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Transistors and Amplifiers

ECE

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24 views4 pages

Transistors and Amplifiers

ECE

Uploaded by

aujscsadialgerald
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transistors and Amplifiers - The emitter and base form the

connection for the input circuit, while


Transistors
the collector and emitter provide the
- December 23, 1947 connection for the output circuit.
- Made in Bell Laboratories
Common Collector Configuration
- John Bardeen, William Shockley,
Walter Brattain - the input signal is applied to the base
- A resistor that amplifies electrical terminal and the output signal taken
impulses from the emitter terminal
- Transfer Resistor

Basic Types of Transistors

1. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)


Base
- Region where carriers from emitter
flows through
- Thin and Moderately Doped
Emitter
- Region which supplies carriers
- Moderate size and Heavily doped.
Collector
- Region where carriers flow to Transistor Biasing
- Largest, lightly doped
- Establishes DC voltage that sets
NPN-type operating point for amplifying AC
PNP-type signal
- Base-emitter junction forward-bias
- Base-collector junction reverse-bias

Fixed Bias

- Taken from a battery or supply

Self Bias

- Amplifier produces its own DC voltage


from an IR drop across a resistor
Transistor Currents and Configuration
Voltage Divider Bias
Common Base Configuration
- Most stable type of circuit biasing
- Input is applied between the emitter
and base, and output is taken from Signal Bias
the collector and base

Common Emitter Configuration


Regions of Transistor Action Junction Field Effect Transistor

- Operates with reverse-biased PN


junction to control current int the
channel

Active Region

- Base-emitter is forward biased while


collector-base is reverse biased
- Transistor operates as an amplifier

Saturation Region Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect


Transistor (MOSFET)
- Both junctions are forward biased
- Transistor operates as an on switch - Gate is insulated

Cut off Region

- Both junctions are reverse biased


- Transistor operates as an off switch

Loadline

- Straight line drawn between cut off


and saturation point

Quiescent (Q) point

- Operating point of the transistor


Depletion mode

- Negative gate to source voltage


2. Field Effect Transistor - N-channel electrons are depleted
- Unipolar Device - Decreased conductivity
- Voltage controlled device
Enhancement mode
- Terminals: Source, Drain, Gate
- High input resistance - Positive gate voltage applied
- Narrow depletion layer
- Increased conductivity
Amplifiers Class Operation

- Increases output voltage, current, or


power
- Used as boosters

Classifications of Amplifiers

Function

1. Voltage amplifier
- Voltage controlled source
- Op-amps are voltage amplifiers
2. Current Amplifier Frequency
- Current controlled source
- BJT’s are current amplifiers 1. DC Amplifier
3. Power Amplifier - Amplifies DC signal
- Boosts power level of signals 2. Audio Amplifier
- Amplifies signals within 20Hz-20kHz
Configuration 3. RF Amplifier
1. Common Base Amplifier - Amplifies signals within radio
- The base is common to both input frequency range. 3 kHz to 300 GHz
and output. 4. IF Amplifier
- Input is applied at the emitter and - amplifies signal whose frequency is in
output is taken from the collector between the carrier and the
terminal. modulating frequency
2. Common Collector Amplifier 5. Video Amplifier
- Input is applied at the base, output is - Amplifies video signal
taken from the emitter terminal. Signal Amplified
- Capacitors must have a negligible
reactance at the frequency of 1. Small Signal Amplifiers
operation. - Utilizes only the linear portion
3. Common Emitter Amplifier 2. Large Signal Amplifiers
- Input is applied at the base and the - Utilizes almost full rated output power
output is taken from the collector Coupling Method
terminal.
- Phase inversion from input to output. 1. Direct Coupling
- Amplifiers connected without
passives
2. Capacitive Couplings
- Amplifiers are connected
3. Inductive Coupling
- Amplifiers are connected by inductor
transformers
4. Transformer Coupling
- Coupling device used is a 4. Feedback Pair
transformer. - connection is a two transistor circuit
that operates like the Darlington
Power
circuit.
1. Push-pull Amplifier - uses a pnp transistor driving an npn
- Has two similar circuits with each transistor.
amplifying one half of the cycle.
2. Complementary-Symmetry Amplifiers
- Push-pull Amplifier using
complementary transistor (e.g. NPN
and PNP)
3. Quasi-Complementary Amplifier
- Complementay driver, same output
transistor

Compound configuration

1. Cascade Connection
- Series connection where the output
becomes the input for the next stage
- Multiplication of the gain of each
stage

2. Cascode Connection
- has one transistor on top of (in series
with) another
- provide high input impedance with
low voltage gain
3. Darlington Connection
- Composite transistor acts as a single
unit with a current gain that is the
product of the current gains of the
individual transistors.
- Boosts input resistance

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