Basic Functions of Computer

Computers have four basic functions: they take in information (input), they store data
(storage), they manipulate data (processing), and they provide the user with information (output).

Personal Computer BLOCK DIAGRAM

A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are represented by
blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. They are heavily used in engineering
in hardware design, electronic design, software design, and process flow diagrams.

INPUT

-information feed to the computer for processing

-an interface that allows the user to communicate to the system
-convert human code to computer code

MEMORY - it serves as a workspace for CPU

ROM - READ ONLY MEMORY

-a pre-program the data can only be read but cannot be altered

RAM - RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

-primary storage device
-read and write
-hold state while the power is on

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

- Brain of the computer also known as PROCESSOR
- Responsible for handling instruction and calculation that receive from all hardware components and
software

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PARTS OF THE CPU

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - performs mathematical unit and logical operation

2. Control Logic Unit (CLU) - provide information on what next instruction to feed for processing and
what question is finished

3. Clock - generates a precise time pulse measurable by hertz

4. Register – hold state of information and instructions that has been processed or to be processed.

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE (SSD) - a media that storage data to further use

OUTPUT

-a result of processing that send to output device

-an interface that allow the system to communicate to the user
-convert computer code to human code

BUS SYSTEM - an electrical pathway that data can travel along the hardware equipment

PERSONAL COMPUTER - A personal computer (PC) is a general-

purpose computer, whose size, capabilities and original sales price makes
it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by
an end-user with no
intervening computer
operator.

MONITOR - it is a display device that consists of a screen

housed in plastic or metal case.

KEYBOARD - one of the primary input devices of the computer.

MOUSE - is the widely used pointing device on the desktop

computer because it takes full advantages of a Graphic User
Interface (GUI).

SYSTEM UNIT - the main component of the PC system it includes the case ,
chassis ,power supply, microprocessor, main memory , bus ,expansion
cards, disk drive (floppy, CD drive, hard disk, and so on) and ports. The
system unit does not include the keyboard the monitor, any other external
devices connected to the computer.

SPEAKER - used to play sound. They

may be built into the system unit or
connected with cables. Speakers allow
you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

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 PRINTER - is a peripheral which makes a persistent human readable
representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media. The
two most common printer mechanisms are black and white laser printers
used for common documents, and color inkjet printers which can produce
high quality photograph quality output.

Parts of System Unit

Personal Computer components

are typically thought of as packaged or
add-on parts that provide additionally to
a PC. This is in contrast of vital electronic
components that are necessary in every
PC. These include things such as media
drives, memory, hard drives, processors
and the power supply here are some of
the most common PC components.

Central processing unit (CPU) / Microprocessor - the “brain” and heart

of the computer, where most of the calculations take place.

Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin plate on which chips and other
electronics components are placed.

CD-ROM drive / DVD-ROM drive (digital versatile disc-read only

memory) - an optical drive that can read information from a CD-ROM
this can also be a cd-rw (compact disc read-write) drive or DVD drive or
combination of all three in one drive.

Floppy disk drive (FDD) - can read and write to floppy disk.

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 Hard disk drive (HDD) - reads and writes data on a hard disk.

Primary storage device in the computer.

Motherboard - the computer main circuit board the motherboard is

critical because it is the computer’s nerve center everything else in the
system plugs into it is controlled by it. And depends on it to
communicate with other devices in the system.

Network Interface Card / LAN Card (NIC) – an interface card that

provide communication capabilities.

Sound Card – an expansion card that handles all sounds function.

Video Card – an expansion card that enhance the display capability of

motherboard.

MEMORY Card – is a form of computer data storage. It is main working

area use by the CPU.

Bus - a collection of circuits through which data is transmitted form

one part of a computer to another the bus connects all the internal
computer components to the CPU.

Expansion slot - an opening in a computer, usually on the motherboard

where an expansion card can be inserted to add new capabilities to the
computer.

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Random access memory (RAM) - Also known as Read Write memory
RAM can have new data written to it PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICE. And
can have store data read form it.

Read Only Memory (ROM) - a type of computer memory n which data

has been prerecorded after data has been write onto a ROM CHIP, it
cannot be removed and can only be read.

Integrated drive electronics / interface cable (IDE Cable) – is

an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as
hard disk drives, and optical disc drives in computers.

Serial advance technology attachment cable (SATA Cable) – is

a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass
storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA
replaces the older AT Attachment standard (later referred to as Parallel
ATA or PATA), offering several advantages over the older interface:
reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40), native hot
swapping, faster data transfer through higher signaling rates, and more
efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.

Floppy disk drive cable (FDD Cable) – is a hardware device that reads
data storage information. It was the first types of hardware storage
that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are used for reading and
writing on removable floppy discs. Floppy disks are now outdated, and
have been replaced by other storage devices such as USB and network
file transfer.

Power supply - supplies power to the computer.

Case/Chassis/Cover –A computer case also known as a "computer

chassis", "tower", "system unit", "base unit" or simply "case" and
sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "CPU", is the enclosure that
contains most of the components of a computer (usually excluding the
display, keyboard and mouse).

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Types of Memory

1. FPM – Fast Page Mode

Pins- 1-72
Sizes – 16mb, 32mb, 64mb
Slot Type – SIMM – Single In-line Memory Module Bank Slot
Computer type – Pentium I

2. EDO RAM– Extended Data Out Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-72
Sizes – 16mb, 32mb, 64mb
Slot Type – SIMM – Single In-line Memory Module Bank Slot
Computer type – Pentium I

3. SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-168
Sizes – 128mb, 256mb, 512mb
Slot Type – DIMM – Dual In-line Memory Module Bank Slot
Computer type – Pentium II-III

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 4. RDRAM – Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-168
Sizes – 128mb, 256mb, 512mb
Slot Type – DIMM – Dual In-line Memory Module Bank Slot
Computer type – Pentium II-III

5. DDR1/400mhz SDRAM – Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-184
Sizes – 512mb, 1 GB, 2 GB
Slot Type – DDR1/400 -Double Data Rate Bank Slot
Computer type – Pentium IV

6. DDR2/800mhz SDRAM – Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-240
Sizes – 512mb, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB
Slot Type – DDR2/800 -Double Data Rate Bank Slot
Computer type – Dual Core

7. DDR3 SDRAM – Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-240
Sizes – 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB
Slot Type – DDR3-Double Data Rate Bank Slot
Computer type – Dual Core, Quad Core, Latest Computer

8. DDR4 SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

Pins- 1-284
Sizes – 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB
Slot Type – DDR4-Double Data Rate Bank Slot
Computer type – Dual Core, Quad Core, Latest Computer

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Types of Data Cables

IDE CABLE

Two types of IDE Cable

IDE ATA - Integrated Drive Electronic/Interface Advance Technology Attachment

1. IDE ATA 100mhz – 40 pins

2. IDE ATA 133mhz – 80 pins

SATA CABLE – Serial Advance

Technology Attachment 150-175
MHz

FDD CABLE

Two types of FDD Cable

FDD ATA – Floppy Disk Drive

Advance Technology Attachment

1. FDD ATA 100mhz – 34 pins

2. FDD ATA 133mhz – 68 pins

Two types of HDD Controller

1. HDD IDE ATA Controller – Integrated Drive Electronic/Interface Controller

2. HDD SATA Controller – Serial Advance Technology Attachment Controller

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Two types of DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-read only memory) Drive Controller

1. DVD-Rom Drive IDE ATA Controller

2. DVD-Rom Drive SATA Controller

JUMPER SETTINGS

HDD IDE ATA Jumper Settings (*note: it depends of HDD model/label)

CD-Rom Drive / DVD-Rom Drive Jumper Settings

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 Two types of Power Supply

1. AT Power Supply – Advance Technology 20 pins

2. ATX Power Supply – Advance Technology Extended 24pins

1. Micro Advance Technology power supply

plug 20pins – plug into micro advance
technology power supply connector in
motherboard.
2. Bergs power supply plug – plug into floppy
disc drive.
3. Molex power supply plug – plug into hard
disc drive or cd-dvd-rom drive power
connector.
4. Switch 0-1 – on and off power button.

1. SATA power supply plug – plug into hard

disc or DVD-ROM drive.
2. Auxiliary power supply plug 4pins
(2yellow, 2black wires) – plug into auxiliary
power supply connector in the
motherboard.
3. Molex power supply - plug into hard disc
drive or cd-dvd-rom drive power connector.
4. Bergs power supply plug – plug into floppy
disk drive.
5. Micro Advance Technology power supply
plug 20pins – plug into micro advance
technology power supply connector in
motherboard.
6. Extended power supply plug 4pins –
connect in AT power supply for support
power to have an advance technology
extended power supply.
7. Full micro advance technology extended
power supply 24pins – plug into ATX power
supply connector.

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Parts of Motherboard

MODEL: Asus P5N-E SLI NVidia NForCE 650I SLI Socket-

LGA775 – Land grid array

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Name

1. CPU socket - Central processing unit LGA775 – land grid array

The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that
houses a CPU and forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU.

2. DDR2 800 MHz double data rate Dual-channel memory slots – 240pins

A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) to be
inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there may be 2 to 4 memory slots
(sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and is what determine the type of RAM used with
the computer.

3. NBC – North Bridge Chipset with Heat sink

A northbridge or host bridge is a microchip on some PC motherboards and is connected directly

to the CPU and thus responsible for tasks that require the highest performance.

4. ATX - Full micro advance technology extended power supply connector

24-pins

24 pin atx converters is for converting your power supply with a 20 pin atx connector to a 24 pin
atx connector. Use this converter when your motherboard requires a 24 pin atx connector and
you have a power supply with a 20 pin atx connector.

5. SBC - South Bridge chipset

The southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a

northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture.

6. PCI slot (2) - Peripheral component interconnect slot

The most widely used hardware interface for connecting peripheral devices.

7. PCI-E x16 slot (2) - Peripheral component interconnect express slot

The PCI Express x16 graphics interface (also called PCIe x16) offers increased bandwidth and
scalability over the previous AGP8X generation.

8. PCI Express x1 slot - Peripheral component interconnect express slot

is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X,
and AGP bus standards.

9. CMOS battery – complementary metal oxide semi-conductor

To provide CMOS with the power when the computer is turned off all motherboards comes with
a battery. These batteries mount on the motherboard in one of three ways: the obsolete
external battery, the most common onboard battery, and built-in battery.

10. Back panel/Port cluster – built-in

All external devices are place.

11. SATA host adapter (4) - Serial advance technology attachment

Serial ATA (SATA) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage
devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives.

12. FDD port – Floppy disk drive controller – 34pins

The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to
the motherboard. A floppy controller is one that is used to control the floppy drive.

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13. IDE port – integrated drive electronic/interface host adapter (2) –
40pins
-IDE 1 – HDD -IDE2 – CD/DVD-ROM drive

Also known as ATA or PATA (renamed Parallel ATA, to differentiate from Serial ATA or SATA) is
used with IBM compatible hard drives. IDE and its successor, Enhanced IDE (EIDE), are the
commonly used with most Pentium computers..

14. Auxiliary power supply connector – 4pins (2yellow and 2 black wires)

This connector provides additional power to the computer processor and other power hungry
devices like a video

15. Mounting holes/screw nuts

Are the hardware used to secure parts of a PC to the case.

16. P/S 2 mouse port – personal system

Mouse port connected directly to the motherboard.

17. P/S 2 keyboard port – personal system

Mouse port connected directly to the motherboard.

18. USB port – universal serial bus (4)

USB is the General-purpose connection for PC. You can find USB versions of many different
devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. a USB connector's
distinctive rectangular shape makes it easily recognizable.

19. Serial Communication port 9pins

Is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one
bit at a time (in contrast to a parallel port).

20. VGA port – video graphic adapter 15pins

Connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and high definition television sets.

21. Line-out – speaker

22. Microphone
23. Line-in – video
24. Audio port
25. LAN port – local area network/internet connection

A socket on a computer or network device for plugging in an Ethernet cable.

26. LPT port / Parallel port – line printer terminal 25pins

A parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface. It is also known as a printer port

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