CHAPTER 3: THE BIOSPHERE PART 5: BIODIVERSITY

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

SLIDE 4: 1. What is nature conservation?

SLIDE 5:
 A bit of history
 Antiquity: first known concerns about the preservation of nature
(overexploitation of resources)
 18th century: Romantic movement = preservation of what is
beautiful/remarkable.
 1872: Yellowstone = first national park
 Beginning of the 20th century: emergence of ecology
 1937: first concept of “Conservation biology” in “The Wildlife Society’s
Journal” (formalized in the 1970s with progress in biogeography).
- Constitution of laws, decrees and organizations.
- Conservation biology was formalized in 1970s because it is a multi-disciplinary
science and interface discipline which requires progress in other disciplines.
So, the foundations of conservation emerge very early, but the concepts
emerge later because we needed progress in different fields of conservation
by related conservation biology.
- Thanks to this emergence of this concept, we started to have in the 20 th
century, the constitution of decrease and of organization to protect the
biodiversity
 1992: Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio Earth Summit →
establishment of a network of protected areas (article 8)
- UICN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), reserves “Man and
Biosphere”, national parks, RAMSAR convention for the protection of
wetlands, etc.
- 2nd UN conference.

SLIDE 6:
 Nature Conservancy Canada
 1962: Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC).
What they do:
 - Applied conservation research.
o This organization partnered with researchers from academia
government and all their non-governmental organizations to conduct
research on the NCC land. So, the land that the private land they
acquired. They acquired a lot of lands in Canada and conducted
research on these lands.
o There’s integration of indigenous people. They conserve biodiversity by
acquiring and protecting important natural areas.
- Ecosystem restoration.
- Conservation of the Prairie grasslands and other ecosystems.
o They are one of the world’s most endangered ecosystems. Today over
80% of Canada’s prairie grasslands and what remains is the risk of
disappearing forever.
 1963: Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society
(CPAWS) Objective: protect at least half of
Canada’s public land and water in a framework of
reconciliation.
- Not like the NCC working on private lands.
- Work on the protection of public land, freshwater and ocean. They established
new parks, protected areas and ensured the existing ones managed to protect
the nature within them. They also do a lot of public education.
 1985: Wildlife Preservation Canada (WPC) What they do:
- Conservation programs for endangered species
- Wild population reinforcement
o When population decreases too low, they help
reinforce the population.
- Protection and restoration of habitats.

SLIDE 7

Known SR; Estimated species richness

 Conservation biology = study of the different aspects of biodiversity,
human impacts on it, and the development of practical approaches to
 prevent the extinction of species and habitats by integrating the sustainable
use of biological resources.
 Multidisciplinary science
- It’s a multidisciplinary science because it integrates a lot of different fields.
Ex.) demography, biogeography, taxonomy, and genetics.
- Constraints is a recent discipline, and we still have a lack of perspective,
experience and it’s a multidisciplinary of science. So, there is need for
multiple knowledge.
 Main goal is long-term preservation of populations. Not just if one short-term,
but long-term. To preserve on the long-term population communities in
ecosystems etc. combined secondarily with a maintenance of sustainable
economy.
 Crisis discipline: rapid global changes + major misunderstanding of the
functioning and structure of biodiversity = decisions to be made based on
limited data.
 This is the recent discipline  FOR REAL
 Design policy makers ask scientists to help them to make urgent and decision.
But often, it’s with fragmentary data and it’s a very long and expensive to collect.
Sometimes you have to do monitoring for years to understand the evolution of
populations.
 We have problems with major public interest which can sometimes go against
conservation. Ex.) when you have a destructive area where you have to do major
public interest.

“The study of biodiversity is still largely in a Linnean phase of discovering and

naming new species. Although our tools are more advanced, in many ways the
science of biodiversity is not much farther along than medicine was in the Middle
Age.” – S.P. Hubble, 2001. The unified neutral theroy of biodiversity and
biogeography.
 In this diagram, you have a pie showing the species richness in major groups
of organisms. You can see that in the center is the non-species but all around
is the species which we estimate the species richness since we don’t know.
 We have a study of one from a wall and collaborator that estimated that only
5,000 species of nematodes. Actually, there could be 400,000 which means
that only 1.3% of these species is limited.

SLIDE 8:
 What strategies for the conservation of biodiversity?
Hot Spots Strategy Ecosystem Services Strategy
 Basic idea  Basic idea
Identify the terrestrial ecoregions with Emphasizes the dependence of human
the greatest diversity in higher plants populations on various ecosystems and
and animals (vertebrates), and those the importance of their proper
most threatened by human impacts. functioning for the sustainable
 Realization maintenance of biodiversity.
Selection of 34 hot spots which - So, we focus on the functioning of
concentrate approx. 50% of plants and ecosystems and all the benefits they can
42% of endemic vertebrates on 16% of give us. If we lose this benefit, it’s going to
land surface be a problem for us. So, we have to protect
Increased development of protected the area, ecosystems and the functioning of
areas. ecosystems that are able to give a lot of
 Benefits benefits to humans.
Global approach allowing a simple and  Realization
rapid hierarchy, for conservation of the Identification and classification of
essentials of the living world various ecological services
Significant funding and effective relay Establishment of conservation plans for
by Conservation International. degrading ecosystems.
 Disadvantages  Benefits
No strict concordance in the distribution Allows us to better reconcile the
of biodiversity Neglects functional conservation of nature and human well-
processes and “hidden and ordinary being
biodiversity”. Sustainable and effective support for
- That means that we focus on some protection projects, limiting economic
ecosystems on some region and let some and biodiversity losses.
other disappear.  Disadvantages
- Neglecting hidden and ordinary Difficulties in identifying and evaluating
biodiversity means the diversity that the services provided by ecosystems
species that are common and that we sell Often long and complex procedures.
every day in the garden etc.
 For the hotspot’s strategy, we focus on the region with high level of
species, diversity of a lot of endemic species etc. and species that are
threatened.
 On the other side with the ecosystem strategy, with our queues on well
places ecosystems that are able to provide a lot of ecosystem services
that are useful for humans.

SLIDE 9:

 In here, we have the 34 hotspots that have been defined. So you see that most of
them are near the equator. They are very important species richness in the tropical
rainforest, etc. near the equator.

SLIDE 10: 2. Protected Areas

  One of the main goal of conservation ecology.
SLIDE 11:
 Protected area = “clearly defined geographical space, recognized,
dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve
the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and
cultural values.” – IUCN, 2008.
 So, the protection of areas containing like ecosystems and good ecological
condition, or with a lot of species are an effective way to preserve like global
biodiversity. That’s why we established a network of protected areas that are
spaces that we manage.

 Protected areas of the

world

 Several levels of classification (IUCN 6-level classification grid)  several

types of protected areas and reglementations (reserves, national parks,
regional parks, etc.)
- It lists more than 250,000 officially recognized protected areas. These areas
cover only 15% of the Earth land of the territory surface and 7.4% of the
world’s oceans.
- IUCN establishes sick level classification grid for protected areas based on
mainly management objectives.
- These levels vary from protected areas, managed for strict nature protection.
With category 1,2 levels where they are managed for both protection and
sustainable use. So, with the integration of humans. So, with the integration of
humans, it’s category 5 and 6 in Canada.
- In Canada, approximately 85% of the key needed in protected areas under
federal prevention or private jurisdictions are in category 1 (strict protection)
or 2 (when it’s a ecosystem conservation and recreation)
 The administrating structure depends on the protected area (government,
NGO, municipality, private, etc.)
 - Protected natural area is often the result of the supposition of several status
which do not correspond to the same IUCN category.
- They don’t’ all have the same protection and management objective. Ex.) In
France, we have in our national park different species with different objectives
so different. You are using categories, for example, what we call “the hot of
the park of the core of the park” where strict protection of the species of the
ecosystem habitats etc.
- Then we have the latest where we integrate the human uses. So, you can
have areas like this with different status.

SLIDE 12:

 Canadian protected areas

 1911: creation of the world's first parks service, the Dominion Parks
Division (now the Parks Canada Agency)
- It was created to overseed national park system.
- IN 1930, we had the first National Park Act passed. Thanks to that, in the early
years of the importance of Canada has protected areas with primary
economic. And it took some time for biodiversity conservation to become their
primary role.
- But, at the beginning, it was not only a conservation of biodiversity, but it was
mainly economic and well national, parked out of 20 of 2,000 definitely
established ecological integrity as the top priority for national park
management.
- In the late 19th, the protected area systems began to focus on marine and
freshwater protected areas because, before we’re mainly talking about
terrestrial areas, we have Ocean Act of 1997 and the National Marine
Conservation Area Act of 2002. That establish a framework for the creation of
marine protected areas.
 >5,000 protected areas
- So, you have the map here of the different protected areas and also the color
depends on the category.
 12.7% of the Canadian terrestrial areas and 9.1% of marine areas were
protected in 2022.

SLIDE 13:
  National parks
 37 national parks and 10 national park reserves
- National Park reserves is an area that is managed like a national park but its
subject to one or more Indigenous land claims. So, Indigenous people continue
to use the land for traditional punching, fishing, trapping etc.
- Next to it is the whole areas is managed like a national park.
 1885: first national park = Rocky Mountain National Park (today Banff
National Park).
- It is a bit more than 10 years after Yellowstone.
- Today it is banned from National Park. It just changed.
 Administered by Parks Canada (Federal)
- Responsible for both protecting the ecosystems of all of these areas and
managing them for visitors to understand the area, biodiversity, and to
appreciate and enjoy that doesn’t compromise the integrity of these areas.

 Banff National Park, Alberta. Valley of the Ten Peaks and Moraine Lake.

Map of national parks, national park reserves, and active

national park proposals in Canda © Parks Canada.

SLIDE 14:

 Wapusk National Park, Manitoba

 It’s created to preserve the populations of polar bears.

  Elk island National Park, Alberta

 Plays an important part in the conservation of the plain basin.

 Ivvavik National Park, Yukon

 Near the Arctic coast.

 It was created to protect the calving grounds of caribou birds and the park
allows a small amount of visitors so people don’t disrupt the population of
Cariboo and ecosystem etc.

 Yoho National Park, Alberta

 Burges Shale is very famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts
of its fossil fuels.
 In the Cambrian period, there were big emergence and a lot of different
biodiversity.

 Forillon National Park, Quebec

 It was the first National Park in Quebec. Includes forest, sea cost, small
marshes, sand dunes, cliffs etc.
 Includes a lot of nesting colonies like seabirds, whales, and seals as well as
mammalian species such as red frog, beaver etc.
 Not a very big park with so many species.

SLIDE 15:
  National marine conservation areas (NMCAs)

 Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in Gwaii Haanas National Marine

Conservation Area Reserve, British Columbia.

 Administered by Parks Canada

 5 NMCAs in Canada:
- Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve
o Land claims from the indigenous people there.
-
Fathom Five National Marine Park
-
Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
-
Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park
o It’s a very amazing place consisting of 13 species of whales.
- Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area.
 Marine protected areas

 Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the

Saguenay – St. Lawrence Marine Park.

 Administered by Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

SLIDE 16:
 Provincial parks
 Administered by provincial governments.

Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario.

 For example, here you don’t have the map of the different provincial park like
Ontario. We have the Algonquin park filled with mosquitos and black flies, and
moose.
 Created in 1893 and it was first established to protect the natural
environment.
  This is more of a place for conservation and hiking.

SLIDE 17:

 Other types of protected areas:

 Municipal protected areas
- Most municipality and regional districts in Canada will maintain a system of
protected areas. So, usually the purpose of this park is not only preservation
of biodiversity, it’s more like the recreational use.
- First Montreal park was created in 1872.
 Migratory bird sanctuaries
- They are managed by environment Canada.
- They are protected areas where we have critical habitats for migratory birds.
So, it prescribes rules and prohibitions regarding the destruction of the nest of
the eggs etc. within the batteries of the sanctuaries.
 National wildlife areas
- Managed by environment Canada.
- They are not just a national area established to protect the nationally
significant aquatic or terrestrial animal habitats, and we have private
protected areas.
- So, they are managed by private organizations to consider the biodiversity of
important habitats. Ex.) that’s the case of the tall prairies reserves in
Manitoba. It’s like a private protected area.
 Biosphere reserves
- They are site recognized by UNESCO and biosphere program.
- They are for protected or reintegrating conservation and sustainable use.
- Core-protected areas in the buffer zone and extended zone of corporation
focusing on sustainable use by humans. We have only 15 vicar reserves in
Canada. Closest one is a biosphere reserve of Lake St. Pierre in Quebec.
 Private protected areas.

Mount Royal Park, Biosphere reserve of Snow Geese at Last Mountain Lake National
Montreal, Quebec Lake St. Pierre, Quebec. Wildlife Area © K. Hecker.

SLIDE 18:
  Protected area = “clearly defined geographical space, recognized,
dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve
the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services
and cultural values.” – IUCN, 2008.

 The evolution of the protected-area concept-

from islands to networks to the landscape approach-and the proposed social-ecological approach for
protected areas. Abbreviation: IUCN cat., International Union for Conservation of Nature protected-area
category. Source: Palomo, I. et al. (2014). Incorporating the Social–Ecological Approach in Protected
Areas in the Anthropocene. BioScience

 Protected areas issues:

- Biological and landscaped: need to preserve the biological heritage
and its functionality
- Socio-cultural: multiple use of the territory
- Economic: implication for the local and regional economy.
 Key elements of the configuration:
- Surface
- Shape
- Buffer zones
o Buried around natural sites that protected from potential impacts on
human infrastructures or activities.
o First protected areas we’re focusing on that only. They were managed
as islands approach within a matrix of degraded territory.
- Ecological corridors and reserves
o Wildlife corridors because here, we have a network approach.
o We focus on how to protected areas is connected other habitats.
- Spatial heterogeneity.
o We need to have a socioecological approach. We need to think about a
diversity of habitats in our protected areas.
o We also have to integrate more or less according to the type of
protected area, the different uses and human activities.

SLIDE 19:
 What size for the protected areas?
 Theory of island biogeography (Mc Arthur & Wilson): the number of
species, on an undisturbed island, is conditioned by immigration and
extinction.
 It proposed a model postulating that species. Richness of an island results
from a dynamic balance between the arrival of species migrating from a
source, continent, mainland here, and the extension of species.
 Arrival of source species migrating from a source continent is all more
improbable as the source is distant. There’s an important distant between
islands and continents.
 Also, it postulate that the species is a phenomenon, all the more likely as the
island is small, so there’s also an importance of the size of the island.
 The diagram shows the influence of the size of the island. It’s distance from
the mainland has on the amount of immigrations and species richness of the
island close to the mainland, this island has a most species richness and
smaller one from the mainland here on the list.
 Island A looks like it is the most species richness.
- Area-species relationship: the surface area of the island determines the
rate of species extinction: the greater the surface area, the greater the
species richness.
- Island-continent distance determines the rate of immigration of new
species: The more isolated an island is (relative to other islands or a
continent), the lower the probability that it will receive species.
o What is the link with the theory and conservation?
 This model was not reserved for the interpretation of the species
richness of real islands. So, island in the sea and it can be
transposed to isolated habitats within ecologically different species
and still was used for multiple reasoning on the dimensioning of
protected areas.
o Interesting theory, but insufficient because there’s no real
consideration of the age of the island, or how old the island is on the
evolutionary aspects as well. There’s no consideration of heterogeneity
of habitat of ecology of species, because you have some species that
need small territory. There’s no connectivity of the human aspect.
 Extrapolation to protected areas surrounded by urbanization.
SLIDE 20:
WORSE BETTER
Small reserve Large reserve
Fragmented reserve Intact reserve
Single reserve Several reserves
All reserves same size Reserves with diverse sizes
Isolated reserve Connected reserves (wildlife linkages)
Uniform Ecosystem Diverse Ecosystem
Partially-protected ecosystem Fully-protected ecosystem
“Thin” reserve (> edge effects) “Round” reserve (<edge effects)
MOST DEBATED MOST DEBATED
Reserve managed individually Coordinated management
Humans excluded People interaction.
 Single Large or Several Small? The
SLOSS debate in conservation
 But depends on the type of habitat and
species involved.
 “We make [protected areas] as large
as we can, or as large as we need to
protect the elements of our concern.
We are not usually faced with the
optimization choice poised in the
[SLOSS] debate. To the extent we
have choices, the choices we face are
more like … how small an area can
we get away with protecting and
which are the most critical parcels?”
- Kent Holsinger, Professor of Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology at the
University of Connecticut

SLIDE 21:
 Should we separate humans from nature?
 COP 15 (Montréal, 2022): 30% of protected areas by 2030.
- 6 years of this main objective of this convention is very important to know
because, now a lot of policies all around the world are focusing on the fact
that they have to protect more surfaces of their country to put more of them
under protection.
- So, this conservation of 30% of loans and options in the planet by 2030 is an
information needed to be remembered.
- In Canada in 2022, we had 12.7% of the terraced trail areas and 9.1% of
marine areas that were protected.
- However, currently protected areas don’t contribute that much because we
only have 15% of Canada’s plans butterfly and vertebrates that are
 represented by protected areas such as national and provincial parks, all the
different areas not working that much.
- We could protect more than 65% of Canadian species. So, this goal of
protecting 30% by 2030 can have a good impact on the species like the
national strategy providing for the protection of the most important areas for
biodiversity would make it possible to make great progress in conservation.
 Wilderness areas are now the only places that contain species at near-
natural levels of abundance.
- Because a lot of species abundance start decreasing a lot due to humans
activities, in wilderness areas, we have the last areas with populations at near
natural levels of abundance. That means they are important pools of genetic
information.
- A lot of different analysis revealed that wilderness areas also provide
increasingly important refuges for species in landscape that are dominated by
humans.
- What are the problems of separating humans from nature?
o When we focus on whiteness areas, we have the tendency to forget
what we call “ordinary biodiversity”. It’s when common species that
you see in the garden in your city a lot of finches, starlings etc. That’s
the common biodiversity.
 But “ordinary biodiversity” is also important
 “Pristine wilderness” does not exist anymore → we must integrate human
populations in conservation.
- One of main problem with the separation of human from nature is that we do
a sacralization of a primitive nature, especially in Africa and Asia also South
America, but this primitive nature doesn’t exist anymore. Our impacts are
everywhere. A lot of areas like Africa, Asia, and North American, these
widened areas are not with nobody. You got indigenous populations in this
places.

SLIDE 22:
 Colonist conservation
 “A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works
dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth
and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is
a visitor who does not remain.” — Howard Zahniser, Wildness Act, 1964.
  Philetus Norris, a Yellowstone’s second superintendent
 They define protected areas with special laws, excluding anyone else from
using the land, including native Americans who had inhibited these
ecosystems for generations and generations.
 So, under the pretense that local population were undermining local system,
the hunting club claims to be protecting and considering nature through the
disposition and genocide of Native American people.
 That’s what happens in a lot of place. Example is below. In Yellowstone, for
centuries all around the world, the conservation discourse has been used by
colonizers to legitimize their political and economic interest. That’s what we
saw with the hunters, and when the US settlers invaded the region of
Yellowstone was home for over 20 Indigenous people.
 They were living with the nature of the Indigenous people who were living
there were embedded within the season off here wit the valleys, and it’s been
going on for generations. They kill some of them and then relegating the one
that are still alive, to marginal lens.
 Because of this whiteness act, we have the legitimization of expropriating all
the Indigenous people that were living in this kind of wideness areas. That’s
what we call “colonist conservation” because we think we are better to
conserve the widen areas and we expropriate all the people that were living
there for generation and generation and using that living in harmony with
their environment. Ex.) It was also what created in Canada, the foreign Folio
National Park.
 The creation of the Park in 1970 was preceded by the removal of 225 families
through expropriation.
- Yellowstone: an image of « pristine wilderness »… with no inhabitant →
violent expropriation of indigenous people.
 Violation expropriation of indigenous people.
  The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Painted by Thomas
Moran, 1872.

SLIDE 23:
 The colonial idea that Occidental people are better able to “take care of the
environment” still shapes a lot of conservation initiative today  eviction of
indigenous people from their customary lands and leadership positions in
local and global conservation projects.
 Occipital people are better able to take care of the environment. This idea shaped
a lot of conservation initiatives, and it is still shaping a lot of it today. It generally
determines who had the authority to define how conservation should be
practiced. So, we have the back tendency to arrive in the areas where we don’t
belong.
 This practice has legitimize a systemic eviction of indigenous people from the
customer

 Batwa, Indigenous African people, were expelled from their forest

in the 1990s in the name of the creation of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.

 Tourists on a tour to observe mountain gorillas in the Bwindi

Impenetrable National Park, Uganda.

 They used the forest there during generation as natural resource. They were
really connected to this nature on a social economic cultural way.
 When we designed the limits of the windy, impenetrable National Park so
situated in Southwest and Uganda in 1991. The people who were managing
this area just expropriates all the people living there.
  It’s an important place because it’s the home of mountain gorillas. So,
mountain gorillas are protected and endangered species. Half of the world
surviving the mountain population is found there in this area in Uganda.
 It’s a main attraction of the between the park and the tourist to come. To
create this National Park, all the Indigenous African people were expelled from
the forest in the 90s.
 They were rejected from the forest in the windy season especially. These areas
became word of parks mainly for the protection of the careers.
 After their expulsion, some families received agriculture land from the
government. However, they were not farmers and a lot of bad where people
were yet poor and not be able to be on global society because they were not.

 Trophy hunting in Africa.

 Trophy hunting is a problem because it works the same way as travel

operators. We have hunting operators who organize hunter animal encounters
from A-Z. So, the organizer transport the accommodation, food, how you track
and shoot the equipment etc.
 Trophy hunting for white lion, for example, can cost up to 50, 000 dollars in
euros.
 The practice of trophy hunting in these kind of areas stays after all the
colonial things. It’s a big problem because trophy hunters do not hunt for
survival like the way the Indigenous people. But it just to bring back a
souvenir which will glorify their present victory on animals that are inside
fences. That’s also a big problem to just refuse the access to these areas and
to the Indigenous people. But they give access to rich tourists that are going
to kill biodiversity.
 This just present how was the past and how is conservation of this wildness.

SLIDE 24:
 “Indigenous peoples have long stewarded and protected the world’s forests ...
They are achieving at least equal conservation results with a fraction of the
budget of protected areas, making investment in indigenous peoples
themselves the most efficient means of protecting forests.” – Victoria Tauli-
Corpuz, United Nations
 You should pursue to send that denial of Indigenous people’s access to their
collectively on our ancestral land is a violation of Indigenous rights.
 There’s increasing quantity of evidence showing when local communities,
especially those that have long lasting relationship with their local
environment, secure the land rights and autonomy within local land
management, the local biodiversity is high. We have low rest of deforestation,
more carbon is stored etc. So, we have proof that the Indigenous people when
they have continue with their ancestral way of life, they can have at least the
 same results than when we try to protect to conserve the habitats with other
ways of conservation when we do parks etc.
 Now that we understood this processing of those who are the best equipped to
look after their account environments and destroying their ability to use their
lens, it’s not only a justice issue, but also a climate and ecological issue
because they know how to manage and protect the biodiversity there.

 In April 1984, Chief Moses Martin, elected Chief of

Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation, declared Meares Island (BC) a “Tribal Park” during a blockade to stop a
Canadian forestry company from logging the area’s ancient forests.

 Ivvavik National Park was the first national park

established through an Indigenous land claim settlement. It is co-managed by Parks Canada and the
Inuvialuit.

 In these official protected areas that are directly administered we have more
Indigenous people that join the Canadian organization, government etc. to
manage and to protect areas. Usually between Federal, provincial, and
territorial governments. It was for example, the case for Ivavik National Park
who was the 1st National Park established through an Indigenous unclaimed
settlement in 1984.
 Difference between Preservation and conservation: Preservation is when you
separate nature from human population. When you put your protected in a
bubble, that’s preservation. Conservation is when you try to integrate
Indigenous human population around. When talking about conservation, we
talk about including humans.
 Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCA) = “lands and waters
where Indigenous governments have the primary role in protecting and
conserving ecosystems through Indigenous laws, governance and knowledge
systems.” – ICE Report, 2018.

SLIDE 25:
 French national parks:
 Core area: specific regulations which more or less strongly regulate
certain activities.
  Adherence area: Area where municipalities and local residents get
involved.

 Canada: ~40 millions inhabitants; France: ~70 millions inhabitants .

 Density of France (yellow bit) is not the same as Canada.

 So quite the double for a country 18 times smaller than Canada.
 France is a highlighted inhabited areas far from the large North American
spaces. When the 1st National Parks were created, we have no choice to
involve local stakeholders, so they can also appropriate the territory.

 Reglementation in the core area of the National Park of the

Pyrennes.

 You can’t make fire, make camp, make noise because it disrupt species.

 Cattle grazing in the National Park in the Pyrenees.

 Grazing is part of the mountain landscape we have in France. That’s what

keeps a lot of habitats open. It’s a perturbation and it prevents an area to go
to it’s climate.
 In a lot of mountains, cattle grazing helps to keep the landscape open. We
have a different hues because, for example, the older parks in France are
accessible to people in France free of charge. Welcomes more than 10 million
visitors each year.
  Borders of the Reunion Island National Park.

SLIDE 26: 3. CONSERVATION ACTIONS

SLIDE 27:
 Environmental Legislation and Reglementation

International National Local

Convention on Biological Species at Risk Act Species at Risk Act
Diversity (CBD) (federal) (provincial)
Ramsar convention Canada Wildlife Act  Natural Heritage
Wildlife Area Regulation Conservation Act (Quebec)
Convention on Wild Animal and Plant Regulation relating to the
International Trade in Protection and Regulation evaluation and
Endangered Species of of International Trade Act examination of the
Wild Fauna and Flora environmental impacts of
(CITES) certain projects (Quebec)
- Can be known as Washington
Convention.
Canadian National Act Act to Provide for the
Conservation and
Sustainable Use of
Biodiversity in Nova
Scotia.
Canada Oceans Act
Migratory Birds
 Convention Act (MBCA)
SLIDE 28:
 Wildlife corridors restoration.

 Twyford Down in Hampshire © Steve Morgan

 Wildlife corridor = one or more environments functionally linking

together different vital habitats for a species or a population → continuity
allowing circulation and dispersion of species.
- Exchange of individuals between populations  increase of genetic
diversity.
- Ex: hedges, alluvial forests, roadsides, watercourses etc.
o It differs from the habitat around the matrix through which it runs, and
the wildlife corridors are used by animals to move from one habitat to
another, so it allows the circulation of animals species, and the
dispersal of plants of fungal propagills without them being exposed to
more hostile environment, like to more predators that they find in the
matrix. Ex.) When they are traveling through their wildlife corridor,
they are less exposed and wildlife corridors connect wildlife
populations separated by human activities or by structure like roads,
houses, logging etc.
o They are important because they alone, an exchange of individuals
between populations, can help prevent the negative effects of
inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity through biogenetic drift and
that’s something that occurs that within a small and isolated
population.

 Green corridor in Pontal do Paranapanema, Brazil © Laury Cullen Jr, 2011

 Only called green corridor when we talk about vegetation. Blue corridor is for
water. Black corridor is without any light.
  Logging in Ontario's southern boreal forest. The forest, which
hosts a wide variety of birds and their insect prey, is threatened by fragmentation. © Per Breiehagen

 Destruction and fragmentation of habitats threaten species

circulation.
 Restoration of a network of wildlife corridors = one of the major
strategies for the conservation of species threatened by the fragmentation of
their habitat.
 One of the major strategies for the conservation of species written by
fragmentation of their habitat. So, the restoration of network of wildlife corridors
is one of the main strategy for conservation of species.
 For the green corridors, we can build wildlife crossing. They are structured that
allows animals to safely cross artificial barriers like roads and it’s going to help
maintain the connectivity between the natural environment.

SLIDE 29:
 Green corridor restoration: wildlife crossings.
 Wildlife crossing = structures that allow animals to safely cross artificial
barriers (such as roads).
- Underpass corridors
o Forest species can come from one point to another. Picture with
Highway in Banff National Park.
- Overpass corridors
o Ex.) Picture with the Wildlife overpass in MacDonald Banff National
Park.
o Mainly for big mammals.
 Must be adapted to species needs.

 Red crabs on Christmas Island climb a bridge designed for their protection
© Chris Bray.

 In October and December every year, you have huge migration of red crops
and 10 of millions of red crops that are at the same time leaving the forest
press on Christmas Island to reach the coast of the Indian Ocean, so they can
reproduce and lay their eggs.
  They constricted a bridge to an underpass corridor to let the red crabs cross
the road in security.

 Turtles using a tunnel designed to protect them from train collisions at

Kobe, Japan.

 Nutty Narrows Bridge above the Olympia Way, Washington, designed to

protect squirrel from car collisions.

 For Squirrels.

 A wildlife overpass in Banff national park, in the Canadian Rockies

© Ross MacDonald/Banff National Park.

 Grizzly bear emerging from an underpass after crossing the Trans-

Canada Highway in Banff National Park.

SLIDE 30:
 Green corridor restoration: hedgerows

 Example of initiative in Canada: “The Hedgerow Stewardship Program

promotes the planting of native trees and shrubs on farmland. DFWT
partners with farmers to cover the full cost of planting a hedgerow,
 including plant material, planting, and the installation of drip irrigation and
mulching.”
- Today, we are trying to have our heads roll back. This organization in Canada
that helps the farmers to do the plant hedgerows.

 Isolated wildlife overpass in Picardie, France. Where are the

hedges?

 Underpass
 You have the connection between the 2 little habitats and all the matrix
around the crops on the road. You have no hedges, for example, to connect
these habitats to other habitats. These habitats are not connecting.

 Riparian forest buffer

 It helps to minimize the impacts of the crops around the river is when you
want to protect the river, but it also help a lot of species to move from one
habitat to another.
 LINK OF VIDEO MUST WATCH!! INCOMPLETE

SLIDE 31:
 Blue corridor restoration
 A certain number of fish species require different environments for the
main phrases of their biological cycle to take place  migrations.
- Amphibiotic species have to change environment during their biological cycle.
- Autobiotic species have to stay their whole life in Freshwater.
 Dams = barriers to fish migration.
- Need to restore blue corridors.
o
  Fish ladder on Isar Dam Germany

 We can build ladders in the U.S.A.

 You can also for specifically eels because they can go out a bit of water.

 Large fish ladder at John Day Dam on the Columbia River, USA.

 Eel ramp

 Bypass river, France

 So, when your down, you can build a bypass river. When you have your down, you can
build a channel from one part of the dam to the other.

SLIDE 32:
 Black corridor restoration.
  Composite satellite photograph of the Earth
at night showing light projected into space. Source NASA/ NOAA

 Nocturnal biodiversity: ~28% of Vertebrates and 65% of Invertebrates are

active at night.
 Light pollution = disturbances for wildlife.
- Fragmentation of habitats for nocturnal species.
o Because you have some species that flee light. These kind of
installation constitue the impassable barriers.
- Perturbation of migration (birds, insects…)
o Negative light pollution has negative impacts which includes wasting
energy, costing a lot to produce lights all the time. It also impacts
wildlife by perturbating the migration. You have a lot of birds and
insects that find their way and orient themselves based on the start of
the moon. When you have artificial light sources, so they lose their
bearings.
- Modification of predatory-prey relationships.
o When they are in villages and cities, where there’s light, they can hunt
at night.
- Disruption of the life cycle of certain species.
o It can have an effect on the seasonality of plans, for example, they can
also affect holy ecosystems not only lakes, but also do plankton that
can stop feeding on LG, if nighttime lightning is too strong which
results in having excessive algae growth that eventually decomposes
and causes increasing bacterial activity. Leads to oxygen depletion in
the lake etc.

 Initiatives to protect the integrity of the dark sky:

- Dark Sky Reserves (Mont-Mégantic, Wood Buffalo National Park…)
- Restoration of black corridors by turning off the light after a certain
hour in many French villages
  Need to better light our environment, without compromising security.

SLIDE 33:
 Focusing on some particular species: umbrella and flagship species.
 Umbrella species: particularly demanding species in terms of quality
and area of habitat  their conservation, when ensured, results in
“automatically” by conservation many other rare and endangered species
that share the same habitat.
- If you protect these kinds of area that is required for one specific species,
you’re going to preserve the habitat for a lot of other species. But you’re
going to put a lot of other species under the protection of this umbrella.
- If you direct the conservation management at this species, you’re going to
conserve the habitat for al to of other species of other forest species.

The white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos), an umbrella species for

conservation of the biodiversity associated with forests rich in deciduous trees and
dead wood in northern Europe.

Conservation of federally threatened Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) on the

Atlantic Coast has contributed greatly to the overall conservation of the barrier
beach ecosystem.
 It’s a species on the sand dune. It’s not a good idea when you nest in an area
where you have a lot of people because people are going to walk on the sand
and the goal of having nest like this is you have your eggs in this kind of invisible
sand, because it’s the same color etc. It’s good for predators, but not good when
humans walk past the eggs.
 Barrier beach ecosystem are very important because they are protecting the rest
of the continent from the impact of the sea of the wind etc. When you protect this
habitat, we protect a lot of other things at the same time.

SLIDE 34:
  Flagship species: species that benefit from significant potential sympathy
from the public, making it possible to mobilize funding for their conservation
and that of their habitats.
 Usually it is large mammals (Especially carnivores due to its charismatic value to
our societies).
 We have the warmest campaigns that are totally based on this species.

- In the Internatinoal Tiger Project, you’re not only using these species as a
flagship, but you’re using individuals to humanize the thing. You give them
name, history, and so people can get attached to these animals. You pay for
these individuals.

2nd picture:
 Berani:
o Berani means ‘brave’ in Indonesian. As the Sumatran tiger faces
extinction in the near future if we do not act to save them, we hope the
bravery of this species helps them to win this battle.
o Our goal is to protect Berani, his territory and prey, so he survive and
sire cubs for the next generation of tigers in BTPNP.
 Cinta:
o Cinta, meaning ‘love’ in Indonesia, lives in the hilly southern tip of the
Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (BTPNP) and into the lowland area of the
ex-logging concession called Hatma Hutani. This concession is towards
the east of BTPNP, near the Orangutan Sanctuary supported by the
Orangutan Project (see area marked in yellow on the map)
 Langka:
o Langka means ‘rare’ in Indonesian and Sumatran tigers are indeed rare
and facing extinction. Our goal is to protect Langka, her territory and
prey, so she can become a successful mother. Please, can you help
her?

SLIDE 35:
 The mitigation hierarchy
 AVOID:
 - Measures taken to avoid creating impacts from the outset or set aside
key conservation areas.
o Ex.) You can completely avoid the impacts on these components on the
biodiversity. Avoid specific areas of important. For example, a pond if
you’re on your area where you want to come to when you want to build
your building.
 REDUCE:
- Measures taken to reduce the intensity and/or extent of impacts that
cannot be completely avoided;
o Ex.) It can be to reduce the scope of the project to modify the work
schedule, to avoid the destruction of nests.
o Ex.2) If you have to cut trees or cut a hedgerow, when you do it after
the reproduction and when the chicks are adults. Usually winter is the
best moment to conduct work.
 COMPENSATE:
- Measures taken to compensate for any significant residual, adverse
impacts that cannot be avoided, reduced and/or restored.
o Ex.) Giving money to an organization that is going to protect another
site. Or it can be the firm can also protect another environment besides
the one you’re going to damage. It can be restoration projects etc. to
rehabilitate degraded the call systems.

 Ecological Impact Assessment.

 1. The EIA process should be designed to identify potential environmental
impacts and to assess the significance of those impacts.
 2. The EIA process should be transparent and inclusive.
 3. The EIA process should be conducted by independent experts who are
qualified and experienced in environmental assessment.
 4. The EIA process should identify measures to avoid or mitigate
environmental impacts.
 5. The EIA process should be integrated with other planning and decision-
making processes.

SLIDE 36:
 Ecological Impact Assessment = process through which the potential
impacts resulting from a project are identified quantified and assessed
through appropriate ecology surveys.
 1. Context: description of the project.
 2. Initial state: bibliography, monitoring…
 - Study the site. You can know, for example, if you have databases with the
different species that you have around. You can use this database and you’re
also going to monitor (surveys on different species on the site).
- Takes approximately 1 year since you cannot do all the monitoring species
simultaneously. Ex.) You can do birds in the spring because it’s when you have
the males singing etc.
 3. Analysis of impacts: nature, duration, scope and cumulative effects of
the impacts  assessment of the impacts.
- That means you need to know the planned projects and how it is going to
impact the species and the habitats that are present in the area you have
identified.
- It means the physical changes generated by the project if you’re going to
extract, build foundations, night lighting, mind blasting etc. You’re going to
have emissions of waste of pollution discharge noise, etc. You need to know
the frequency, when they are impacted, the duration of the construction, and
the scope.
- If you’re going to have maintenance during the operation like clearing use of
pesticides for example, if you need to eliminate some bushes, herbs, etc.
 6. Reflection of measures: how to first avoid, then reduce and finally, if no
choice, compensate for the negative impacts of the project.
- You can also plan to restore the sites. Ex.) If you are in a context of queries,
you can plan to restore the sites when you have finished.
 5. Presentation of the report to competent entities for validation (or not)
of the project.
- Usually, these entities are from the government. They can validate the project
according to different measures you have proposed.

SLIDE 37: 4. An example of natural site conservation and management: the «

Beurre » Island

SLIDE 38:
 Nature Observation Center of the “Beurre” island: association created
in 1988 to protect and promote the remarkable biodiversity of this wetland,
and in particular its beaver population.
 We have the ponds, river, and alluvial forests, marshes etc.
 Rome river is an axis of bird migration.
  Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber):
 Close to extinction at the end of the 19 th century  protected species.
- They can modify their environment to adapt it to their ecological requirements
with their dance and when they cut the trees etc.
- They are good increasing the heterogeneity of habitats.
 Engineer + umbrella + flagship species.
- They are Indigenous and umbrella species because when you protect it, you
protect a lot of other species.
- It’s very important to think that this conflict or the expression of an overlap
between the territories of different species.

SLIDE 39:
 Action Plan
 An Action Plan is intended to provide a framework for environmentally
sound planning and management, suited to the long-term goals for the
conservation of the natural site.
- Usually do that every 5-10 years because you need to actualize it. And your
action plan had to be assessed before you write another one.
 
1. Issues, Long-term goals, Influencing factors, Operational objectives,
Parameters to measure, Indicators, Expected results, Monitoring/actions.
2. Integrity of natural alluvial forests habitats, Maintain alluvial forests (55 ha) in
good conservation status, Perturbation; invasive species, Monitoring and
fighting against invasive species, Nb of IS and invaded area, Invaded area,
75% ↘ in areas occupied by Japanese honeysuckle,
- Evaluate the areas occupied by Japanese honeysuckle
- Eliminate the invasive plant.

SLIDE 40:
 Species monitoring
  Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) monitoring → number of
occupied nests in the two nesting sites over the years of monitoring → one of the biggest colonies
of the region.

 Yearly fish monitoring with the Departmental Fishing

Federation.

 Emergence of the rare yellow-legged dragonfly (Stylurus flavipes)

 Epipactis fibri, orchidea species discovered on the site in 1992.

SLIDE 41:
 Habitats management and restoration
  Study of sediment pollution with researchers of Lyon 1 University

 Restoration of river annexes

 Alien invasive species management

 Maintenance of ponds and marshes

 For the maintenance of ponds and marshes, you have to keep the Habitat
open and they’re not filled by trees.

SLIDE 42:
 Public reception and environmental education.
  Visitor center: museum, exhibitions,
aquariums…

 Education events for schools and general

public.

 About 60, 000 visitors/year: cycling, hinking, animal observation,

painting  need to manage uses.

 They educate the kids to all the environmental issues. We have visitor centers
that welcomes the public etc.