Psychological Assessment measuring

device
Lesson 3- Statistic Refresher - Demograp - Time/
Part 1 hic profile measurem
ents such
Scales of Measurement as inches,
cm, etc.
Measurement - the act of assigning
numbers or symbols to characteristics
of things (people, events, whatever) Error – refers to the collective
according to rules. influence of all of the factors on a test
score or measurement beyond those
- Assign certain information specifically measured by the test or
- Number may katumbas na measurement.
Interpretation
- .05 error (psychological) / 95%
confidence interval
- There is always something that
Scale - is a set of numbers (or other
can affect (extraneous
symbols) whose properties model
variables)
empirical properties of the objects to
Ex. Nagttake ng anxiety test,
which the numbers are assigned.
kinakabahan pala yung client
- Be clear what scale to use - .01 error (pharma, engineering,
scientist etc)

Four Scales of Measurement

(NOIR)
- The basics
- To minimalize errors

1. Nominal scales - are the simplest

form of measurement; involve
classification or categorization based
on one or more distinguishing
characteristics, where all things
Discrete Continuous
measured must be placed into
Variables Variables
- As is / - Infinite set mutually exclusive and exhaustive
straightfor (hind mo categories.
ward alam kung Samples: Hair color –black, brown, red,
hanggang
etc.; Religion – catholic, buddhism,
saan siya)
islam, etc.
- Whole - May
number decimals 2. Ordinal scales – with classification
(you can (you can’t and rank ordering.
count it) count it/
needs
Samples: 1st , 2nd , 3rd , etc.; Mild, 2. Measures of Central Tendency
moderate, severe, etc
3. Measures of Variability
4. Skewness
3. Interval scales – aside from the
5. Kurtosis
nominal and ordinal scales, it contains
equal intervals between numbers.
Each unit on the scale is exactly equal
to any other unit on the scale and no Distribution - a set of test scores
absolute zero point. arrayed for recording or study.

Samples: Temperature in F; Raw score - is a straightforward,

standardized exam score, etc. unmodified accounting of performance
that is usually numerical
- May some point of average
- Walang absolute zero point - Cannot use raw score as is
- Ex. Standardized test - Could mean differently in every
75- 100 – Severe test
51 – 74 – Average - Need may interpretation
0- 73 – Low Frequency Distributions- all scores
are listed alongside the number of
4. Ratio scales – with nominal, times each score occurred. The scores
ordinal, interval measurement and a might be listed in tabular or graphic
true zero point or absolute zero point. form; aka as simple frequency
distribution
Samples: Age, Weekly food spending,
etc
- With absolute zero point
- Age – kunyari infant magstart
siya sa zero tapos makikita
yung development from there

- Presenting all the scores.

Lowest, highest, etc.
- Minsan iggroup para mas
madali
Describing Data
- Frequency – number of data
1. Frequency Distributions presented alongside kung
 anong yung data na yun or scores or class intervals (as
score indicated on the X-axis) meet
Ex. Ano yung frequency nung frequencies (as indicated on the Y-
female? (Ilang yung female?) axis).
- Frequency = “f”
- Ilang beses nag occur yung
item na yun

In a grouped frequency
distribution, test-score intervals
(class intervals), replace the actual
test scores.
The number of class intervals used
and the size or width of each class Histogram - with vertical lines
interval (or, the range of test drawn at the true limits of each
scores contained in each class test score (or class interval),
interval) are for the test user to forming a series of contiguous
decide rectangles
- magkakadikit

- Grouped Frequency Distribution

Bar graph - numbers indicative of
is used para mapadali (masyado
frequency also appears on the Y-
marami yung data)
axis, and reference to some
- Class interval – may range yung
categorization appears on the X-
score
axis.

Graph - is a diagram or chart

composed of lines, points, bars, or
other symbols that describe and
illustrate data.
Frequency polygon - are
expressed by a continuous line
connecting the points where test
 - If the total number of scores
ordered is an odd number, then
the median will be the score
that is exactly in the middle
- When the total number of
scores ordered is an even
number, then the median can
be calculated by determining
the arithmetic mean of the two
middle scores.
Example for odd: Scores are 81, 88,
85, 82, 83
81, 82, 83, 85, 88
Measures of Central Tendency
Example for even: 81, 88, 85, 82,
is a statistic that indicates the
83, 79
average or midmost score between
the extreme scores in a 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88 = 82 + 83 =
distribution. 165/ 2 = 82.5
- yung gitna
- extreme scores ( sobrang baba, c. mode - most frequently occurring
sobrang taas) score in a distribution of scores.
a. arithmetic mean (mean) – bimodal distribution - two scores
average; the actual numerical that occur with the highest frequency)
value of every score; X Formula: X
= Σ(X/n), Example: Among 30 students, 10
students got the score of 75. The
mode is 75.

Score Frequency
88 3
75 10
69 2
Ex. Scores are 87, 82,89, 94, 92 72 3
85 5
87 + 82 + 89 + 94 + 92 = 444/ 5
70 1
= 88.8
90 2
91 1
87 3
b. median - the middle score in a
distribution.
Example, kunyari na dalawa yung
- Arrange the scores in a list by score na pinaka frequent. Kunin lang
magnitude, in either ascending ulit yung average.
or descending order.
Mode was created nung time na quartiles - the dividing points
maraming nag aapply? between the four quarters in the
distribution (Q1, Q2, and Q3); quarter
refers to an interval
Measures of Variability
Variability - is an indication of how
- Ano ba yung Q3 and Q1?
scores in a distribution are scattered
or dispersed. - quartile yung line na naghahati
(tatlong hati sa normal curve)
- Gaano kalayo/ ka scattered
yung scores nung bawat isa - 4 siya na quarter, yung spaces in
- Gaano kakalat yung data between the hati, the range
- Mahirap iinterpret kapag
sobrang kalat nung data
Measures of variability - statistics
that describe the amount of variation
in a distribution.
a. range - is equal to the difference
between the highest and the lowest
scores.
- When its value is based on extreme
scores in a distribution, the resulting
description of variation may be
understated or overstated.
- isubtract mo lang yung highest score
sa lowest score
- example, may scores na 85, 75, 82,
93, 84, 80, 71, 84, 76, 97 - Q2 and the median are exactly the
same;
97 – 71 = 26 is the range
- 25% of the test scores occur in each
- very simple, straightforward
quarter.
- provides quick scoring procedure
- In a perfectly symmetrical
- very limited information lalo na kung distribution, Q1 and Q3 will be exactly
masyadong spread out yung score the same distance from the median.
c. mean absolute deviation
(MAD)/average deviation
b. interquartile range - is a measure
of variability equal to the difference - mas kilala yung term na average
between Q3 and Q1. deviation
semi-interquartile range - is equal
to the interquartile range divided by 2.
E = summation variance (s2) - is equal to the
arithmetic mean of the squares of the
X – mean
differences between the scores in a
Absolute value – we ignore the distribution and their mean.
positive or negative value (the signs)
• The standard deviation is a useful
of the number
measure of variation because each
• The bars on each side of X — X individual score’s distance from the
̄indicate that it is the absolute value of mean of the distribution is factored
the deviation. into its computation.

• All the deviation scores are then - Standard deviation – distance

summed and divided by the total niya dun sa mean
number of scores (n) to arrive at the - Standard deviation yung
average deviation pinaka gamit na gamit

Example: (hindi na tinuro ni Ms. Ivana paano

icompute kase hindi naman daw toh
Scores are: 85, 100, 90, 95, 80 sinosolve mano mano, gumagamit na
ng excel etc…)

Mean (x bar)
85 + 100 + 90 + 95 + 80 = 450 Skewness

450/ 5 = 90 < - mean • The nature and extent to which

symmetry is absent.
Positive skew - when relatively few
85 – 90 = - 5 of the scores fall at the high end of the
distribution.
100 – 90 = 10
- Bumaba sa dulo (tumataas na
90 – 90 = 0
biglang bumagsak sa gulo)
95 – 90 = 5 - Masyadong mahirap? Yung test
for them kaya bumaba yung
80 – 90 = - 10 score
Add them (ignore the negative signs) Negative skew - when relatively few
= 30 of the scores fall at the low end of the
n = 5 ( number of data) distribution.

30/ 5 = 6 is the mean average - Mataas siya sa una, pero

deviation habang tumatagal bumababa
- Masyadong madali yung test

d. standard deviation - equal to the

square root of the average squared
deviations about the mean; square
root of the variance.
Kurtosis
• It refers to the steepness of a
distribution in its center.
Platykurtic – relatively flat
- Yung dotted line sa picture
- Same same lang yung score
kaya flat
Leptokurtic - relatively peaked
- Pinakamataas/
pinakamatangkad sa curve
- Masyado nagpeak
Mesokurtic - somewhere in the
middle
- Blue solid line sa picture
- Similar to normal curve
-

- High kurtosis are characterized by

a high peak and “fatter” tails
compared to a normal distribution.
- mas marami yung data
- Lower kurtosis values indicate a
distribution with a rounded peak and
thinner tails.
- mas konti yung data
- A normal distribution would have
kurtosis of 0
- Positive values indicating higher
kurtosis
- Negative values indicating lower
kurtosis