHASE ■ Non-verbal communication
17. Communicating the findings
18. Utilizing the findings in practice PHENOMENA AMENABLE TO OBSERVATIONS
● Characteristics and condition of the individual
PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE EXAMPLE:
○ Problem sa RH incompatibility → presence of
THE PROBLEM rhogam nagpoproduce ng antibody
● Sources of research problems: “NITESS” ○ Problem sa ABO incompatibility → Jaundice
○ Nursing literature (you can observe the characteristics of the skin)
○ Ideas from external sources ○ Condition: Comatosed - you can observe and use
○ Theory GCS
○ Experience and clinical fieldwork* ● Activities and behavior
■ One that is rich in information BEHAVIOR EXAMPLE:
○ Social issues - found in the society ○ Autism → temper tantrums (ignore but give
○ Scientific research ensure safety give helmet) → you can observe
■ Previous researches the behavior tantrums
■ Least that is being used because of the ACTIVITIES EXAMPLE:
criteria of novelty ○ DAT (Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type)
■ Ginagawa lang siya if may need for ■ Remember A → Alzheimers → walang
modification and innovation Acetylcholine → Amnesia → Aphasia
and so on
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEMS (SALT LIN) ■ Apraxia → di na alam gamitin yung
● S - Significance of the study mga bagay na alam niya before, unable
○ To people to perform
○ To society - at large (not target but can influence) ■ First initial sign of Alzheimer’s →
○ To profession - improve the practice of nursing Forgetfulness
● A - Availability of the subject ● Skill attainment and performance
● L - Limitations of the subjects ○ EXAMPLE: Return demonstration
● T - Time allotment and research ability ● Environmental characteristics
● L - Limitations of tools ○ EXAMPLE: PAGASA
● I - Interest of the researcher ● Verbal communication
● N - Novelty / newness / freshness of data/idea ○ Manner on how a person answer a question
● Non-verbal communication
LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS
Major types of Data Collection Method 4. Biophysiologic measures - use of equipments or gadgets
1. Use of existing data - it is already available 1. In Vivo - measurement is performed directly on
○ EXAMPLE: during case pres, we used the the subject
patient’s chart for research purposes ■ Habang nakakabit sa kanya yung
○ Any form of reports, documents and records equipment or gadgets you do the
2. Self reports - interview, questionnaire measurement
○ Most widely used form of data collection ■ Bp taking, O2 pulse oximeter
○ Researcher mismo kumukuha - DIRECT 2. In Vitro - measurement is performed outside
○ Flexible ■ Kuha muna ng specimen, tapos
○ we usually gather OPINIONS dadalhin sa lab, so gagawin sa
○ Gather data that cannot gather in other methods laboratory
○ We cannot gather opinion using gadgets and ■ Urinalysis, fecalysis, ABG analysis
equipments
Disadvantages: Validity & Accuracy CRITERIA USED TO KNOWN EFFECTIVITY
3. Observation ● VALIDITY - measure what is supposed to be measured
○ Participant - you are going to give an intervention ○ Kung ano mang ang gagamitin mo, or yung tool
and you are going to observe is masasagot or iaaddress yung research
○ Non-participant - wala kang gagawin but just to problem mo
observe ● RELIABILITY - consistency or the repeatability of the tool
○ Phenomena - amenable to observation ○ Kahit ilang beses binigay yung tool, same results
/ same response pa rin dapat = RELIABLE
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 ● SENSITIVITY - able to detect small variations or find → Characteristics that differ the population
differences ○ TERM & type of feeding - independent variable
→ Nagbabago-bago: WEIGHT - dependent variable
HYPOTHESIS
● Tentative prediction or explanation of the relation between 4. Depressed patients who are living with significant others
two or more variables have lesser chances of committing suicide than those
depressed patients who are living alone
PARTS OF HYPOTHESIS (ICD EFFECT) → Population: depressed patients who are living with
significant others and depressed patients who are living
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES → CAUSE alone
● Fixed = set (by the researcher) → Characteristics that differ the population
○ Living condition - independent variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLES → EFFECT → Nagbabago-bago: chances of committing suicide-
● Vary - kung ano ang nagvavary sa population, pwede dependent variable
mabago
EXAMPLE: 1 set of population
RELATIONSHIP
1. Education attainment is not related to the compliance of
POPULATION TO WHICH IT APPLIES PTB patients
○ Most neglected part → Population: PTB patients - wala ng kwenta di kasama,
○ First thing is to IDENTIFY in the population eliminate mo na sa options part lang ng population
1. All of the CHARACTERISTICS
○ *box or encircle the population including all its Go back to hypothesis then ask:
characteristics ● WHAT IS BEING STUDIED KAY POPULATION? And then
2. SETS used the FIXED and VARY
a. If you have 2 or more sets of the population → ○ Educational attainment → FIXED = independent
you concentrate on their characteristics that variable
differentiate them ano man ang characteristics nila ○ Compliance → VARY = dependent variable
that is automatically the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
b. If you have 1 set of population → ang EXPERIMENTAL
characteristic ay wala ng silbi, it will form part of the ● There is always manipulation - anything that is given
population, di na gagamitin ang characteristics = ○ Ang ibibigay sa subject → FIXED / SET
ELIMINATE IT ● All manipulation is automatically independent variable
■ Then go back to hypo/study, ask WHAT IS
BEING STUDIED? (box and then used the) EXAMPLE:
● FIXED: independent variable 1. Music therapy decreases the levels of anxiety among
● VARYING: dependent variable Cancer patients
3. For 2 or more sets - to get the dependent variable, a. Population: Cancer patient
check mo ang natitira. Wag mo na pansinin mga binox b. 1 set only → so walang silbi, ELIMINATE
mo, check if ano ang pwedeng mag bago-bago, or c. Go back and then ask what is being studied
nagvavary → Music Therapy - given to the patient
■ Fixed / set by the researcher →
EXAMPLE: for 2 sets of population independent variable
→ Levels of anxiety
1. Older patients are more at risk for fall that younger ■ Vary → dependent variable
patients 2. The effect of Toprank Nursing Review to the passing rate
→ Population - older and younger patients of nursing students at the licensure exam
→ Characteristics that differ the population: AGE -
independent variable What is the independent variable?
→ Nagbabago-bago: Risk for fall - dependent variable a. Effect of Toprank Nursing Review
b. Toprank Nursing Review
2. Girls are less sexually active than boys c. Nursing Review
→ Population - girls and boys d. Review
→ Characteristics that differ the population: GENDER -
independent variable What is dependent variable?
→ Nagbabago-bago: sexually active - dependent variable a. Passing rate of nursing students
b. Passing rate of nursing student at the licensure exam
3. Full term infants who are breastfeeding weigh more than c. Passing rate
preterm infants who are mixed fed
→ Population: full term infants breast fed
Preterm infants who are mixed fed
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 b. SURVEY
Additional notes:
● Use of interviews and questionnaires to gather public
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN opinion
1. Phenomenological - experiences ● EXPLORATORY (opinion)
2. Grounded Theory - research develops a theory, there is no c. CASE STUDY
theory - the first to create is the researcher ● In depth or in detail studies of person and entities
3. Case study ● Descriptive (describe case of patient in detail)
4. Ethnographic - studying beliefs, practices, cultures, and
d. METHODOLOGICAL
traditions
● Study of methods, tests, and procedures
● Descriptive (describe the methods that was used,
PHASE 2: DESIGNING AND PLANNING PHASE procedure that was done
e. ANALYTICAL
TYPES OF RESEARCH ● Further analysis of issues and events (present)
● Descriptive “analysis”
ACCORDING TO MOTIVE
→ PURE/ BASIC RESEARCH - to increase knowledge and gain EXPERIMENTAL
knowledge
→ APPLIED RESEARCH - use the knowledge into practice TRUE EXPERIMENT
● Strict control over the variables
ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION ● Random
● For it to be considered a true experiment the elements of
LEVEL I EXPLORATORY experimental research should be present / complete
● Wanted to identify the variables (wala kang alam, may 1. Element of randomization - lahat ng subjects may
gusto kang malaman) chance na maging experimental or control group
○ PURE / BASIC RESEARCH 2. Element of manipulation -
3. Element of control
LEVEL II DESCRIPTIVE
● Wanted to find out whether the variables are associated *In an experimental research we usually use two sets of subjects
or related a. Experimental group - only give the experimental
○ PURE / BASIC RESEARCH manipulation
b. Control group - give placebo (without therapeutic effect),
DESCRIPTIVE and others
● Wanted to describe the variable as it is ● Placebo - contains plain nss, sterile water, starch, sugar
● Example: the new BSN curriculum - describe mo lang to ● Others - other therapy
● Compare the effect from the experimental group
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL
● Wanted to describe the relationship of the variables to When is the best time to give the placebo and others?
each other → Placebo: give if there is without comparison
● Example: the new BSN curriculum and the readiness of the → Others: give if with comparison
student nurses
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE ● Ano man ang binigay mo, na overcome nila → HINDI
● Wanted to compare the variables to each other NAGING EFFECTIVE
● Example: the new BSN curriculum and the old BSN ● Quasi - “just like”
curriculum ● Non randomization

LEVEL III EXPERIMENTAL BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

● Wanted to find out the cause and effect of the variables to
each other You wanted to prove that cotrim is more effective than other
● APPLIED RESEARCH drugs to respiratory infection. What should be given to the
suitable control group?
ACCORDING TO APPROACH / DESIGN
a. Another experimental drug for respi infection
b. A standard drug for respi infection → drug may
NON-EXPERIMENTAL therapeutic effect
● Without manipulation (walang binibigay) c. Placebo
d. Another drug for respiratory infection (others) →
with comparison kasi
a. HISTORICAL
● Study of past issues
● DESCRIPTIVE

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 *Kapag walang yung mga keywords ➔ Process of Elimination
1. Look for the opinion ➔ “Quality” / census
You wanted to prove that cotrim is effective for respiratory 2. Check your options ➔ Tanggalin mo na agad if wala ang
infection. What should be given to the suitable control keywords ng exploratory eliminate kasi most of the time
group? wala daw ang exploratory sa options
3. Next, look for manipulation ➔ if may binibigay sa subjects -
a. Another experimental drug for respi infection EXPERIMENTAL
b. A standard drug for respi infection → drug may
❌
4. If there’s no quality of census and no manipulation
therapeutic effect
c. Placebo → kasi without comparison Exploratory
d. Another drug for respiratory infection (others) → with ○ Survey

❌
comparison kasi ○ Random subjects no idea
Experimental
○ True experimental / experimental - random

✅
BLIND EXPERIMENT - Di alam ng Subjects kung saan sila ○ Quasi - non random
naka-assign pero ikaw as a Researcher alam mo Descriptive - eto na ang sagot pag wala na yung
DOUBLE BLIND EXPERIMENT dalawa
● Di alam ng Research and Subjects saan naka-assign na ○ Historical
group ang subjects ○ Case study
○ Methodological
ACCORDING TO TIME FRAME ○ Analysis
● CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
❗
❗
○ Once lang ginawa KAPAG RESEARCH DESIGN ANG TANONG, WALANG
● LONGITUDINAL STUDY MAGMAMADALI
○ Repetitive
● RETROSPECTIVE STUDY EXAMPLE:
○ Study of the past to explain the present You wanted to study the health care delivery system used by nurses
○ RETRO - “past” during world war
● PROSPECTIVE STUDY
○ Study of present to predict the future 1. Opinion - NO
○ Example: global warming Frequence / Census - NO

✅
2. Manipulation ➔ Walang binigay
KAPANGYARIHAN: 3. Descriptive ➔ Historical

EXPLORATORY SAMPLING DESIGNS

● If research is looking for OPINION ● Population - entire (all) aggregated cases, that the
○ If you see the word quality ➔ automatic opinion researcher would like to study
○ If the research is trying to get CENSUS (basta ● Eligibility Criteria - exact criteria
nagbibilang) ● Accessible Population - entire aggregated cases that is
within the reach of the researcher (eto lang kayang
EXAMPLES: puntahan)
1. Study of the quality of life in barangay mabuhay ● Target Population / “Universe” (another term) - entire
2. Study of the quality of education in barangay manggahan aggregated cases that the researcher would like to make
3. Study of the favorite color in barangay makulay ➔ census generalization ➔ dito na magfofocus

Once you have already narrowed down the population / target

DESCRIPTIVE population ➔ you do sampling
● Keywords:
○ Describe SAMPLING
○ Relationship ● Processed used to get a representative of the
○ Simi / diff population
○ Facts and issues ● Refers the process of selecting a portion of population to
○ Study represent the entire population
○ Analysis ● SAMPLES - the representative
● Correlational - relationship of two variables
● Comparative - similarities / differences *if ask in the board exam

EXPERIMENTAL WHAT IS THE #1 CHARACTERISTIC OF A SAMPLE

● Keyword: EFFECT ➔ REPRESENTATIVENESS / REPRESENTATION
● Kapag may MANIPULATION - anything that is given sa
subjects

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 SAMPLING PLANS MEMORIZE, LAGI LUMALABAS SA BOARDS:

NON-PROBABILITY
● Non-random
● May idea
● Lahat ba may chance? NOPE

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
a. Convenience or Accidental sampling - sample are
readily available
b. Quota sampling - get the proportion of the population
REMEMBER: denominator ➔ “ Isa kasama ni Nene”
(may limit)
● N = population size
c. Purposive / Judgmental sampling - samples are
● n = sample size
handpicked by the researcher, you chose based on the
● e = margin or error
purpose of the research
d. Snowball sampling - networking / referral system
Follow ➔ PEMDAS

PROBABILITY
1. Solve for the e² ➔ multiple with population size add to 1
● Random
then divide = sample size
● May idea
● Lahat ba may chance? YES
EXAMPLE: 2000/500 = 4
➔ every 4th will be the participant
TYPES OF PROBABILITY
a. Simple random sampling
○ Everybody has the chance to become a sample
❗ LALABAS SA BOARD EXAM - PALAGING LUMALABAS ❗
○ Draw lots, roleta, eenie meenie
4 BASIC RIGHTS OF RESEARCH SUBJECTS
○ No grouping ➔ everyone has the change to be
picked
1. RIGHT NO TO BE HARMED
b. Stratified random sampling
○ Beneficence - to do (ginawa lang yung action)
○ Create a strata of the population and then divide
○ Non-maleficence - to prevent, or to protect
the population into homogeneous group
(pare-pareho)
2. RIGHT TO FULL DISCLOSURE
○ There is grouping (may basis ang grouping:
○ Veracity - truth telling, honesty
strata)
○ According to a certain characteristics
3. RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
○ Strata = Characteristics
○ Autonomy - right of subject to make own
c. Cluster sampling
decision
○ Cluster = big groups
■ If the subject declined the researcher
○ May grouping but does not have basis, no distinct
must Accept
characteristics → they are just a big group
■ Once patient refuses medication →
○ Prone to successive random sampling →
Priority: Document immediately,
because there is no distinct characteristics →
inform the doctor he will decide what
they are just a big group kaya pa hati-hatiin
to do next, the doctor who decides to
ask the patient to sign the waiver of
EXAMPLES:
responsibility
1. You decided to group your population into the two groups,
■ Legal basis - code of ethics
male and female → Stratified
2. You decide to group 10 provinces and you group each
4. RIGHT TO ANONYMITY, CONFIDENTIALITY, AND
province → Cluster
PRIVACY
○ Anonymity - do not disclose the name of the
d. Systematic sampling
subject to protect their identity
○ Get the kth of the list
○ Confidentiality - do not disclose any information
○ Formula: k = N / n
or the case of the patient may be revealed if:
○ N - population size
■ Professionally directly involved
○ n - sample size
■ Allowed by law
○ If ask to solve for systematic sampling use the
○ Privacy - private moments, parts, and properties
SLOVIN’S FORMULA

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 PHASE 3: EMPIRICAL PHASE
DEPENDENT RESULTS - one result cannot stand alone without
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS other results
● Assign numbers according to rules EXAMPLE: you wanted to study the average blood pressure of
women after menstruation ➔ need mo yung result ng before and
CATEGORICAL after para makuha kaya paired
a. NOMINAL DATA - name the category
○ Assign numbers to the category DEPENDENT GROUP
b. ORDINAL DATA - ranking of events EXAMPLE: study of twins ➔ dependent to each other
○ Order / ranking
○ Example: good, better, best

SUMMARIZE
NUMERICAL
a. INTERVAL DATA ➔ ANOVA - 3 or more set
○ Show ranking of events with equal intervals ➔ STUDENT T-TEST - 2 SET
○ The 0 is not absolute ➔ MAY HAHANAPIN TAYO - 1 set
○ Example: temperature 1. Before and after ➔ PAIRED T-TEST
b. RATIO 2. Numbers ➔ PEARSON R
○ Show ranking of events with equal intervals ➔ If wala look for:
○ The 0 is absolute 3. CHI SQUARE NA ANG SAGOT SIS
○ Hindi pwede mag negative
○ Example: height

PHASE 4: ANALYTIC PHASE PHASE 5: DISSEMINATING PHASE

● Communicating the findings
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ● Utilizing the findings into practice
● Only summarizes data

FREQUENCY OF DISTRIBUTION
● Use of tables and graphs
● Tables and graphs are the ones that communicate to the
readers

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

● Mean, median, and mode
● Mean - average
● Median - middle
○ If dalawa lang binigay get the highest and lowest
and divide by 2
● Mode - frequently appears

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
● Simple rank, range (highest minus (-) lowest), variance,
standard deviation

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Population = prioritize the SETS

1. ANOVA - if you have 3 or more sets compared to 1
variable
2. Chi-square - if you only have 1 set and is compared to 2
or more variables that focused on frequency
3. Pearson Product Moment of Correlation (Pearson r) - 1
set, 2 or more variables, focused on interval or ratio
data - FOCUS ON NUMBERS

4. T-tests
a. Student T-test - 2 sets of population compared
to 1 variable
b. Paired T-test - 1 set of population ➔ studying
dependent group / results
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