UNIT – II

• Project Scheduling:
• Project Scheduling, Introduction to PERT and CPM,
Critical Path Calculation, Precedence Relationship,
Difference between PERT and CPM, Float Calculation
and its importance, Cost reduction by Crashing of
activity.

• Cost Control and Scheduling:

• Project Cost Control (PERT/Cost), Resource
Scheduling & Resource Levelling.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

 Project Scheduling
• The project schedule is a detailed plan defining how and
when the project will deliver its products and services as
defined by the project scope.
• It also includes monitoring and reporting on the schedule
to ensure the project is delivered on time.
• A well-defined schedule provides a roadmap for project
execution, helps allocate resources and identifying
potential delays.
• A schedule usually includes a planned start and finish
date, duration, and resources assigned to each activity.
• Project Schedule Management is the process of defining
project tasks and their durations, dependencies, and
assigned resources in order to complete the project
within a designated time frame.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Project Scheduling Techniques are beneficial to secure the
project timeline and budget without over or underutilizing
the workforce.
• The Schedule consists of all the tasks, or activities,
necessary to complete the project deliverables. These tasks
are connected by links called Dependencies. The resulting
“network” of tasks then becomes the basis of scheduling
analysis.
• It involves analyzing the resource availability and
implementing the scheduling technique to ascertain timely
delivery while maintaining the resource health index.
• Scheduling in project management means to list out
activities, deliverables, and milestones within a project that
are delivered.
• Many project managers successfully generate the right
schedule, yet most of them find it challenging to manage the
resources intelligently.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Resources Needed for Development of
Project
– Human effort
– Sufficient disk space on server
– Specialized hardware
– Software technology
– Travel allowance required by project staff, etc

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Project schedule is a mechanism that is used to communicate
and know about that tasks are needed and resources allocated
to tasks and time duration or time frame work is needed to be
performed.
• Effective project scheduling leads to success of project,
reduced cost, and increased customer satisfaction.
• The most common and important form of project schedule is
Gantt chart.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Types of schedules in project management:
• Scheduling in project management can be very
granular, depending on its purpose.
• Consequently, we can Divide such plans into three
categories:
– General Project Scheduling that provides an
overview of all the activities needed to complete
the project.
– Milestone Project Scheduling that focuses on
the main objectives for each stage or period of
the project.
– Detailed Project Scheduling that investigate the
details of each part of the work, showing
consecutive tasks and the people responsible
for each of them.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Steps to Create a Perfect Project Scheduling
– Identify the Scope of the Project.
– Prepare the Estimates.
– Resource Management
– Create the Final Timeline.
– Track Progress and Make Necessary Changes

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Identify the Scope of the Project
– Before you start project scheduling, you need to know what you
are scheduling your resources for. Therefore, you have to identify
the project scope.
– Many sources define the project’s scope as a list of objectives for
a project to fulfill. However, it’s not that simple.

• Prepare the Estimates

– Using the information you gathered in the previous steps with
both the critical path method and work breakdown structure, you
can now put the milestones and main objectives on the timeline,
creating the very first draft of the project schedule.

• Resource Management
– Having finished with resource forecasting, you can also see what
skills and, consequently, what specialists are necessary to bring
the idea to life, and when they are necessary. That means you can
start allocating resources.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Create the Final Timeline
– If you allocated the resources successfully with our project
scheduling techniques and made no mistakes, you can then
take a look at the final project timeline.
– If you use resource management software, the timeline will
automatically be generated in the project calendar.

• Track Progress and Make Necessary Changes

– Using project scheduling, you can track progress and
easily manage any changes to the project schedule and use
them to your advantage and

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Benefits of project scheduling
– Assists with tracking, reporting, and
communicating progress
– Ensures everyone is on the same page with
tasks, dependencies, and deadlines
– Highlights issues and concerns, such as a lack
of resources
– Identifies task relationships
– Monitors progress and identify issues early

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Methodologies for Creating a Project Schedule
• Creating a Project Schedule involves Various Methodologies and
techniques to effectively Plan, Organize, and Manage Project
Activities within defined timelines.

• Some Common Methodologies for creating a Project Schedule

include:
– 1. Critical Path Method (CPM)
– CPM is a project management technique used to determine the
longest sequence of dependent tasks, known as the critical path,
that must be completed on time to ensure the project's overall
completion within the desired timeframe. It helps in identifying
critical tasks, calculating the total project duration, and
prioritizing activities to avoid delays.

– 2. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

– PERT is a probabilistic project scheduling technique that uses
three estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely) to
calculate the expected duration of each task. It allows for
uncertainty in task durations and helps in determining the
probability of completing the project within aDr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
specific timeframe.
– 3. Gantt Chart
– A Gantt chart is a visual representation of the
project schedule that displays tasks, durations,
dependencies, and milestones over a timeline. It
provides a clear and intuitive way to plan, track,
and communicate project schedules, allowing
stakeholders to visualize project progress and
dependencies.

– 4. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

– WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the
project scope into smaller, more manageable work
packages or tasks. It serves as the foundation for
creating the project schedule by organizing
project activities into logical sequences and
identifying dependencies between tasks.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• 5. Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
– PDM is a scheduling technique that uses nodes to
represent project activities and arrows to
represent dependencies between activities. It
helps in visually mapping out task relationships
and determining the sequence of activities
required to complete the project.

• 6. Resource Leveling
– Resource leveling is a technique used to adjust
the project schedule to resolve resource conflicts
and optimize resource utilization. It involves
redistributing or smoothing resource allocations
over time to ensure a balanced workload and
prevent resource overallocation or shortages.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• 7. Schedule Compression Techniques
– Schedule compression techniques such as crashing
and fast-tracking are used to shorten project
durations and accelerate project schedules to meet
tight deadlines or overcome schedule constraints.
Crashing involves adding resources or increasing
their efficiency to reduce task durations, while fast-
tracking involves overlapping sequential tasks to
expedite project completion.

• 8. Monte Carlo Simulation

– Monte Carlo simulation is a probabilistic modeling
technique used to analyze the impact of uncertainty
and risk on project schedules. It involves running
multiple simulations with different input parameters to
assess the likelihood of achieving project milestones
and deadlines.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

 Introduction to PERT and CPM
• Project management is a systematic approach for planning,
scheduling, plotting, regulating, monitoring and managing several
aspects of a project to meet defined objectives.
• PERT and CPM are two project management techniques that exhibit
the flow and sequence of project activities.

– Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT):

– PERT Suitable for projects with uncertain activity durations and
uses a three-point estimate (optimistic, most likely, pessimistic)
to calculate the probability of completing a project on time. It
focuses on identifying the critical path, which is the sequence of
activities with the least amount of slack (float) and determines the
overall project duration.

– Critical Path Method (CPM):

– This technique works well for projects with more predictable
activity durations. CPM uses a single estimated duration for each
activity and focuses on identifying the critical path just like PERT.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

 PERT
• PERT refers to Program (Project) Evaluation and Review
Technique.
• It is generally a Visual Project Management Tool that is used in
Project planning.
• Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) is a project
management planning tool used to calculate the amount of time
it will take to realistically finish a project.
• PERT charts are used to plan tasks within a project — making it
easier to schedule deliverables and coordinate with team
members.
• It involves planning, organizing, integrating, and authorizing
uncertain activities.
• It provides detailed information regarding the project’s tasks,
the minimum time required for completing individual tasks, and
the average time required to complete the whole project.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• The variable used in the PERT technique is
time.
• The PERT Analysis shows you the critical
path of a project.
• The critical path is a set of activities that will
cause an end date delay of the project if any
one of them is not finished on time.
• Depending on the project, there may be more
than one critical path.
• The Pert method includes uncertainty by
making it possible to schedule a project
while not precisely knowing all the activities’
details and duration.
• It is mostly used in projects where time is the
major important factor than cost.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• PERT uses the following three-time estimates to get
the expected activity time for planning projects with
uncertain activity durations:
– Optimistic time:
– This is the shortest estimated time to complete a project
activity. The optimistic time estimate shows the minimum
time based on an analysis of the best-case scenario.

– Most likely time:

– This is the completion time with the highest probability.
Professionals make this estimate based on the given time
duration, assigned resources, productivity levels, project
dependencies, and possible interruptions.

– Pessimistic time:
– This is the longest it can take to complete a project activity.
It's the maximum project duration based on worst-case
scenario analysis.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

Characteristics of PERT

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Characteristics of PERT:
– It serves as a base for obtaining the important facts
for implementing the decision-making.
– It forms the basis for all the planning activities.
– PERT helps management in deciding the best
possible resource utilization method.
– PERT take advantage by using time network
analysis technique.
– PERT presents the structure for reporting
information.
– It helps the management in identifying the essential
elements for the completion of the project within
time.
– It specifies the activities that from the critical path.
– It describes the probability of completion of project
before the specified date.
– It describes the dependencies of one or more tasks
on each other.
– It represents the project in graphical plan form.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• PERT helps project planners identify:
– Start and end dates
– Anticipated total required completion
time
– All activities, referred to as events on the
chart, that impact the completion time
– The required sequence of events
– The probability of completion by a
certain date.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• The PERT process
• PERT has a set series of steps in
mapping out a complex project, which
include:
– List all the tasks and milestones (a.k.a.
events) required for completion of the
project
– Determine the required sequence of tasks
– Design a chart to visually display all the
steps
– Estimate the time required for each task
– Identify the critical path – the longest series
of tasks in the project
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
– Adjust the chart to reflect progress made
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Advantages of PERT:
– It helps maximize the use of resources.
– It makes project planning more manageable.
– It’s useful even if there is little or no previous schedule data.
– It enables project managers to better estimate or determine a more
definite completion date.
– PERT makes well organized diagram for the representation of large
amount of data.

• Disadvantages of PERT:
– In complex projects, many find PERT hard to interpret, so they may
also use a Gantt chart, another popular method for project
management.
– It can be tedious to update, modify, and maintain the PERT
diagram.
– Maintenance of PERT is also expensive and complex.
– The actual distribution of may be different from the PERT beta
distribution which causes wrong assumptions.
– It under estimates the expected project completion time as there is
chances that other paths can become the critical path if their
related activities are deferred. Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
 CPM
• CPM full form is the Critical Path Method.
• The critical path method is a technique that allows
you to identify tasks that are necessary for project
completion.
• The critical path in project management is the
longest sequence of activities that must be finished
on time to complete the entire project.
• In CPM, we are supposed to assume that the project
duration is certain.
• It is generally used to ascertain every activity’s
earliest possible starting time.
• The queue is avoided by differentiating critical and
non-critical activities.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• This also helps in reducing time. Any activity
can be treated as a critical activity if any delay
of such can delay the whole process.
• It is mostly found in construction, research
projects, engineering, aerospace, plant
maintenance, and software development.
• A CPM method developed should contain four
values. There is a list of activities required to
finish the project, the duration of each activity
to complete, and any dependencies between
the activities and milestones to be achieved.
• Using this, the longest path from the activities
to the milestone or endpoints is found.
• This process also decides critical activities. It
determines the least time to complete the
project.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

Characteristics of CPM

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Finding the critical path is very helpful for
project managers because it allows them to:
– Accurately estimate the total project duration.
– Estimate the time that’s necessary to complete
each project task.
– Identify critical activities which must be
completed on time and require close
supervision.
– Find out which project tasks can be delayed
without affecting the project schedule by
calculating slack for each task.
– Identify task dependencies, resource
constraints and project risks.
– Prioritize tasks and create realistic project
schedules.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Advantages of CPM
– Provides an outline for long term coordination
and planning of a project
– Recognizes critical activities
– Easy to plan, schedule and control project
– It improves productivity
– Manages the resource needed

• Disadvantages of CPM
– For beginners its difficult to understand
– Software too expensive
– Sometimes, to structure CPM is too time-
consuming
– It cannot control and form the schedule of a
person involved in the project
– Allocation of resources cannot be monitored
properly
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
Comparison PERT technique CPM technique
Basis
It is a technique of project It is a statistical technique of
management, used to manage the project management that
Meaning
uncertain activities (time) of a controls the well-defined
project. activities of a project.
Controls Control of time Control of time and cost
Orientation Event-oriented technique Activity-oriented technique
Research and development project Projects are of repetitive nature,
Type of project such as civil construction
projects such as building ships.
Model Probabilistic Model Deterministic model.
Estimates Three-time estimate One-time estimate
High precision time estimation and Reasonable times estimates and
Appropriate for
predictable activities unpredictable activities
Non-repetitive and complex projects repetitive and non complex
Nature of jobs
projects
No differentiation Differentiates in critical and non-
Differentiation
critical activities
Crashing Non-applicable Applicable
concept
Project type Research and development projects Non-research projects
Dummy Dummy activities are not used Dummy activities are used for
activities Dr. G.ofRamanjaiah,
representing a series tasks Assoc. Prof.
 Aspect PERT CPM

PERT stands for Project Evaluation and

Abbreviation CPM stands for Critical Path Method
Review Technique.

PERT is a technique of project

CPM is a technique of project management
management which is used to manage
Definition which is used to manage only certain (i.e.,
uncertain (i.e., time is not known)
time is known) activities of any project.
activities of any project.

It is event oriented technique which It is activity oriented technique which

Orientation means that network is constructed on means that network is constructed on the
the basis of event. basis of activities.

Model Type It is a probability model. It is a deterministic model.

It majorly focuses on time as meeting

It majorly focuses on Time-cost trade off as
Focus time target or estimation of percent
minimizing cost is more important.
completion is more important.

It is appropriate for high precision time It is appropriate for reasonable time

Precision
estimation. estimation.

Nature of Job It has Non-repetitive nature of job. It has repetitive nature of job.

There is no chance of crashing as there There may be crashing because of certain

Crashing
is no certainty of time. time bound.

It uses dummy activities for representing

Dummy Activities It doesn’t use any dummy activities.
sequence of activities.

It is suitable for projects which required

Sustainability It is suitable for construction projects.
research and development.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
 Critical Path Calculation
• Calculating the critical path is crucial for both PERT and CPM.
• Critical path in project management refers to the sequence of
tasks essential to your project’s success.
• If those tasks are completed on time, the project can be
completed at the earliest date possible.
• It’s the longest series of tasks within your project, and if any of
those tasks are delayed, it will push out your project end date.
• Many scheduling tools will automatically identify your critical
path for you, as long as you build the following key elements
into your schedule:
– All project tasks with start and end dates
– Task durations
– Task relationships or dependencies

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Define Activities and Dependencies:
• List all project activities and identify the order in which they
need to be completed (precedence relationships).
– Estimate Activity Durations:
– For PERT, use three-point estimates; for CPM, use a single
estimated duration for each activity.
– Calculate Early Start (ES) and Early Finish (EF) for each activity:
– ES is the earliest possible time an activity can start, considering
dependencies. EF is the earliest possible time an activity can finish
(ES + Duration).
– Calculate Late Start (LS) and Late Finish (LF) for each activity:
– LS is the latest possible time an activity can start without delaying
the project. LF is the latest possible time an activity can finish (LS +
Duration).
– Identify Float (Slack):
– Float is the difference between an activity's LS and its ES (or LF
and EF). Activities with zero float are on the critical path and any
delay in these activities will delay the entire project.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Critical path method calculations are exceedingly
simple.
• Critical path method technique requires the following
steps:
– Create a Work Breakdown Structure,
– Create a CPM diagram using task dependencies,
– Do a forward pass to identify the critical path, and
– Do a backward pass to calculate float.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

 Precedence Relationship
• In project management, precedence relationships refer to
the logical dependencies or constraints that exist between
different tasks or activities within a project.
• These relationships help determine the order in which tasks
should be executed and how they relate to one another.
• These precedence relationships are often depicted in a
project schedule using a network diagram, such as a Gantt
chart or a Critical Path Method (CPM) diagram.
• Understanding precedence relationships is important for
creating a project schedule, managing resources efficiently,
and ensuring that the project progresses smoothly.
• Precedence relationships are fundamental to the success of
complex IT projects where task interdependencies and
sequencing are critical factors.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Importance of Precedence Relationships:
– Sequencing Tasks
– Resource Planning
– Critical Path Analysis
– Risk Management

• Establishing Precedence Relationships:

– WBS (Work Breakdown Structure):
– Break down the project into smaller tasks and subtasks,
identifying dependencies and relationships between them.
– Dependency Mapping:
– Determine which tasks are dependent on others based on
logical constraints, such as technical requirements, resource
availability, or regulatory constraints.
– Project Management Software:
– Use project management tools like Microsoft Project, Primavera,
or Jira to define and visualize precedence relationships. These
tools allow project managers to create Gantt charts and network
diagrams that illustrate task dependencies.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Some common types of precedence relationships in project
management:
– Finish-to-Start (FS): One activity must finish before another
can start
– Start-to-Start (SS): Both activities can start at the same time.
– Finish-to-Finish (FF): Both activities must finish at the same
time.
– Start-to-Finish (SF): One activity must start before another
finishes.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Finish-to-Start (FS):
– This is the most common type of precedence
relationship where one task must finish before another
can start. Task B cannot begin until Task A has been
completed.
– Example: Testing (Task B) cannot start until
Development (Task A) is finished.

• Start-to-Start (SS):
– In this relationship, two tasks can start simultaneously,
but Task B cannot start before Task A has begun.
– Example: Data collection (Task B) can start at the same
time as Data analysis (Task A), but not before it.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Finish-to-Finish (FF):
– Here, two tasks must finish simultaneously.
Task B cannot finish before Task A finishes.
– Example: Documentation review (Task B) cannot
finish before Software documentation (Task A)
is complete.

• Start-to-Finish (SF):
– This relationship is less common and implies
that Task B cannot finish before Task A starts.
– Example: Maintenance (Task B) cannot finish
before Upgrades (Task A) start.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

 Float Calculation and its importance

• In IT project management, "float" (also known as "slack")

refers to the amount of time that a task or project can be
delayed without affecting the overall project deadline.
• Float is a critical concept for effective project scheduling and
resource management.
• Float helps project managers identify potential scheduling
risks and allocate resources accordingly.
• They can prioritize activities with the least amount of float,
focusing on tasks that have the potential to cause delays.
• Proper float management ensures that projects are
completed on time and within scope, leading to successful
project delivery and stakeholder satisfaction.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Importance of Float :

– 1. Flexible Scheduling
• Buffer for Delays: Float provides a buffer for tasks that might
take longer than expected. If a task has float, it can be
delayed without pushing back the entire project timeline.

• Resource Allocation: Knowing where float exists helps

project managers allocate resources more efficiently. Tasks
with more float might be less critical, allowing for more
flexibility in resource distribution.

– 2. Risk Management
• Mitigating Risks: Projects often encounter unforeseen issues
or delays. Float acts as a cushion, giving project managers a
safety net to handle these risks without derailing the project.

• Contingency Planning: Float helps in planning for

contingencies. Managers can plan around tasks with float to
ensure that potential problems do not impact the project’s
overall schedule.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• 3. Prioritization
– Task Prioritization: Float allows project managers to identify
which tasks are critical and which ones can be adjusted.
Tasks on the critical path (with zero or minimal float) are
crucial for meeting the project deadline.
– Focus on Critical Path: By understanding float, project
managers can concentrate on tasks that directly impact the
project completion date, ensuring that these tasks are
completed on time.

• 4. Project Optimization
– Efficient Use of Time: Float helps in optimizing the project
schedule by identifying areas where time can be saved or
extended. This ensures that the project runs as smoothly as
possible.
– Maximizing Efficiency: With float, project managers can push
non-critical tasks without affecting overall timelines, making
the project execution more flexible and efficient.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• 5. Communication and Stakeholder
Management
– Setting Realistic Expectations: Float allows for setting
more realistic deadlines and expectations with
stakeholders. It helps in managing expectations regarding
potential delays and overall project timelines.
– Transparent Updates: Float helps in providing clear
updates to stakeholders about project progress and any
potential delays.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Key Concepts Related to Float
– Total Float: The total time that a task can be
delayed without delaying the project’s end date.

– Free Float: The time that a task can be delayed

without delaying the start of any subsequent
tasks.

– Critical Path Method (CPM): A project

management technique used to determine the
longest sequence of dependent tasks and their
float. Tasks on the critical path have zero float.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

 Cost reduction by Crashing of activity

• Crashing is a project management technique used

to shorten the duration of a project by accelerating
specific activities, often with a focus on reducing
costs or meeting a tight deadline.
• This is usually done by allocating additional
resources or increasing the intensity of effort on
specific activities.
• While crashing can lead to faster project
completion, it typically comes with increased
costs.
• Understanding how crashing affects cost
reduction involves balancing the benefits of
reduced duration against the additional costs
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• How Crashing Reduces Costs
• Avoiding Penalties and Lost Opportunities:
– Avoiding Late Penalties: Crashing helps avoid penalties
associated with delayed project completion, which can be
substantial, especially in contracts with fixed deadlines.
– Preventing Lost Business: For IT projects, delays can result
in lost revenue or missed market opportunities. Crashing
can help meet deadlines and capitalize on business
opportunities.

• Optimizing Resource Allocation:

– Efficient Use of Resources: By crashing specific tasks, you
can better utilize available resources and optimize their
productivity, potentially leading to cost savings.
– Reducing Idle Time: Accelerating project tasks can reduce
the idle time of resources, ensuring that personnel and
equipment are utilized more effectively.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
• Minimizing Overhead Costs:
– Reducing Overhead: Projects that extend
beyond their planned schedule often incur
additional overhead costs. Crashing helps
reduce these extended overhead costs by
completing the project sooner.

• Improving Cash Flow:

– Faster Revenue Generation: For IT projects,
particularly those related to product
development, finishing the project earlier can
lead to faster revenue generation or earlier
returns on investment.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Steps to Implement Crashing
• Identify the Critical Path:
– Determine which activities are on the critical path and have
the potential for crashing. The critical path determines the
project’s minimum duration, so crashing these tasks directly
affects the project timeline.

• Analyze Cost and Time Trade-offs:

– Cost Analysis: Assess the cost implications of crashing
each activity. Crashing typically involves higher costs due to
additional resources or overtime. Compare these costs
against the potential benefits of completing the project
sooner.
– Time Savings: Determine how much time each crashing
option will save and whether it is worth the additional
expense.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

• Implement Crashing Techniques:
– Add Resources: Increase the number of resources
(e.g., additional team members, more equipment)
assigned to the activity to speed up its completion.
– Overtime: Implement overtime for current team
members to accelerate task completion.
– Parallel Activities: Reorganize tasks to run in parallel
where possible, rather than sequentially.

• Monitor and Control:

– Track Progress: Continuously monitor the progress
of the crashed activities to ensure they are on track
and the desired time savings are being achieved.
– Adjust as Needed: Be prepared to make adjustments
based on progress, unforeseen challenges, or
changes in project requirements.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
Network Diagram

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

Here the time for completion of activities are probabilistic. So, using given
values of time we will find the expected time to completion the activities
and variance.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.
Now based on estimate time, we calculate the EST, EFT, LST and LFT for
each activity to find out critical path of project as shown below.

Dr. G. Ramanjaiah, Assoc. Prof.