TURKISH VERBS fully conjugated in all the tenses By Talat Sait Halman Basic features of the Turkish language General introduction to Turkish verbs Turkish verbs fully conjugated in all the tenses, alphabetically arranged Auxiliary and compound verbs Turkish-English verb index English-Turkish verb index201 TURKISH VERBS FULLY CONJUGATED IN ALL THE TENSES Talat Sait Halman Turkey’s Ambassador for Cultural Affairs and former Minister of Culture Formerly of Princeton University, New York University, and Columbia University BARRON'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES, INC. MIAMI ¢ DADE PUBLIC LIBRARY SYSTEM© copyright 1981 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner. All inquiries should be addressed to: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, NY 11788 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 80-27006 International Standard Book No, 0-8120-2034-0 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 4 510 987 Table of Contents Preface Foreword: The Turkish Language Introduction: The Turkish Verb Observed 201 Verbs Conjugated in All the Tenses Conjugation of Negative and Interrogative Forms Compounds and Auxiliary Verbs Permutations of the Past Tenses Conditional Forms Turkish-English Verb Index English-Turkish Verb Index 202 231 237 24 249 itiPreface Designed essentially as a list of conjugations, this book offers to the student of Turkish 201 verbs conjugated in all the tenses, It includes several hundred auxiliary and compound verbs which follow the same pattern of conjugation. Consequently, the vast majority of Turkish verbs may be found in this volume. The introductory section provides some basic information about the Turkish language in general and about Turkish verbs in particular. The selection of the verbs has been made on the basis of lists published in the United States, Turkey, France, and England, It also reflects my teaching experience of many years at Columbia University, New York University, Princeton University, and other universities. For students who may want to do further work, I would like to recommend Teach Yourself Turkish by G. L. Lewis, Durkish Grammar by Robert Underhill, and Elementary Turkish by Lewis V. Thomas and Norman sh Grammar by Ttzkowitz. As a reference grammar, Zuri Geoffrey L. Lewis is excellent. Yusuf Mardin's Colloquial Turkish is also a very good all-around textbook. Useful information may be found in Hikmet Sebiiktekin's Durkish- English Gontrastive Anslysis, Lloyd B. Swift's A Reference Grammar of Modern Turkish, and Robert B. lees' 4 Phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Foreword : The Turkish Language Turkish - - one of the oldest functional languages - - is spoken by about a hundred million people living in the Republic of Turkey, the Soviet Union, China, parts of the Middle East and the Balkens, and elsewhere, It belongs to the Turkic branch of the Altaic family of languages. Among its basic features, the following stand out: 1. It is an agglutinative language based on an elaborate system of suffixation which occurs commonly not only in noun-formation but also in the conjugation of verbs. For example, the single construct “Anlatamayacagim," is a complete sentence meaning "I shall not be able to explain." 2. (It conforms to the rule of vowel harmony. Its two categories of vowels ~ - front vowels: e, i, - - back vowels: a, 1, 0, u— - normally function within their own respective groups. They seldom intermingle in independent words and in constructs, a phenomenon that occurs mainly in words borrowed from other languages. "Ev" (house, home) takes the suffix -im (with the front vowel i) in its possessive form meaning "my house", but "bag" (head) takes -1m (with the back vowel 1) for "my head", Yet, "hal", an Arabic word, takes -im for the possessive "my condition" and thus violates the rule vof vowel harmony. The rule applies to the vast majority of conjugations. Major exceptions are as follows: In the present progressive, front-vowel infinitives teke the invariable back-vowel suffix -yor as do all the pack-vowel infinitives ("Gegiyor" and "Bakiyor"; on" and "Okuyor", etc.), and in constructs | expressing affirmative ability (to be able to), the pack-vowel infinitives take the invariable front-vowel suffix -bil as do all the front-vowel infinitives ("Bekabiliyor", "Gegebiliyor", "Okuyabiliyor", "Giilebiliyor", etc.) 3. It has no grammatical gender. Pronouns and conjugations make no differentiation between he, she, or it, Only a few words borrowed from the Arabic have masculine or feminine references ("k&tip" meaning mele secretary or clerk, "k&tibe" meaning female secretary or clerk). 4, Its basic sentence structure consists of Subject - Object - Predicate. Particularly in casual conversation, frequent deviations from this structure occur, Since predicates clearly indicate their subject pronouns, many sentences start without an expressed pronoun, Compared with other languages, Turkish grammar has few irregularities. Most of its parts of speech are logical, orderly and regular. This is particularly true of the basic patterns of verb conjugations. vi The Alphabet The earliest types of script used by the furks were the Koktiirk (Géktiirk) and the Uighur. The Arabic script was adopted after conversion to Islam about a thousand years ago. In 1928 the Turkish Republic decided to employ the Latin script. The new Turkish alphabet was designed with the objective, among other purposes, of achieving the maximum degree of concordance between the written seript and pronunciation, The Turkish alphabet has 29 letters. Six of them (¢, &, 1, 6, 8, ii) do not occur in English, Turkish employs q, w, x in some foreign names and words. Please observe that there is an undotted 1 (its capital I) as well as a dotted i (its capital 1), The letter (referred to as "yumugak g" + meaning "soft g") serves as a link and tends to make a preceding vowel longer. No word starts with this letter. Some of the long vowels occurring in words porrowed from Arabic and Persian are indicated (although not consistently) by a circumflex: 4, 7 (longer form of i), and &. These have their capital forms as well: A, ft, 0. The circumflex in some borrowed words indicates that an adjacent g, k, or 1 is pronounced as a soft or front consonant. The full Turkish alphabet, consisting of eight vowels and twenty-one consonants, appears on the following page. Approximate English pronunciations are also provided. viiviii RYge etm nbd oon RHP WOH FR HORHKD OTD RA ee Qa be NHI GaAHEMNHHOCOBARARYHH TH (like "gun") & (like "are") (as in English) (like "jade") (ch of "chin") (as in English) (like "pen") (as in English) (g of good) (a phonemic link; makes a preceding vowel longer) (h of "half") (like the second vowel of "portable") (like "it") i (like "eat") (like "measure") (like "come" or "king") (Like "look" or "Listen") (as in English) (as in English) (like eau in French) (like "bird" or French deux) (as in English) (z of "rust") (s of "sun") (sh of "shine") (as in English) (like "pull") & (like "pool") (like tu in French) (as in Inglish) (y of "you") (as in English) Zatroduction: The Turkish Verb Observed Turkish verbs are remarkably regular in their conjugation, With the exception of the copula 'to be! - - sometimes referred to as the only "defective verb" - - all verbs, including the auxiliaries, compounds, and extended forms, conform to the same basic patterns of conjugation which have virtually no irregularities. In addition to their intrinsic functions, the Turkish verbs serve as the basis of a lerge number of nouns, adjectives, adverbials, gerunds, participles, etc. Inf: es: consist of two elements - - the root and the ending. Yor example, "odilmek" (to know) is composed of the root "bil-" and the ending "mek"; "bakmak" (to look) consists of "bak-" (its root) and "mak" (its ending). In the simplest terms, the syllable or syllables preceding the infinitive ending "-mek" or "-mak" may be defined as the infinitive root. The roots are mostly monosyllabic or duosyllabicy i.e., "almak" (to take, get, buy) has a single syllable "al-" as its root whereas "dgrenmek" has the two-syllable Stren-". Since Turkish is an agglutinative language, a variety of suffixes (causative, reflexive, passive, ability, ete.) may be added to the infinitive roots. This process ylelds extended roots which are polysyllabic. Some of these can be quite elaborate in structure and meaning. For instance, the root "dén-" may take on the causative "-dir", the passive "-iil", and the two ability particles "-e" ana "bil", giving us the enlarged infinitive "déndtiriilebilmek". "Dénmek" means "to turn, return, spin, rotate, revolve" and "ddndiiriilebilmek" signifies "to be able to be made to turn or return, etc."Regardless of how short or elaborate an infinitive might be, the conjugation is invariably made on the basis of the infinitive root plus the verbal elements and the personal ondings for each tense. Take "acmak" (to open), for instance: o the root "ac-", add the two particles "-1" and "yor" which signify the present progressive and "-um" which indicates the first person singular, You get thereby the construct "aczyorum" which means "I am opening." ~ - a full grammatical sentence in itself. Normally, infinitive roots undergo no change within themselves aside from suffixes they may take on. The two major exceptions are the common infinitives "etmek" (to do), the most dominant auxiliary verb, and "gitmek" (to go). These two, and just a few winor infinitives whose roots end in the letter t, have the + converted into a d when the verbal particle they take on starts with a vowel. The root "git-", for instance, becomes "gid-" when, in the future tense, the particle "-ecek" is added to it: "Gidecek" (not "Gitecek") meaning "He will go." Pronouns: are expressed in the personal endings of the conjugations in all tenses and consequently may be considered superfluous as independent words in most sentences. As subjects, they are used mainly for purposes of clarification or emphasis or contrast. when no such specific functions are necessary, the Turkish sentence lets the pronoun implication of the predicate indicate the agent of action, "Koguyorum" means, in and of itself, "I am running." "Ben koguyorum", with the pronoun expressed, implies essentially "I am runing" or "It is I who is running" or "I am running, but not other people." The personal pronouns are: Ben = r You (Singular and familiar, like French tu or German du) He, She, It Biz - We Siz - You (Plural or Polite Singular, like French vous or Gernah Bie Onlar - They Note: The use of the third person plural "onlar" with or without the plural suffix "-ler" or "-ler" in the conjugations is a complex phenomenon. The student is advised to gain a basic understanding of this matter by consulting a reference grammar, preferably Jurkish Grammar by Geoffrey L, Lewis. In the conjugations of the 201 verbs here, the possibility of omissions has been indicated by means of parentheses around the expendable syllables. Derminology: poses some basic problems. In meny cases, the English tenses are "moods" or "verbal modes" in Turkish. The use of the terms relating to the Turkish verbs in books available in Pnglish and in Turkish shows a great deal of variation and inconsistency. ‘The mood or tense presented as the “Indefinite Past" in the present book, for instance, appears as the "Narrative Past" or the "Dubitative" or the "Distant Past" in different books in English. The Turkish term, recognizing the impossibility of expressing all of the meanings end functions of this verbal mode, presents it in terms of its basic suffix " "Migli Gegmig", literally the "Mig Past" or the "Past with the mig in it", The nine terms employed in this book - - Aorist/Present, Present Progressive, Future, Definite Past, Indefinite Past, Necessity, Optative: Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative - - are, in most cases, compromises which take into account their most frequent occurrences in Turkish grammars published in English. Auxiliary snd Compound Verbs: are conjugated in exactly the same way as are the basic verbs, For these - - which constitute a large category - - please see the section that immediately follows the 201 verbs and the "Conjugation of Negative and Interrogative Forms". xiThe Verb "Zo Be" / Gopula: is expressed only in terns of suffixes, It is sometimes referred to as the single "defective verb" in Turkish, because it has no infinitive form ~ - although there is the infinitive "olmak" which is less "to be" than "to become, exist, evolve, ripen, ete." The suffixes of the copula are subject to the rule of vowel harmony, which means that their vowels can be one of the following four: 1, i, u, i. In the first person singular and first person plural, when the suffix is added to a word ending in.a vowel, the buffer letter y is insorted, In the third person singular and third person plural, when the suffix -dir or its variations are attached to words ending in the unvoiced consonants - ¢, f, b, k, Py 8, 9, t - the initial d of -dir must be converted into a t. The following conjugetions indicate the above- mentioned variations: Present Tense: "I am blond," etc. "Sarigin" (adjective or noun meaning blond or blonde) Sariginim Sariginiz Sariginsin Sarigansiniz Sarisin(dir) Sarigan(dir)(lar) "You are well," etc. "tyi" (adjective, noun or adverb meaning good or well) tyiyin tyiyiz tyisin tyisiniz Tyi(dir) Tyi(dir) (ler) "He is hungry," etc. "Ag" (adjective or noun meaning “hungry") Agum Agus Acean Ageing Ag(tar) Ag(tar)(lar) Note: There are other types of variations in the terminal consonants for which the student should consult a reference grammar or textbook. xii Notes: 1. In various conjugations, the letter y tends to narrow the preceding a into 1 or the preceding © into i. For example, the first person singular of anlamak in the present progressive is anlayorum and of beklemek is bekliyorum - a mandatory conversion of a into 1 ana © into i before y, In some tenses, i.e., the future y may be preceded by a or 2, as in anlayacazam (anlayacagim) and by e or i, as in bekliyecegim. Both spellings are correct and commonly used. In the optative (subjunctive), anlayayzm end anlayayam or bekleyeyin and bekliyeyim are both correct spellings. 2. In the necessity, the particle "-dir" or its variations are sometimes added to the third person singular and plural. The particle usually makes the necessity more formal, 3. In the imperative, the second person plural has two versions, For instance, anlayin signifies either an order given to two or more persons or a fairly polite request to one person, ‘The extended version anlayiniz implies a polite order given to two or more persons or a very polite request to one person. xiiiacikmak Sess to feel hungry j Aorist/Present: acakaram, acikirsin, acikir i ac1ikir1z, acikirsiniz, acikirlar ; Present Progressive: acikiyorum, acakiyorsun, acikiyor : acikiyoruz, acikiyorsunuz, acikiyorler Fuure: acikacaéim, acikacaksin, acikacak acukacatiz, acikacaksinaz, acikacaklar Definite Past: aciktim, aciktin, aciktz aciktak, acuktanaz, aciktilar Indefinite Past: acikmigim, acakmigsin, acikm1gs | acakmigiz, acakmagsiniz, acikmglar Necessity: acikmaliyim, acikmalisin, acikmal1(dir) acikmaliyiz, acikmalisiniz, acikmali(dir)lar Optative: acikayim, acikasin, acika (Subjunctive) sorkalam, acukasiniz, acikalar Conditional: aciksam, aciksan, aciksa aciksak, aciksaniz, aciksalar | Imperative: acik, aciksin ' acikin (acakanaz), aciksinlarGn Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: acimal to pity, So feel compassion, to have pain acurim, acirsin, acir AoristiPresent: ac1riz, acirsiniz, acirler acayorum, aciyorsun, ac1yor Present Progressive: aclyoruz, aclyorsunuz, aciyorlar aciyacetm, ac1yacaksin, sc1yacak Future: aclyacagiz, aclyacaksiniz, aciyacaklar acidim, acadin, acida Definite Past: acidik, acadiniz, acidilar acimigim, aczmigsin, acirag Indefinite Past: aclM1g1Z, acimigsinzz, acimslar acimaliyam, acimalasin, acimali(dir} Necessity: acimaliyiz, acimalisiniz, acamala(dir)lar aclyzylm, aclyasin, ac1ya Optative: aciyalim, actyasiviz, aciyalar (Subjunctive) acisam, acisen, acisa Conditional: acisak, acisaniz, acisalar aci, aczsin Imperative: ac1yin (aciyiniz), acasinlar acmak to open agerim, agarsin, agar agarlz, agarsiniz, acarlar aglyorum, ag1yorsun, ag1yor aglyoruz, aclyorsunuz, ag1yorlar agacafim, agacaksin, acacak agacaiiz, agacaksiniz, acacaklar actim, actin, acta agtzk, agtiniz, acgtilar agmigim, agmgsin, agmg agm1g1Z, agmgsiniz, agmiglar acmaliyim, agmalisin, agmal1(dar) agmaliyiz, agmalasiniz, agmalz(dir)lar agaylm, agasin, aca agelium, agasiniz, agalar agsam, acsan, acsa agsak, agsaniz, agsalar ag, agsun agin (aginiz), agsinlar————— Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: aflamalk to weep aglarim, aglarsin, aglar aglariz, aflarsiniz, aglarlar agliyorum, aglizyorsun, agliyor agliyoruz, afliyorsunuz, agliyorlar aglayacafim, aflayaceksin, aglayacak a@layacataz, atlayacaksiniz, aflayacaklar af@ladam, a@ladan, agladz afledik, afladiniz, afladilar aflamsim, aglamgsin, aglamg aglamgiz, aflamigsiniz, aglamsglar aflamaliyin, aflamalasin, aglamalz(dar) aglamaliy2z, aglamalisiniz, aglamala(dir)lar aflayayam, a#layasin, aglaya aflayalim, aglayasiniz, aglayalar a®lasam, aglasan, aglasa: aflasak, aflasaniz, aflasalar a®la, aglasin a®layin (a#layiniz), aélasinlar alagmak — Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to get used to aligirim, aligirsin, aligur aligiriz, alagirsiniz, aligirlar aligiyorum, alig1yorsun, alig1yor aligiyoruz, alig1yorsunuz, aligiyorlar aligecagim, aligacaksin, aligacak alagacataz, alasacaksiniz, aligacaklar aligtam, alagtin, aligti alagtik, aligtiniz, aligtilar aligmigim, aligmigsin, aligmig aligmsiz, aligmigsiniz, alagmglar alugmalayim, aligmalisin, aligmali(dzr) aligmaliyiz, aligmalisiniz, aligmali(dir)lar aligayim, aligasin, aliga aligalim, aligasiniz, aligalar alagsam, alagsan, alagsa aligsak, aligsaniz, aligsalar alas, alissin aligin (aliginiz), aligsinlaralmak anlamaic ——————— ; to take, to get, to buy to understand i ! AoristiPresent: elivam, alarsin, alar Aborist/Present: anlerim, anlarsin, anlar | alaraz, alirsiniz, alirlar anleriz, anlarsiniz, anlarlar | ||| Present Progressive: alizyorum, aliyorsun, aliyor Present Progressive: anliyorum, anliyorsun, anliyor al1yoruz, aliyorsunuz, aliyorlar anliyoruz, anliyorsunuz, anliyorlar Fuure: alacatun, alacaksin, alacak Future: anlayacatum, anlayacaksin, anlayacak alacagiz, alacaksiniz, alacaklar anlayacafiz, anlayacaksiniz, anlayacaklar | ili Definite Past: aldim, aldan, ald Definite Past: anladam, anladan, anlada aldik, aldiniz, aldzlar anladik, anladiniz, anladzlar } Indefinite Past: almigim, almgsin, almg Indefinite Past: anlamigim, anlamigsin, anlamis aH almigiz, almgsiniz, almislar anlamigiz, anlamigsinizz, anlamsglar | Necessity: almaliyim, almalisin, almali(dir) Necessity: anlamaliyim, anlamalisin, anlamala(dar) i almaluyiz, almalasiniz, almali(dir)lar anlamaliyiz, anlamalisinaz, anlamali(dir)lar | Optative: alayim, alasin, ala Optative: anlayayam, anlayasin, anlaya | (Subjunctive) slaiam, alasiniz, alalar (Subjunctive) aniayalam, anlayasiniz, anlayalar Ih Conditional: alsam, alsan, alsa Conditional: anlasam, anlasan, anlasa f alsak, alsaniz, alsalar anlasak, anlasaniz, anlasaler | Imperative: al, alsin Imperative: anla, anlasin alan (alaniz), alsanlar anlayin (anlayiniz), anlasinlar 6 7Hy anlatmak animale i ea_—_———— ee rr to remember, to commemorate to tell, to explain, to relate is Aoris ! anare: i Aorist/Present: enletarim, enlatarsin, anlatar lorist/Present: anarim, nearsin,g anar i n a m : i anlatiriz, anlatirsiniz, anlatirlar anariz, anarsiniz, anarlar Present Progressive: anlatayorum, anlatiyorsun, anlatuyor Present Progressive: aniyorum, aniyorsun, aniyor anlatiyoruz, anlatiyorsunuz, anlatiyorlar anlyoruz, anlyorsunuz, an1yorlar Future: acaks y Fuure: anlatacagam, anlatacaksin, anlatacak ure: anacagim, anecaksin, anacak anac. %. 1 anlatacagiz, anlatacaksiniz, anlatacaklar macegl%, anacaksinuz, anacaklar | i ite Past: ' Definite Past: anlattam, anlattan, anlatt. Definite Past: andun, andan, anda. | tH anlattik, anlattiniz, anlattalar andik, andiniz, andilac Indefinite Past! aniatmigim, anlatmgsin, anlatmig Indefinite Past: anmigim, anzagsin, anmg anlatmigiz, anlatmigsiniz, anlatmglar antigiz, anmgsiniz, anmglar | ity: 8: 2 i Necessity: enlatmalayam, anletmalasin, anletmala(air) Necessity: annaliyim, anmaljsin, ennala(dar) . fl anlatmaliyiz, anlatmalisiniz, anlatmali(dir)lar anualiyiz, annalisiniz, anmalz(dir)lar ; , Optative: an nas: Optative: anlatayim, anlatasin, anlata (Subjenetive) aa Pe im, ana ; | (Subjunctive) sniatalam, anlatasiniz, anlataler analan, anasiniz, enalar Conditional: snlatsam, anlatsan, anlatsa Conditional: aang ansan, ansa 1 anlatsak, anlatsaniz, anlatsalar ansek, ansanaz, ansalar ill Imperative: anlat, anlatsin Imperative: an, ansin , Hi ——— anlatan (anlataniz), anlatsinlar avin (aniniz), ausinler | Tl 9 | 8aramak ——————_—$—$—————— AoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: 10 to look for, to search ararim, ararsin, arar ararlz, ararsiniz, ararlar arlyorum, ariyorsun, ariyor arlyoruz, arlyorsunuz, ar1yorlar arayacagim, arayacaksin, arayacak arayacagiz, arayacaksiniz, arayacaklar aradum, aradin, aradz aradik, aradiniz, aradilar aramgim, aramigsin, aramig aramigiz, aramigsiniz, aramiglar aramaliyim, aramalasin, aramali(dur) aramaliyiz, aramalisiniz, aramali(dir)lar arayayim, arayasin, araya arayalim, arayasiniz, arayalar arasam, arasan, arasa arasak, arasaniz, arasalar ara, arasin arayin (arayaniz), arasinlar AoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past; Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: asmak to hang asarin, asarsin, asar asariz, asarsiniz, asarlar as1yorum, as1yorsun, asiyor asiyoruz, asiyorsunuz, asiyorlar asacazim, asacaksin, asacak asacataz, asacaksiniz, asacaklar astim, astin, astz astik, astaniz, astiler asM1gim, asmigsin, asmg asmigiz, asmgsiniz, asmglar asmaliyim, asmalasin, asmala(dir) asmaliyiz, asmalisiniz, asmali(dir)lar asaylm, asasin, asa asalim, asasiniz, asalar assam, assan, assa assak, assaniz, assalar as, assin asin (asinaz), assinlar iAoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: atlamak to jump atlarim, atlarsin, atlar atlariz, atlarsiniz, atlarlar atliyorun, atliyorsun, atliyor atliyoruz, atlayorsunuz, atliyorlar atlayacagin, atlayacaksin, atlayacak atlayacataz, atlayacaksimiz, atlayacaslar atladam, atladin, atladt atladak, atladiniz, atladzlar atlamsgim, atlamgsin, atlamsg atlamg1z, etlamgsiniz, atlamglar atlamalzyim, atlamalisin, atlamalx(dar) atlamaliyiz, atlamalisinzz, atlamalz(dir)lar atlayayin, atlayasin, atlaya atlayalin, atlayasiniz, atlayalar atlasam, atlasan, atlesa atlasak, atlasariz, atlesalar atla, atlasin atlayin (atlayiniz), atlasinlar atmak a Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to throw (away), to eject, to discharge atarim, atarsin, atar atariz, atarsiniz, atarlar atayorum, atzyorsun, atiyor atiyoruz, atiyorsunuz, atiyorlar atacafim, atacaksin, atacak atacafaz, atacaksiniz, atacaklar abtam, attan, att. attik, attamiz, attilar atmigim, atmgsin, atmg atmigiz, atmgsiniz, atmslar atmelayim, atmalasan, atmalz(dir) atmaliyiz, atmalisimiz, atmala(dir)lar atayam, atasin, ata atalim, atasiniz, atalar atsam, atsan, atsa atsak, atsaniz, atsalar at, atsin atan (ataniz), atsinlar 13Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: ayLririm, ay1rir1z, ayirmak to sever, to separate ayirirsin, ay1rur aylrirsiniz, ayirirlar ayariyorum, ayiriyorsun, ayiriyor ayiriyoruz, ayiriyorsunuz, ayiriyorlar ayraca%um, ayzracaksin, ayaracak ayizecagi Z, ayiracaksiniz, ayiracaklar ayirdim, ayirdin, ayardz ayirdik, ayirdiniz, ayirdilar ayLrmgim, ay_rmigsin, ayirmig ayirmigiz , ayLIMigsiniz, ayirmislar ayarmaliyam, ayarmalasin, ayarmal1(dir) ayirmal1yiz, ay1rmalisiniz, ayirmali(dir)lar ayarayzm, ayaralin, ayirsan, ay1rsak, ayzrasin, ayira ayirasiniz, ayiralar ayzrsan, ayirsa ayirsaniz, ayirsalar aylr, ayirsin ayirin (ayiriniz), ayirsinlar bagarmak a Aorist(Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to shout, to scream bagiririn, bafirirsin, bagirir bagariziz, bagarirsiniz, bagirirlar bagiriyorun, bagiriyorsun, bagirzyor bagarayoruz, bagirayorsunuz, bagariyorlar bagiracagin, bagiracaksin, batiracak bagiracatiz, bafaracaksaniz, baturacaklar bagirdam, bagardan, batirds bagirdik, bagirdiniz, bagardaler bagirmgin, bagirmigsin, bagirmg bagarmisiz, bagirmgsiniz, bagarmglar bagarmaliyim, batirmalisin, bagirmali(dir) bagirmaliyiz, bagirmalisiniz, bagarmali(dir)lar begirayin, bafirasin, bagira bagiralam, bagirasiniz, batiralar bagirsam, bagirsan, bagirsa bagirsak, bafirsaniz, batarsalar bagir, ba#arsin ba®iran (bagariniz), baxursinlar 15befaglamak — Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to forgive, to pardon baiiglarim, bagislarsin, bagiglar bagaglaraz, bagiglarsiniz, bagiglarlar bafigliyorum, bafisliyorsun, bagigliyor bagaglayoruz, bafigliyorsunuz, bafigliyorlar pataglayacatim, bafaglayacaksin, baézslayacak batfaglayacaksanaz See ee bata glayacaklar vatfigladum, batigladin, begaglads patagladik, batagladiniz, bagisladiler bafiglamsgim, batislamgsin, batiglamg batiglamgiz, bafiglamgsaniz, bataglamsglar bataglamalayim, bagglamalasin, batiglamala (dir) Jayiz, ba¥aglamalasinaz bagaslanalayiz, bags bafaslamala(dur)lar batiglayayam, baiiglayasin, bagislaya pagiglayalim, baiiglayasiniz, bagiglayalar bagaglasam, bataglasan, bagiglasa bagaslasak, bafaglasamz, bagiglasalar bafigla, bagiglasin batiiglayin (bafislayiniz), batislasinlar baglamak A ——————— Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to tie, to link balarim, baglarsin, ba#lar baglariz, batlarsiniz, ba¥larlar bagliyorum, ba#liyorsun, baéliyor baflayoruz, baglayorsunuz, bagliyorlar batlayacagin, ba®layacaksin, baglayacak baglayacaiiz, baflayacaksiniz, baglayacaklar bagladim, bafladan, ba¥ladx da®ladak, bagladiniz, bagladilar daglamgim, ba#lemgsin, ba#lams baglamigiz, baglamgsiniz, baglamglar daflamalayim, baglamalisin, baflamala (dar) balamaliyiz, baglamalasiniz, baglamali(dir)lar baglayayam, ba#layasin, baélaya baBlayalim, baglayasiniz, baflayalar vaglasam, batlasan, baélasa baflasak, baflasaniz, bailasalar datla, baglesin ba®layan (baglayiniz), ba#lasinlar 17—_———_— AoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: bakmak to look, to take care of pakarim, bakarsin, baker bakariz, bakarsiniz, bakarlar bakiyorum, bakiyorsun, bakiyor bakiyoruz, bakiyorsunuz, bakzyorlar bakacafim, bakacaksin, bakacak bakacag1z, bakacaksiniz, bakacaklar baktam, baktan, bakta baktak, baktiniz, baktalar bakmigam, bakmigsin, bakmg bakmigiz, bakmigsiniz, bakmiglar bakmaliyim, bakmalisin, bakmali(dar) bakmaliyiz, bakmalisiniz, bakmali(dar)ler bakeyam, bakasin, baka bakalim, bakasiniz, bakalar baksam, baksan, baksa baksak, baksaniz, baksalar bak, baksin pakin (bakiniz), baksinlar basmak —— Eee Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to step on, to press basarim, basarsin, basar basariz, basarsiniz, basarlar basiyorum, bas1yorsun, basiyor basiyoruz, bas1yorsunuz, basiyorlar basacafim, basacaksin, basacak basacaéiz, basacaksin1z, basacaklar bastim, bastin, bastz bastik, bastiniz, bastilar basmigim, basmigsin, basmig basmigiz, basmgsiniz, basmglar basmaliyim, basmalisin, basmali(dir) basmaliyzz, basmalasaniz, basmala(dir)ler basayim, basasin, basa basalim, basasiniz, basalar bassam, bassan, bassa bassak, bassaniz, bassalar bas, bassin baszn (basiniz), bassinlar 19bagarmak a —— — Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to achieve, to accomplish, to succeed bagaririm, bagarirsin, basarir bagaririz, bagarirsiniz, bagarirlar bagariyorum, bagar1yorsun, bagariyor bagar1yoruz, basarlyorsunuz, bagar1yorlar bagaracaim, bagaracaksin, bagaracak hagaracaiiz, basaracaksiniz, bagaracaklar vagardim, bagardin, bagardz pagardik, bagardiniz, basardilar bagarmigim, bagarmigsin, bagarmig bagarmigiz, bagarmigsiniz, bagarmiglar bagarmaliyim, bagarmalisin, bagarmali(dir) bagarmaliyiz, bagarmalisiniz, bagarmala(dar)lar bagaraylm, bagarasin, bagara pagaralim, bagarasiniz, bagaralar bagarsam, bagarsan, bagarsa pagarsak, bagarsaniz, bagarsalar bagar, bagarsin pagarin (bagariniz), bagarsinlar baglamak Uae UE UU nese ee AoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to begin, to start baglarim, baglarsin, baslar baglaruz, baglarsiniz, baglarlar bagliyorum, bagliyorsun, bagliyor bagliyoruz, bagliyorsunuz, basliyorlar baglayacatim, baglayacaksin, baglayacak baglayaca%iz, baglayacaksiniz, baglayacaklar vagladam, bagladan, baglada bagladik, bagladiniz, basladzlar baglamigum, baglamgsin, baglamug baglamigiz, baglamigsiniz, baglamslar baglamalayam, baglamalisin, baglamala(dur) baglamaliyiz, baglamalisiniz, baglamali(dir)ler baglayayim, baglayasin, baglaya baslayalim, baglayasinizz, baglayalar baglasam, baglasan, baslasa baslasak, baglasaniz, baslasalar bagla, baglasin bvaglayin (baslayaniz), baglasinlar 21begenmek _—_——— AoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: 22 to like, to appreciate pefenirim, befenirsin, begenir befeniriz, beSenirsiniz, begenirler begeniyorum, befeniyorsun, be%eniyor beeniyoruz, bexeniyorsunuz, beteniyorlar beSenece%im, be%eneceksin, beg%enecek betenece#iz, beweneceksiniz, bexenecekler befendim, befendin, betendi befendik, befendiniz, begendiler bevenmigin, begenmigsin, begenmig bexenmigiz, betenmigsiniz, begenmigler pegenmeliyim, be%enmelisin, begenmeli(dir) begenmeliyiz, bexenmelisiniz, befenmeli(dir)ler befeneyim, be%enesin, betene begenelim, begenesiniz, begeneler be%ensem, befensen, defense begensek, begenseniz, befenseler begen, begensin begenin (begeniniz), begensinler beklemek — ee Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to wait (for), to await, to expect veklerin, beklersin, bekler vekleriz, beklersiniz, beklerler bekliyorum, bekliyorsun, bekliyor bekliyoruz, bekliyorsunuz, bekliyorlar bekleyeceZim, bekleyeceksin, bekleyecek bekleyecefiz, bekleyeceksiniz, bekleyecekler bekledim, bekledin, bekledi bekledik, beklediniz, beklediler beklemigim, beklemigsin, beklemig peklemigiz, beklemigsiniz, beklemigler beklemeliyim, beklemelisin, beklemeli(dir) beklemeliyiz, beklemelisiniz, beklemeli(dir)ler bekleyeyim, bekleyesin, bekleye bekleyelim, bekleyesiniz, bekleyeler beklesem, beklesen, beklese beklesek, bekleseniz, bekleseler bekle, beklesin bekleyin (bekleyiniz), beklesinlerbenzemek Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: 2 Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to resemble, to look like benzerim, benzersin, benzer benzeriz, benzersiniz, benzerler benziyorum, benziyorsun, benziyor benziyoruz, benziyorsunuz, benziyorlar benzeyece#im, benzeyeceksin, benzeyecek benzeyecefiz, benzeyeceksiniz, benzeyecekler benzedim, benzedin, benzedi benzedik, benzediniz, benzediler benzemigim, benzemigsin, benzemig benzemigiz, benzemigsiniz, benzemigler benzemeliyim, benzemelisin, benzemeli(dir) benzemeliyiz, benzemelisiniz, benzemeli(dir)ler benzeyeyim, benzeyesin, benzeye benzeyelim, benzeyesiniz, benzeyeler benzesem, benzesen, benzese benzesek, benzeseniz, benzeseler benze, benzesin benzeyin (benzeyiniz), benzesinler bikmak ——— Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to get bored with, to grow tired of bikarim, bikarsin, bikar bikariz, bikarsiniz, bikarlar bikiyorum, bikiyorsun, bikiyor bikiyoruz, bikiyorsunuz, bikiyorler bikacafim, bikacaksin, bikacak bakacafiz, bikacaksiniz, bakacaklar biktim, biktin, bikt2 baktzk, biktaniz, biktilar bikmgim, bikmigsin, bikmig bakmigiz, bikmgsiniz, bikmiglar bikmaliyin, bikmalisan, bikmal1(d1r) bikmalayiz, bukmalasaniz, brkmali(dir)lar bikayim, bikasin, bika bikalim, bikasiniz, bikelar biksam, biksan, biksa baksak, biksenaz, biksalar bak, bikein bain (bakanaz), biksinlar 25burakmak AoristiPresent: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: 26 to leave, to quit, to let go, to allow barakirim, birakirsin, birekir pirekiriz, birakarsiniz, barakirlar birakiyorum, biarakiyorsun, birakiyor barskiyoruz, birakiyorsunuz, burakiyorler birakacagim, birakacaksin, birakacak birakacagaz, birakacaksiniz, birakacaklar baraktim, buraktin, burekta biraktik, bireaktiniz, biraktzlar barakmigim, birakmigsin, birakmis birakmigiz, birakmigsiniz, birakmglar birakmalayim, birakmalisin, birakmali(dur) birakmaliyiz, birakmalisiniz, birakmali(dir)lar birekayim, birakasin, buraka birakalim, birakasiniz, birakalar baraksam, biraksan, biraksa baraksak, biraksaniz, biraksalar burek, biraksin barakin (birakiniz), biraksiniar bilmek SS —— —— Aorist/Present: Present Progressive: Future: Definite Past: Indefinite Past: Necessity: Optative: (Subjunctive) Conditional: Imperative: to know pilirim, bilirsin, bilir biliriz, bilirsiniz, bilirler biliyorum, biliyorsun, biliyor biliyoruz, biliyorsunuz, biliyorlar bilece%im, bileceksin, bilecek bilecegiz, bileceksiniz, bilecekler bildim, bildin, bildi bildik, bildiniz, bildiler bilmigim, bilmigsin, bilmig bilmisiz, bilmigsiniz, bilmigler bilmeliyim, bilmelisin, bilmeli(dir) bilmeliyiz, bilmelisiniz, bilmeli(dir)ler bileyim, bilesin, bile bilelim, bilesiniz, dileler bilsem, bilsen, bilse bilsek, bilseniz, bilseler bil, bilsin bilin (biliniz), bilsinler 27