ENGINEERING PHYSICS (DBV10043)

CHAPTER 1:
SI UNIT
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Learning outcome:
• Understand the history of the development of the
SI Units.
• Solve problems related to the two classes of SI
units that are SI base Units and SI derived Units.
• Solve problems related to the decimal multiples
and submultiples of SI units and SI prefix.
• Solve problems related to the units outside the
SI such as hour, degree and liter.
• Solve problems related scalar and vector
quantities 2
Science
• Science is what we do to find out about the natural
world. It is the total of physics, chemistry, biology,
geology and astronomy. Science makes use of
mathematics, and it makes observations and
experiments. Science produces accurate facts,
scientific laws and theories. 'Science' also refers to the
large amount of knowledge that has been found using
this process.
• Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of
testable explanations and predictions about
the universe.[In an older and closely related meaning,
"science" also refers to this body of knowledge itself, of
the type that can be rationally explained and reliably
applied. 3
Science

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Physics??
• Physics :"knowledge of nature", the
natural science that involves the study of
matter and its motion through space and
time, along with related concepts such as
energy and force.
• Engineering physics,
or engineering science, refers to the
study of the combined disciplines of
natural science (particularly physics and
mathematics) and engineering in order to
develop an enhanced understanding of the
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interrelationship between them
SI unit
• SI units = Le Systeme International d’Inites.
• Unit =Any division of quantity accepted as a standard of
measurement or exchange.
• Unit of measurement = definite magnitude of a physical
quantity.

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Standard platinum iridium kilogram Standard platinum iridium meter bar
Development of SI unit
• How did the SI Unit developed?
– Creation of the decimal Metric System during the
French Revolution → standards representing meter
and kilogram, on 22 June 1799
– (1832) Gauss promoted the use of Metric System +
second = a coherent system of units for the physical
sciences. (three mechanical units millimeter, gram
and second).
– (1874) the British Association for the Advancement of
Science (BAAS) introduced the CGS system, using
prefixes ranging from micro to mega to express
decimal submultiples and multiples.

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– (May, 20 1875) Meter Convention → meter and kilogram as the
base units of length and mass
– (1889) 1st General Conference on Weights and
Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM)
→ a three-dimensional mechanical unit system similar to the CGS
system, but with the base units meter, kilogram and second.
– (1901) Giorgi → combine the mechanical units of this meter–
kilogram–second system with the practical electric units to form a
single coherent four-dimensional (an electrical nature, such as the
ampere or the ohm)
– (1939) the adoption of a four-dimensional system based on the
meter, kilogram, second and ampere → approved by the
International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité
international des poids et mesures or CIPM) in 1946
– 1948, the 10th CGPM, in 1954, approved the introduction of the
ampere, kelvin and candela as base units, respectively, for
electric current, thermodynamic temperature and luminous intensity
– .The name International System of Units (SI) was given to the
system by the 11th CGPM in 1960.
– (1971) 14th CGPM in the current version of the SI was completed
by adding the mole as base unit for amount of substance. 8
THE TWO CLASSES OF SI UNITS
SI base units
• Table 1 gives the seven base quantities the names
and symbols of their respective units

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Table 1
Other Common Units

Length
Unit Meter
1 inch(in) 0.0254
1 foot (ft) 0.3048
1 mile(mi) 1,609.34

Mass
Unit Kilograms
1 ounce (oz) 0.028349523
1 pound (lb) 0.45359237

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Other Common Units
1) 0.5 mile 2 = ? SI
Step 1:
=1 mile X 0.5 mile
Step 2:
=1609.34 m X 804.67m
Step 3:
= 1294987.618 m 2

Then SI → mile 2

2) 0.5 ft. 2 = SI

Then SI → ft. 2 11
Conversion

• Example of unit conversion:

✓ 1 meter = …… inch
• Solution:
1 inch = 0.0254 meter
1/0.0254 inch = 0.0254/0.0254 meter
39.37 inch = 1 meter
1 meter = 39.37 inch

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Conversion Exercise

• Convert the following units:

✓ 4.5 foot = …… meter
✓2.7 meter = …… feet
✓5.3 kg = …… pound
✓0.245 kg = …… ounce
✓ 1345 m = …… mile

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Simple mathematics

• s=?
Example:
1s or 1s /1 , 20s/20 1) Velocity, m/s = ms-1
2) Acceleration, m/s 2 = ms-2
• s-1 = 1 / s
• 10 s-1 = 10 x s-1 = 10 x 1/ s 10s-1/s = (10/s)/s
10
= 𝑠 ÷s
• 10 s-1 / s 10 1
= x
= (10 /s) / (s) 𝑠
10
𝑠
= 2
𝑠
= (10 /s) x (1/s) = 10𝑠-2
= 10s-2
Try 10s-2 /s-2 (ans: 10) 14
10s-2 / s-2
10 1
= 𝑠2 ÷ 𝑠2
10
= 2 x s2
𝑠
= 10
@ = 10s-2 x s2
= 10s-2+2
= 10s0
= 10

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 SI derived units
▪ The SI derived units for these derived quantities are
obtained from these equations and the seven SI base
units.

Quantity Formula SI Derived Unit

Area length X width m2
Volume length X width X height m3
Density mass / volume kg / m3
Force (N) mass X acceleration (kg . m) / s2
Weight mass X gravity acceleration (kg . m) / s2
Pressure force / area kg / (m . s2)
Work force X distance (kg . m2) / s2
Power work / time (kg . m2) / s3 16
SI derived units

• Velocity (m/s @ ms-1 )

l = 10 meter , t = 100 seconds
v=l/t l = length (m), t = time (s)
v = 10 m / 100 s
= 0.1 m / s
= 0.1m / 1s
= 0.1ms-1 @ m/s

meter second 17
(length) (time)
SI derived units

• Acceleration ( m/s2 @ms-2 )

v = 0.1 ms-1 , t = 10 s
a = v / t v = velocity (ms-1), t = time (s)
a = 0.1 ms-1 / 10 s
a = (0.1 m / s)/ 10 s
a = 0.01 m / s2 @ 0.01 ms-2

meter second
(length) (time)
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SI PREFIXES
• Table 2 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal
multiples and submultiples of units. A prefix name attaches
directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches
directly to the symbol for a unit.

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SI PREFIXES

• length : 100 km
100 kilo meter

100 x 103 m →SI standard

Value prefix unit

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SI PREFIXES

• length : 10 mm
10 mili meter

10 x 10-3 m →SI standard

Value prefix unit

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SI PREFIXES

• length : 1000 cm
1000 centi meter

1000 x 10-2 m →SI standard

Value prefix unit

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SI PREFIXES

• length : 1000 cm2

1000 centi meter

1000 x (10-2 m)2

Value prefix unit

1000 x (10-4 m2) = 0.1m2 →SI standard

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SI PREFIXES
e.g: 6 000 000μm2
• length : 100,000 mm2
100000 mili meter

100000 x (10-3 m)2

Value prefix unit

100,000 x (10-6 m2) = 0.1m2 →SI standard

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SI PREFIXES

• Velocity : 10 km.h-1 = 10 km/h

STEP 1
10 km.h-1 = 10 km
1h1 10 km/h =10 m.h-1 ??
STEP 2
10 km = 10 (103) (m) = 10,000 m
STEP 3 If 1 hour = 3600 s
1 hour = 3600 s
then 1 second how many hour?

STEP 4
10 km = 10,000 m = 2.78 m = 2.78 m.s-1
1hr1 3600 s s

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SI PREFIXES

• Velocity : 10 mph Simple math:

1 mile ----------------------> 1609.34 m

10 mile -----------------------> X
STEP 1
10mph = 10 mile.h-1 = 10 miles (X) (1 mile) = (10 mile) (1609.34 m)
1h1
STEP 2 (X) = (10 mile) (1609.34 m)
(1 mile)
10 miles = 16,093.4 m
STEP 3 (X) = 16, 093.4 m
1 hour = 3600 s

STEP 4
10 mile = 16093.4 m = 4.47 m = 4.47 m.s-1
1h1 3600 s s

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e.g 12ft.h-1
SI PREFIXES
Homework #1:

1) 4724.41 ft.h-1 →SI standard

2) Answer (1) → ft.h-1
3) 650 g / mm3 →SI standard
4)Answer (3) → g / mm3

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Convert the following unit:
a. 8.2 centimeter (cm) equals to ___ millimeter (mm).
8.2x10-2m = 8.2x10-2x100m
= 8.2x10-2x103x10-3m
= 8.2x101x10-3m
= 82mm

b. 2.3 Megabyte equals to ___ kilobyte.

2.3x106 byte = 2.3x106x100 byte
= 2.3x106x10-3x103byte
= 2.3x103 kbyte
= 2300 kbyte

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c. 5.5 milli Henry equals to ___ nano Henry.
5.5x10-3H = 5.5x10-3x100 H
= 5.5x10-3x109x10-9 H
= 5.5x10-3x109x10-9 H
= 5.5x106x10-9 H
= 5500000 nH
d. 78 kilometer equals to ___ centi meter (cm).
78 km = 78x103x100 m
= 78x103x102x10-2 m
= 78x105x10-2 m
= 78x105 cm
= 7800000 cm
e. 65 pico Farad equals to ___ nano Farad (nF).
65 pF = 65x10-12x100 F
= 65x10-12x109x10-9 F
= 65x10-3x10-9 F
= 0.065 nF 32
f. 7 kilogram equals to ___ milligram.
7x103g = 7x103x100 g
= 7x103x103x10-3 g
= 7x106x10-3 g
= 7x106 mg
= 7000000 mg
g. 15mm2 ---> µm2

= 15mm2
= 15(x10-3m)2
= 15(x10-3 x 106 x 10-6m)2
= 15(x103 x 10-6m)2
= 15(x103 µm)2
= 15 x106 µm2

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h. 5 x1020nm3 --> km3

= 5 x1020nm3
= 5 x1020 (x10-9m)3
= 5 x1020 (x10-9x10-3x103m)3
= 5 x1020 (x10-12x103m)3
= 5 x1020 (x10-12km)3
= 5 x1020 x10-36km3
= 5 x10-16km3
i. 4 x109µm3 --> dm3

= 4 x109µm3
= 4 x109 (x10-6m)3
= 4 x109 (x10-6 x101 x10-1m)3
= 4 x109 (x10-5 x10-1m)3
= 4 x109 (x10-5 dm)3
= 4 x109 x10-15 dm3 34
= 4 x10-6 dm3
UNITS OUTSIDE THE SI

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Physical quantities: Scalars and
Vectors
• Scalar = size or magnitude ( temperature,
length, mass, energy…etc)
• Vector = magnitude and direction (velocity,
force, acceleration…etc)

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The Bearing

The bearing of a point is the number of degrees in the

angle measured in a clockwise direction from the
north line to the line joining the centre of the compass
with the point. A bearing is used to represent the
direction of one point relative to another point. For
example, the bearing of A from B is 065º.

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Exercise:

Suppose you first walk 12 m in a direction 20º west of

north (A) and then 20 m in a direction 40º south of west (B).
Solve the displacement, s and angle, θ of your position from
your starting point.
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12 m (x component);
= 12sin20°
= -4.104i

12 m (y component);
= 12cos20°
= 11.276j

20 m (x component);
= 20cos40°
= -15.321i

20 m (y component);
= 20sin40°
= -12.856j
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Displacement of your position from your starting
point, s;
= (-4.104i + 11.276j) + (-15.321i -12.856j)
= -19.425i – 1.580j
=
= 19.489 m

Angle, θ;
θ = tan-1 |-1.580/-19.425|
θ = 4.65°(West due South)
or θ = W 4.65°S

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 -19.425i
– 1.580j
19.489m θ = 4.65°
(West due South)

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Homework#2

• Derive;
1. F = m a ,F=force, m = mass, a =
acceleration
2. Work = F x l l = length
3. Momentum = m x v ,v= velocity
4. Density = m / V ,V = volume
5. Pressure = F / A ,A= area
6. Kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v 2
,v=velocity
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7. *tutorial provided.
References

• Giancoli (1998),Physics 5th ed.

• Cutnell & Johnson, Physics 5th ed.

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