KEY FORMULAS

Prem S. Mann • Introductory Statistics, Ninth Edition

Chapter 2 • Organizing and Graphing Data • Chebyshev’s theorem:

• Relative frequency of a class = f∕ ∑ f For any number k greater than 1, at least (1 − 1∕k2) of the
values for any distribution lie within k standard deviations
• Percentage of a class = (Relative frequency) × 100% of the mean.
• Class midpoint or mark = (Upper limit + Lower limit)∕2 • Empirical rule:
• Class width = Upper boundary − Lower boundary For a specific bell-shaped distribution, about 68% of the
observations fall in the interval (μ − σ) to (μ + σ), about
• Cumulative relative frequency
95% fall in the interval (μ − 2σ) to (μ + 2σ), and about
Cumulative frequency 99.7% fall in the interval (μ − 3σ) to (μ + 3σ).
=
Total observations in the data set • Q1 = First quartile given by the value of the middle term
• Cumulative percentage among the (ranked) observations that are less than the
= (Cumulative relative frequency) × 100% median
Q2 = Second quartile given by the value of the middle term
in a ranked data set
Chapter 3 • Numerical Descriptive Measures
Q3 = Third quartile given by the value of the middle term
• Mean for ungrouped data: μ = ∑ x∕N and x = ∑ x∕n among the (ranked) observations that are greater than
• Mean for grouped data: μ = ∑ mf∕N and x = ∑ mf∕n the median
where m is the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class • Interquartile range: IQR = Q3 − Q1
• Weighted Mean for ungrouped data = ∑ xw∕ ∑ w • The kth percentile:
• k% Trimmed Mean = Mean of the values after dropping kn
k% of the values from each end of Pk = Value of the ( th term in a ranked data set
100 )
the ranked data
• Percentile rank of xi
• Median for ungrouped data
= Value of the middle term in a ranked data set Number of values less than xi
= × 100
• Range = Largest value − Smallest value Total number of values in the data set
• Variance for ungrouped data:
( ∑ x) 2 ( ∑ x) 2 Chapter 4 • Probability
∑ x2 −( ∑ x2 −(
N ) n ) • Classical probability rule for a simple event:
σ2 = and s2 =
N n−1 1
P(Ei ) =
2 2
where σ is the population variance and s is the sample variance Total number of outcomes
• Standard deviation for ungrouped data: • Classical probability rule for a compound event:
2
( ∑ x) 2
( ∑ x) Number of outcomes in A
∑ x2 −( ∑ x2 −( P(A) =
N ) n ) Total number of outcomes
σ= and s = • Relative frequency as an approximation of probability:
R N R n−1
f
where σ and s are the population and sample standard devia- P(A) =
tions, respectively n
σ s • Conditional probability of an event:
• Coefficient of variation = × 100% or × 100%
μ x P(A and B) P(A and B)
• Variance for grouped data: P(A∣B) = and P(B∣A) =
P(B) P(A)
(∑ m f )2 (∑ m f )2 • Condition for independence of events:
∑ m2 f −( ∑ m2 f −(
N ) n ) P(A) = P(A∣B) and∕or P(B) = P(B∣A)
σ2 = and s2 =
N n−1 • For complementary events: P(A) + P(A) = 1
• Standard deviation for grouped data: • Multiplication rule for dependent events:
(∑ m f )2 (∑ m f )2 P(A and B) = P(A) P(B∣A)
∑ m2 f −( ∑ m2 f −
N ) ( n ) • Multiplication rule for independent events:
σ= and s =
R N R n−1 P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
• Joint probability of two mutually exclusive events: • Population proportion: p = X∕N
P(A and B) = 0 • Sample proportion: p̂ = x∕n
• Addition rule for mutually nonexclusive events: • Mean of p̂: μp̂ = p
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B) • Standard deviation of p̂ when n∕N ≤ .05: σp̂ = √pq∕n
• Addition rule for mutually exclusive events: p̂ − p
• z value for p̂: z =
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) σp̂
• n factorial: n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) . . . 3 · 2 · 1
• Number of combinations of n items selected x at a time:
Chapter 8 • Estimation of the Mean and Proportion
n! • Point estimate of μ = x
nCx =
x!(n − x)! • Confidence interval for μ using the normal distribution
• Number of permutations of n items selected x at a time: when σ is known:
n! x ± zσ x where σ x = σ∕√n
n Px =
(n − x)!
• Confidence interval for μ using the t distribution when σ is
not known:
Chapter 5 • Discrete Random Variables and Their x ± ts x where s x = s∕√n
Probability Distributions
• Mean of a discrete random variable x: μ = ∑ xP(x) • Margin of error of the estimate for μ:
• Standard deviation of a discrete random variable x: E = zσx or t sx
σ = √∑ x 2P(x) − μ2 • Determining sample size for estimating μ:
• Binomial probability formula: P(x) = nCx p q x n−x
n = z 2σ2∕E 2
• Mean and standard deviation of the binomial distribution: • Confidence interval for p for a large sample:
μ = np and σ = √npq
p̂ ± z sp̂ where sp̂ = √p̂q̂∕n
• Hypergeometric probability formula:
• Margin of error of the estimate for p:
r Cx N−r Cn−x
P(x) =
N Cn E = z sp̂ where sp̂ = √p̂q̂∕n

λx e−λ • Determining sample size for estimating p:

• Poisson probability formula: P(x) =
x! n = z 2pq∕E 2
• Mean, variance, and standard deviation of the Poisson prob-
ability distribution:
Chapter 9 • Hypothesis Tests about the Mean
μ = λ, σ2 = λ, and σ = √λ and Proportion
• Test statistic z for a test of hypothesis about μ using the
normal distribution when σ is known:
Chapter 6 • Continuous Random Variables
and the Normal Distribution x−μ σ
z= where σ x =
x−μ σx √n
• z value for an x value: z =
σ • Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about μ using the t dis-
• Value of x when μ, σ, and z are known: x = μ + zσ tribution when σ is not known:
x−μ s
t= where s x =
sx √n
Chapter 7 • Sampling Distributions
• Mean of x : μx = μ • Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about p for a large
• Standard deviation of x when n∕N ≤ .05: σx = σ∕√n sample:
x−μ p̂ − p pq
• z value for x : z = z= where σp̂ =
σx σp̂ A n