Galle etl) = 5 Fae bette PatEdoelte=re) na! function as a rule of correspondence, domain, co-domain and range of a function, ‘© one to one and onto functions. Know linear, quadratic and square root functions. Define inverse functions and demonstrate their domain and range with examples, Sketah graphs of ‘* linear functions (cig. y= ax+b), non-linear functions (e.g. y=* ). Sketch the graph of the function y xi’ where nis e a+veinteger, = a—ve integer (x), » avrational number for.x>0, ‘Sketch graph of quadratic function of the form y =ax' + bx +e, (#0), bie } are integers. Sketch graph using factors, : Predict functions from their graphs (use the factor form to predict the equation of a function of the type f (x) = ax’ + bx +c , if two points where the graph crosses x-axis and third! point on the curve, are given). Find the intersecting point graphically when intersection occurs between e a linear function and coordinate axes, two linear functions, alinear and a quadratic function. Solve, graphically, appropriate problems from daily life.nictions and C 8.1. Introduction In many practical situations the value of one quantity depends on the value of another quantity. Such dependence of one quantity on another is described mathematically as function. For example, one of the indicators on the dashboard of a car shows that the amount of petrol in gallons in the tank is decreasing and another indicator shows that the distance travelled in kilometers is increasing. In this example, we observe that there are two variable quantities and there is a relation between them. The variable quantities are the number of gallons of petrol in the tank and the number of kilometers travelled. Thus, the distance travelled in kilometers is the function of numbers of gallon of petrol in the tank. As another example, the temperature of air, throughout the day depends on the instant of time, so we can say that temperature of air is a function w of instant of time. In general, if a variable denoted | by y (say) is associated in a definite way with a variable x, then y is said to be a function of x. To be more specific,“If the values of y depend on / valaes\in| the: xin such a way that each value of x determines © exactly one and only one value of y, then y is a function of x”. Symbolically, we write y= f(a). ay . Which reads as‘y is a function of x or simply y is equal to f of x”. In equation (1) the variable x is called the independent variable (or argument) whereas y is called the dependent variable. 8.1.1 Function as a rule or correspondence In this section, we give formal definition of a function. A function from a'set X to a set ¥ is a rule or correspondence that assigns to each element x inX a unique element y in Y. Symbolically, we write it as Sf XY and read as “fis.a function from X to Y”, The elements of X are called pre-images and the corresponding elements of ¥ are called the images. If ye Y is an image of xe X under the functions f, we write it as y= f(x). Equivalently, we say that y is the value of the function f at x. see(Figure 8.1). Figure (8.1)it Illustration: The following is a function, which relates the time of day to the temperature. Time of day (P.M.) Temperature (in °C) Figure (8.2) Example1: Let x=(a,b,c) and ¥=(1,2,3}.State whether or not the rules indicated by the following figures are functions from X toY. . Lf, Figure (8.3) Solution: a The figure (a) does not define a function, because the element c of the set X has not been assigned any element of Y. (2) _ The figure (b) does not define a function, because the element bof X has been assigned two elements of Y. (3) The figure (c) does define a function, because every element of X has been assigned a unique element of Y. It may be noted that definition of function does not require that each element of Y should be an image of some element of X. Example 2: Evaluating a function Let g(x)=-x? +4x41. Find each function value. a. g(2) b. g(t) ¢g (x+2) Solution: a. Replacing x with 2 ing e3 x’ +4x+1 yields the following. g(2)=—(2) +4(2)+1=-4 +8 +1=5 GiSnr INSh. Replacing x with f yields the following. 8(t)=-(t) +4(t)+1=-P 44r41 | Although fis often used as a c. Replacing x with x +2 yields the following. | convenient functionname and g(x+2)=-(x42)' +4(x42)41 | xis often used as the ie: independent variable, other s-(x° +4244) 4424841 ‘letters can also be used. For ~ | 3 max EAA RAE ENT example, f (x) Sx—7x +12, FQ) =? 71 412 and, a(S) =s-7s_ 412 all define 8.1.2 Domain and Range of a Function [the same funchon: 5 Let f:X +¥be a function from a set X to a set Y. Then set Xis called domain and the set ¥ is called codomain of the function f The set of all those elements of Y which f is assuming is called range of the function f. If the domain is not specified, then it is assumed to be the set of all real numbers. If fis a function of X into Y, the range is a subset of ¥ but need not be all of Y. This has been shown in (Figure 8.4). ax 45 [2) | Hitting Notation y= F(2)F is the name of the ‘function. ys the Ub pndon( Vaniabloy ovis the itbpendentvanleblo, | yis the value of the function atx! Domain Figure (84) Ranges codomain 8.1.3 One-to-one and onto Function (a) A function f:X + Yis said to be one-to-one (or injective) if distinct elements of X have distinct images in Y i.e. if x, and x) are distinct elements of X, then f(x) # f(z) in Y. Equivalently, if f() = f(x), then x, =m, Sometimes we write 1-1 function for one -to-one function. (b) A function ¢: xX — ¥ is said to be ento (or Surjective) if each element of ¥ is the image of some element in X i.e. the range of f is the whole set Y.Unit 8 | Functions and Graphs A function f which is both one — to — one and onto is called bijective function. Consider the functions f and g as shown in [Figure (8.5) (i) and (ii)]. _ ty X-————2Y i) Gi) Figure (8.5) Figure (i) represents a function f which is one -to — one but not onto (why?) Figure (ii) represents a function g which is onto but not one-to-one (why?) Example 3: Show that the function f : R->JR defined by f(x) =3—5x is both one-to-one and onto i.e. bijective. Solution: For any two elements x, and x, of X, we have f(%)=3-5x, and f (4) =3-Sx, If f(x) =f (x) ,then3-Sx, =3-Sx, = x, =. Thus f is one-to-one. Now the range of f(x) =3-5xis the whole set JR so it is onto. Hence f is both one-to-one and onto i.e bijective. Example 4: Show that the function & : IR Rdefined by g(x) =2x" +1lis neither one-to-one nor onto. Solution: The function g(x) = 2x? +1is not one-to-one, because g(-2) = 2(-2)? +1=9 =2(2)? +1 =g (2), that is — 2 and 2 both have the same image 9. Now the range of 8 (x) = 2x* + Lis the set of real numbers greater than or equal to 1, that is, Range 8=[1,°) # JR, so g is not onto function. Thus g is neither one-to-one nor onto. 8.1.4 Linear, Quadratic and Square Root Functions We begin with the definition of: (a) Linear Functions A function fis a linear function if it can be written as ffx) = mx + b, where m and b are constants.if m =1 and b= 0, the (if m =0, the function is a constant function f(x) = function is the identity function f(x) = x) For example, f(x) =xt1, g(x) =-3x44,h(x) =3x—8 are linear functions. The domain of a linear function is the set of all real numbers. (b) Quadratic Functions A quadratic function f is a function that can be written in the form flx)= ax’ + bx +c, a#0, where a,b and c are real numbers. Forexample, f(x)=3x?+4x+1, and g(x)= 5x° —x—7 are quadratic functions. ‘The domain of quadratic function is the set of ali real numbers. (c) Square Root Function A function of the form f(x)=vr where 20, is called a square root function. The domain of square root function is the set of all non-negative real numbers. 8.2 Inverse Function Let :xX 4 Y be aone- to-one and onto function. Then for each element in the domain of f, there is a unique element in the range of f and for each element in the range of f, there is a unique element in the domain of f, In this case the correspondence f~ :¥ — X is also a function, which is called an inverse function of f. Thus the inverse function f™ of fis defined by Domain of f |() Not every function b inverse Fe |i) Fanetion hasan inverse Range of ©) pomain off! fafandlonly i itis 15i/and!o Figure (8.7) It is evident that (-'y'=f. Thus f and f~! are inverses of each other. The above figure illustrates the concept of inverse function.Unit 8 | Functions and Graphs 8.2.1 Domain and Range of Inverse Functions It is clear from the definition of inverse function Ff 'that domain f-'= range f and range f-'=domain f Example 5: If f:x — y is given by Figure (8.9) Figure (8.8) Find f"'. Solution: Since f is both one-to-one and onto, so it’s inverse exists, shown in the (Figure 8.9). We note that f~'is also bijective. Algebi ethod for finding the inverse of on If the function f is given by a simple formula, then the inverse function f~'can be found by an algebraic method which involves the following Se Step-I Write y=f@) Step-II Solve the equation in step-I for x in terms of y. Step-III In the resulting equation in step-II, replace x by f° Cy). Step-IV Replace each y in the result of step-III by x to get £7) Step-V Check the answer by verifying that f-"(f(z) )=x. Example 6: Let f= JR—9IR be the function t defined by f(x)=2x-1, find f-'(2). Solution: We have f(x) =2x-1 Step-I Write f(x) =2x-1=9 Step-II_ Then 2x-l=y Yaffe) = 2x =) yar ytl = deaytl= x=7Q- Figure (8.10)F(x)=x?+x-1, \) Find the images -2,0,2,5 | If f(x) =5,,then find the values of x (op Find f (+1) ay) Fing EPS) If f(a) =7r ~2, ex) =o, Me)= W25= | k(x) = x7 41, then determine > FO .e-,H0.H 2) (i) L@=f2) 2. x2 Find all real values of x such that f(x)=0. a) f(x) =15x~=3 (f(a x?-8x415 (1) fQ@)=x=x Gs) f@)=xt——5x +5 Find the domain and range of the function f(x). ©) SFG) =5x42x-1 fin eVe a6 Find the inverse function of the following functions (fdas) fortes = (Ww) fy = 44 ie Tf f()=x-2,find (0) fF '(@) Gay pte) TFs) =2=4 Find (\ Domain and range off. ‘)) Domain and range of f°Unit 8 | Functions and Graphs 8.3 Graphical Representation of Functions. This section is devoted to the representation of functions by graph. The graph of a function is a pictorial representation of function that is obtained by using the xy-plane. Let f be a function defined by y= f(x), The set of all points (x, y) such that xis in the domain of f is called the graph of f and we say that the point (x, y)is ‘on the graph of f.To be more specific, if G denotes the graph of /, then G={(.»): y = f(« where zis in the domain of f} Equivalently, the graph of f is the graph of the equation y= f(x). The graph of a function may be obtained by constructing a table of corresponding values xof f. Each of these points may be plotted by placing a dot at appropriate location in the xy- plane. Then joining them together by means of a smooth curve gives the required graph of the function. 8.3.1(a) Graphs of Linear Functions We sketch the graph of linear functions of the form y=ar+b where a,b < IR anda#0. Example 7: Sketch the graph of the function F(x)= 2x41, xe {0,1,2,3,4} Solution: For graph of this function, we assign values to x from its domain and find the corresponding values of y in the range of f as shown in the table: y= f(xya2x4l joining them with curve, we get graph of the given function as shown in the (Figure 8.11). Example 8; Draw the graph of the function yaf@)=2x+hxe R. Solution: The domain of the function is the set of all real numbers JR. For the graph of y= f(x)=2x+1, we assign some values to x from its domain and find corresponding values y in the range of f as shown in the table:Unit 8 | Functions and G y=fQ@)=2x41 y The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.12). As x can be any real number, the line is infinite in both the directions representing all the real numbers ~ "7 in the line. The domain and range of linear function are the set of all real numbers. a fon (b) Graph of Non-linear functions . *Figure 8.12 In this section, we will sketch the graph of non-linear functions, that is functions of the form f() =2°, fC) = and so on. on 1.9) Example 9; Sketch the graph of the function ye far Solution: In the following table some of the corresponding values of x and y are given cok fo pe Serna! arm mene (2a) ea) ey Figure 8.13 * is shown in figure (8.13). The function f(x) =." is called a squaring function. The graph of squaring function is called a parabola. Its domain is the set of all real numbers and its range is the set of non-negative real numbers.Unit 8 | Functions and Graphs Example 10: Let f(x)=.x°. Sketch the graph off. Solution: We construct a table of values for f(x) =+ as follows: yer Plotting the corresponding points and joining them by a smooth curve, we obtain the graph of the function in figure (8.14). The function f (x) = x*is called a cubing function. Figure 8.14 The domain and range of the cubing function are the set of all real numbers. Example 11: Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = Vx . Solution: The given function fis a square root function. The following table gives some values of y corresponding to values of x. y yefaave ‘The graph the function is shown in figure 8.15. 8.3.2 Graph of the function of the form y = x" Sometimes we group together different functions and write them in a single form while 2 Figure 8.15 observing .the definition and properties of the i functions. For example, consider the power function y =x” where m is any constant. Now, if (a) m=n i.e. a positive integer, we have another function of the form y =x" (b) e, a negative integer, we have another function of the form x#0 (©)sand Graphs We see that all these functions are represented by a single function of the form yar” qq) where n is any constant. The single function in (1) representing different functions is called a family of function. In this section, we will sketch the graph of the family of functions y = x". The power function can also have fractional and irrational exponents. However, the discussion of such power functions is beyond the scope of this book. (a) Graph of y =." where nis a positive integer i Clearly the domain of y= x" is the set of real numbers. (1) When n=1,we have y=x. The following table gives the values of the function y = f(x) =x The graph is shown in figure (8. 16) which is a straight linepassing through the origin. (2) Whenn=2, we have y =x*. The graph of the squaring function y = x* was sketched in example 9 which is reproduced in figure (8.17). The graph of y =x" is a parabola. (3) When n=3, we have y=.° which is called cubing function, The following table gives some values of the cubing function y=x°. | 3 i o Tm | ‘The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.18) (4) When n=4, wehave y=.", The following table gives some values of the function ‘*"" 4 ye [x | v [ie ic" | 0 ic | The graph is shown in figure (8.19) Figure 8.19Unit 8 | Functions and Graphs (5) | When n=5,we have y=.° .The following table gives some values of the function y=.x° ‘The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.20) Remember that @ ‘When the values of 7 are even, the function f()= x" are even functions and the graphs of the function f(x) =x" are symmetric about the y— axis. In this case, all the graphs have the same general shape as the parabola y= x* (i) When the values of mare odd, the functions f(x)= x" are odd functions and the graphs of the function f(x)= x" are symmetric about the, origin. In this case, all the graphs have the same general shape as y= x’ for odd n greater than 1. (iii) By increasing nthe graphs in both cases become flatter over the interval -1l and x<-las shown in figure(8.21 ) and figure (8.22). Figure 8.22 (b) Graph of y=x"where n * a negative integer The domain of the function y -+ is the set of all real numbers except x #0. (1) when n=-Iwe have y =—. Some of the values of the function are given in the following table.The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.23) (2) “When n=-2, we have y=-L. In the following table Some of the values ¥ of the function are given. Figure 8.24 Figure (8.24) represents graph of the function. (3) When n=-34 we have y aaa The following tables gives some values of the function. Figure (8.25) shows the graph of the function. Figure 8.25(4) When n=-4, we have y=. The following ¥ table gives some values of the function. The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.26) Remember that (i) When the values of n are even, the functions Se are even, and their graphs are symmetric about y~ axis. In this case, all the graphs have the same general shape as y= (i) When the values of n are odd, the functions soy are odd, and their graphs are symmetric about fhe origin. In this case, all the graphs have the same general shape as yet . x Gi) By increasing n, the graphs in both cases become steeper over the intervals -1<.x1 and x<-las shown in figure (8.27) and figure (& 28) respectively. ¥ Figure 8.28 (ce) Graph of y =x"(x >0) when n is a Rational Number Generally the domain of the function y=. is the set of all real numbers,However, at present we will consider y=x" with x>0. (2) When n=1,wehavey= (x)= whichis the identity function. It is a special linear function. Its domain and range are the set ‘fi all real ngmabers in general. Some of the values of the function are ~ given in the following table. ye [= 2 | a 6 | a: | i Figure 8.29 ‘The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.29) which is a straight line. (2) Whenn=2, we obtain y=x' = J/xthat is , the square root function. The following table gives the values of the function y == The graph of the function is shown in figure(8.30) (3) When n=3, we have y=x' = Yx. Someof the values of the function are given in the following table. Hee yak ‘The graph of the function is shown in figure(8.31). "Figure 831 (4) When x=4, we have y=x‘ =4/z.The values ofthe function are given in the following table 1‘The graph is given in figure(8.32). Remember that : () When the values of n are even, the graphs of the function yax have the same general shape as the square root function y= ve (i) When the values of n are odd, the graphs of the functions y =x" have the same general shapes as y-x" =¥z. 1 . ' Gii) The graph of y=.’ extends over the entire x-axis, because f(x) = x is defined for all real values of x. The reason is that every real number has a cube root. 4 (iv) The graph of y=x' only extends over the non-negative x-axis. The reason is that negative numbers have imaginary roots. v - 7 8.3.3 The Graph of Quadratic Functions In this section we want to look at the graph of a quadratic function. The most general form of a quadratic function is, fx) = ax'+ bre ‘The graphs of quadratic functions are called parabotas. Here are some examples of parabolasUnit 8 | The lowest or highest point of a parabola is called its vertex. The vertical line passing through the vertex of a parabola is called the axis of symmetry or more briefly axis of the parabola. In figure (8.35), the dashed line passing through the lowest or highest point i.e. vertex of the parabola is the axis of symmetry. The Graph of a General Quadratic Function Let (0) =ax? +x-+c,a #0 be an arbitrary quadratic / function. In order to sketch graph, we complete Put oC Ceo | Seoa the square in f(x) = ax? +bx+c as follows: Figure 8.35 f () sar thrte > = (ax +bx)+e (Separating c) 2,6 a(x t—x)+e (Taking a as common) a 2,6 b i \ = a(x +—x+—) +c —a(—,)} (Adding and subtracting the squara a 4a* dae © ot halt of the co- atticient of «). bil bt satee ye eet oN wee foree( s+] o(e-Z), 040 (1) To simplify (1), we let a 4a en B he and k=c-— (2) Then (1) becomes, 2a 4a S(t) Ba (xh +k @ ‘The graph of f is a Parabola with vertex at the point (4,4) The parabola opens upward if a>0 and downwards if a<0 ‘The axis is the vertical line x= A. With the help of formula (3), we can draw a reasonably accurate graph of the quadratic function in x by plotting the vertex and at least two points in each side of it.Unit 8 | Functions and ¢ Example 12: Sketch the graphs of the quadratic - 2 functions f and g defined by @ so=% _(b) B= Solution:(a) The graph of the quadratic function f()= with a=1, b=0, c=0 was sketched in Example 9 and is reproduced in figure (8.36). ‘The vertex of the graph is the lowest point (0,0). Figure 8.36 (b) __In the following table some of the values of x and corresponding values of y of the quadratic equation y= g(x)=—' with a=1, b=0,¢=Oare giv y=20=-"' [GE 4 ‘The graph of f(x)=x? opens upward and the / \ graph of y=g(x)=-x' opens downward. (aye i! (2-4) In general if, f(x)=ax’,a #0, then the graph of f(x) Figure 8.37 opens upward if a>Oand opens downward ifa<0 i Example 13: Sketch the graph of the function f(xa 2 -2x4+1 Solution: We construct a table of values of the function as follows: y =x7-2«+ | al Figure 8.38 The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.38) with vertex at (1,0) Example 14: Without graphing, find the vertex and axis of the graph of the function f(x)=-x?+4x=5. Also determine whether the graph opens upward or downward. Solution: — Here a=-1, b=4, .. vertex of the graph of f =(h, b Axis =x=-~-=2 2a Since a=-1<0, so the graph opens downward.Example 15: Sketch the graph of the function f(x) =.? -2. Solution: — Here a=1, b=-2, c=-2. b =2 & rtex of th ff f =(——> c~—) = (-—— -2. - +) = +3) vertex of the graph of f = ( te ye ¢ a rae =(.-3) Axis sx2—-2=1 ’ 2a Since a=1>0,so the graph opens upward. ‘The two additional values on each side of the / vertex are given in following table. — yox?-2x-2 ma) ‘The graph of the function is given in figure (8.39), Figure 8.39 EXERCISE 8.2 Sketch the graph of the given func! (i) FG) = 2x43 3 Sketch the graphs of the following functions aii F(=2+1 CX F@a—P+1 Oi) fax +2x41 3 Without graphing, find the vertex, all intercepts if any and axis of the graph of the following function, Also determine whether the graphs ope upward or sore: a) Sgate {ii) feya-2048 (ii) f@e-246-5 Gv) feat2x-3 4. Match the quadratic function with its graph. [The graphs are labeled (a), wr (d), (e), and (f).) W 6G) =G=2 |) it Ff G)is(44? ii, fF @) =2-2 © e @)=G4+0-2 wf ® =4-(x-2)' vi. f (x) =-(x=4)? at — 2 24 G1-2) “o2) i (a) >) to8.3.4 Using Factors to Sketch Graphs In the above section we sketched the graphs of quadratic functions by plotting many points. In this section too, we will sketch the graphs of quadratic functions but using their factors. We know from our previous class knowledge that a quadratic expression can be written as a product of factors. For example, we can write ¥43x4+2= (x41) (x42) where (x+1) and (x+2) are the factors of the quadratic expression x°+3x+2. Similarly, some quadratic functions of the form f(x)= ax" +bx+c (a#0) can be factored and their graphs can be drawn by using the factors. This method of using factors to sketch the graph of quadratic function is explained through the following examples. Example 16: Sketch the graph of the function f(x)= x" +2x-3 . Soluti We have f(x)=2x°+2x—-3=(x+3Xx-1). To find the points which lie onthe graph of the functionf (x). we put (x+3)(x—-1)=0. The equation is satisfied ifx=—3 or x=1. Now f(-3)=0 and f(1)=0 . Thus the points lying on the graph of F(x) are (-3,0) and (1,0) that is, the graph cuts the x-axis at (-3,0) and (1,0) . To find the point where the graph cuts the y—axis we ; put x=Oin the function so that f(0)=—3. Therefore the required points is (0,3). All that remains to be done, is to obtain few additional points on the graphs in order to sketch it. Some of these are given in the table below. Se (HED x +3) (x-1) The graph of the function is shown in figure (8.40), Figure 8.40 which opens upward, since a=1>0.Example 17: Sketch the graph of the function Ff) =-40 +12x, Solution: We have f(x)=—4x" +12x=—4x(x~3) To find the points where the graph cuts the x-axis, 2 we put—4x(x—3)=0. On solving we get ® x=Oor x=3, FLA) <. f(0)=0 and f3)=0 Fs ‘Thus the graph cuts x~ axis at the points (0,0)and e (3,0). Also f(0) =0, so the point where the graph a cuts y—axis is (0,0). To draw the graph,we need some additional points, Figure 8.41 which are given in the table below: y=-4x (x-3) We may draw the graph of any quadratic function f(x) which can be factorized as. Y= f(@)=a(x—p) (x—4) by keeping the following points in mind. (i) ,0) and (9,0) where the graph of the function cuts the x-axis. (ii) By taking.x=0 in the function f(x), note the point (),)) where the graph cuts the yraxis sign of the constant a tells whether the graph opens upwards or downwards. °o draw the graph, obtain some additional points on the graph. The shape of graphs of all quadratic functions is a parabola, 8.3.5 Predicting Functions from their Graphs ‘Ss In this section, we are concerned with the use of factor form to predict the equation of a function of the type f(x) =ax” +bx+c, (a0) if two points where the graph cuts the t~ axis and third point on the curve are given. The method employed in doing so is explained through the following example.