MODULE: IDENTIFYING THE MARIA MAGHER – according to her a

PROBLEM AND ASKING QUESTION conceptual framework is a bit like a

recipe or a blueprint.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY –
part of your study that will provide INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
context to the information discussed VARIABLE – part of research that is
throughout the research process. necessary in the theoretical and
conceptual framework.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK –
analytical tool with several variations GLOSSARY OF RESEARCH TERMS
and contexts. – part of your study is intended to
assist you in understanding commonly
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS – part of used terms and concepts when
your study that states what the reading, interpreting, and evaluating
researcher expects to find- it is the scholarly research in the social
tentative answer to the research sciences.
question that guides the entire study.
INQUIRY – is a method that has the
MARSHALL AND ROSSMAN – the aim of extending knowledge,
individuals that explain clearly the undertaking doubt, or solving a
purposes of the problem statement or problem.
inquiry.
THE THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
considered as dictionary PROVIDES.
terminologies.
a. Substantiation
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – is the
meaning of the concept or terms as b. Evidence
used in a particular study.
c. Confirmation
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION – part
of your study that sets boundaries and BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
parameters of the problem inquiry and
narrows down the scope of the - deliberate your statement of the
inquiry. problem, rationale, and research
questions.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY – it
will provide information to the reader - it helps readers understand and
on how the study will contribute. comprehend your reasons and
explanations for conducting the study.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK – portion of your study FIRST ELEMENT OF INQUIRY –
that will provide evidence of academic BASED LEARNING
standards and procedure.
• formulation of appropriate questions
LAST ELEMENT OF INQUIRY –
BASED LEARNING
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
• Interpretation and assessment of FRAMEWORKS
evidence
- provide evidence of academic
MOST DISTINGUISHING standards and procedures that
CHARACTERISTICS OF INQUIRY – validates the authenticity of the study.
BASED LEARNING
- also proposed an explanation and
• it begins with a question clarification of why the study is
relevant and how the researcher
- Your hypothesis is what you expects to fill the gap in the literature.
propose to “prove” by your
research. HOW TO CREATE A CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Problem statements or background
of the study have three elements: ➢ Conduct a Literature Review

➢ THE PROBLEM ITSELF, ➢ Create a Flow Chart

stated clearly and with enough
contextual detail to establish why it is ➢ Write a Narrative
important;
➢ Return and Revise
➢ THE METHOD OF SOLVING
THE PROBLEM, often stated as a RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
claim or a working thesis;
- vital to all research endeavors,
➢ THE PURPOSE, statement of whether qualitative or quantitative,
objectives and scope of document the exploratory or explanatory.
writer is preparing.
- the hypothesis in your study, you are
RESEARCH PROBLEM predicting the relationship between
two variables.
- a statement about an area of
concern, YOU WILL BE EXPRESSING YOUR
HYPOTHESIS IN 3 WAYS:
- a condition to be improved,
➢ As a one-sentence hypothesis.
- a difficulty to be eliminated,
➢ As a research question.
- or a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or in ➢ As a title for your paper.
practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and
deliberate investigation. – is typically
posed in the form of a question.
PURPOSE OF THE STATEMENT OF RESEARCH STUDY - is like exploring
THE PROBLEM: things to come up with the best idea/s
to respond to the needs of society.
➢ To describe the substantive
focus of the research study CONCEPT – a conceptual
representation abstract objects, or
➢ To frame it as abilities that make up the fundamental
building blocks of thoughts and beliefs
➢ A larger theoretical policy
BOOK – informal or indirect
➢ A practical problem and expression of knowledge
thereby, develop its significance
CHARACTERIZES INQUIRY
➢ To pose initial research
questions a. it is designed to generate
multiple alternatives
➢ To forecast the literature to be
discussed in the second section and b. it encourages an exchange of
ideas
➢ To discuss the limitations of the
study. c. it is an open process
absorption

FEASIBLE – criteria should you use

MODULE: BRAINSTORMING to evaluate ideas

INQUIRY BRAINSTORMING (6-10 people)

- It is a question which you ask to -way of inquiring ideas that will help
get some information. It is the you to develop concepts and focusing
process of asking about or techniques by asking questions and
investigating something to find out knowing the interests of the persons
more about it. involved in the said issues.

INVESTIGATION 2 PHASES OF BRAINSTORM

- A proper inquiry or efficient study. a. idea generation and

IMMERSION b. evaluation

- The process of learning a skill by METHOD USED TO CAPTURE

using nothing else but that skill. It IDEAS
is the fact of becoming completely
involved in something. a.traditional method

b. electronic method
c. post – it notes 2. Existing problems in the
class/school/campus which one may
want to solve

RESEARCH 3. Existing needs of the

community or society
- systematic investigation for
information 4. Area of interest, specialization
or event from related fields
- is an investigation or
experimentation aimed at the 5. Prevailing theories and
discovery and interpretation of facts philosophy

INQUIRY – defined as seeking truth, CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A

information, or knowledge RESEARCH TOPIC:

STEPS AND DOING INQUIRY 1. It should be something new or

BASED LEARNING different from what has already been
written about.
• FOCUS. An ill-structured
problem demands 2. It must be original.
consideration of
diverse perspectives. 3. It should be significant to the
• DECIDE ON A TOPIC. Think- field of study or discipline.
aloud, asks probing questions,
monitors and encourages 4. It must necessarily arouse
participants to decide a topic. intellectual curiosity.
• UNDERSTANDING THE
PROBLEM. This will include 5. It should be of researcher’s
clarifications of misconceptions interest.
and possibilities.
• DESIGN ON THE PROBLEM. This 6. It should be a modest one for a
is the final stage done to address beginner to be carried out within a
problems within manageable limited period of time.
scales and extend their learning
7. It should be clear, not
pathways.
ambiguous.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE THINGS
8. It should be specific, not
THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED
general.
BEFORE STARTING THE
RESEARCH ACTIVITY: 9. It should consider the training
and personal qualifications of the
1. A problem that is most
researcher.
interesting to you
10. It should consider the
availability of data involved in the
study and the methods and commonly classified into two major
techniques to be employed in types; namely:
gathering them.
• Primary source – publications or
11. It should consider the writings wherein a researcher reports
availability of effective instruments for the results of his studies. Example:
gathering the data and their treatment. Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.

12. It should consider the financial • Secondary source – publications or

capacity of the researcher to support writings wherein a certain author
the project. describes the work of another author.
Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias,
13. It should consider the time yearbooks as much as possible, use
factor involved in the undertaking. the primary sources to avoid
tampering and miscommunications on
the data.
MODULE: READING ON RELATED In identifying a possible source of
STUDIES your RRL, you can refer to the
following characteristics below:

1. The sources that you should use

LESSON 1 must be updated and reliable.
What is Research? 2. It must be as fair and objective as
possible.
Research is a process of systematic
inquiry that entails the collection of 3. It must be relevant to your topic.
data; documentation of critical
information; and analysis and 4. It must provide accurately and
interpretation of that data/information, enough information on your topic.
with suitable methodologies set by
specific professional fields and
academic disciplines.
LESSON 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
– is one of the major components of a CITATION- in research, is defined as
research paper. It gives an overview a means of informing your readers
of all the writings relative to a specific that certain information came from a
topic (Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & specific source and you just borrowed
Carey, T.G. (2017). it to widen the explanation of a certain
situation or data of your research.
When writing your RRL, you must first
consider the sources that you are
going to use as bases for the contents
of this chapter. RRL sources are Citing of sources comes in two (2)
manners, namely:
a) in-text citation In the in-text- citation of related
literature, three (3) GUIDELINES
b) referencing list should be considered,

A. IN-TEXT CITATION – refers to all Namely:

of the citations that can be found in
all of the chapters in your research a) BY AUTHOR OR WRITER
paper. The commonly used
information in this manner of Ex: Dela Torre (2005) described the
citation is the following: research as

1. Author’s name b) BY TOPIC

2. Date of the publication of the Ex: Accordingly, research is … (Rio,

source 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005)

3. The page number where you found c) CHRONOLOGICAL MEANS OF

the information CITATION.

B. REFERENCING LIST - refers to Ex: Yu (2005) states that …

the bibliography and/or references
of your research paper. This holds And (2007) discussed about…
the summary of the information of
all of your sources. Information Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
needed in making the referencing
-APA follows an author-date format.
list involves the following:
-MLA follows an author- page format.
1. Author’s name

2. Date of the publication of the

source CMA is a citation style that presents
two basic documentation systems:
3. The page number where you found
the information A. notes and bibliography and
4. Publisher B. author-date. The use of the two
documentation systems differs from
5. Place of Publishing
the subject matter and the sources
6. Volume cited.

7. Edition 1. American Psychological

Association (APA)
8. Other relevant information
This citation is commonly used when
a researcher works in social science-
related researchs.
I. APA Citation for works with VI. APA Citation for works with indirect
one (1) author sources

-By author: Lee (2005) states that the Example-Brown discussed that … (as
earth is … cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92).

-By topic: The composition of VII. APA Citation for electronic sources
Earth is … (Lee, 2005)
-By author: Perry (2006) states that
II. APA Citation for works with the … -By topic: The … (Perry, 2006).
two (2) authors .
VIII. APA Citation for websites with
-By author: Kim and Lee (2009) state author and year published
that … -By topic: Accordingly, (Kim &
Lee, 2009) -By author: John (2010) states that the
-By topic: The … (John, 2010).
III. APA Citation for works with
three (3) to five (5) authors IX. APA Citation for websites
without author but with the year
-By author: Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu published
(2015) discussed …
-By author: “The Solar System”
-By topic: Today’s generation … (2012) ….
(Kim, Lee, Young & Yu, 2015).
-By topic: It is said that … (“The
IV. APA Citation for works with Solar System”, 2012)
six (6) to ten (10) authors
X. APA Citation for websites
-By author: Lee et al. (2015) with an author but without year
discussed that… published

-By topic: Today’s generation … -By author: Green (n.d.) stated that..
(Lee et al., 2015). This format will be
used in all of the citations made -By topic: Accordingly, … (Green,
n.d.)
V. APA Citation for
works with associations, XI. APA Citation for websites
corporations, government without author and year published
agencies, etc., as the author
-By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.)
-By author: According to the
Department of Education (2012) … -By topic: Accordingly … (“The
Hydrosphere, n.d.)
-By topic: The education is …
(Department of Education, 2012) 2. MLA Citation Style
The MLA citation style commonly John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our
needs a Works Cited page on a water of today, (New York,
different page
LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
At the end of the research. All cited
sources in the body of the research III. CMS- Notes and Bibliography
must be cited in the works cited system citation for works with
four or more authors.
Example:
In-text Citation: Levi et al. discussed
-Grey stated that …. (50). that today’s tap water is not suitable
for drinking anymore. 1 Endnote:
-Accordingly, (Grey 50).
John Levi et al., Our water of today,
3. CMS Citation Style (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016),
305
In using the CMS Citation Style in
making references, the sources will be a) CMS- Author-Date system
arranged alphabetically, through the citation for works with one
author’s last name. Referencing lists author
in CMS is termed as “Bibliography”. A
bibliography must include all the cited Example:
related literature in the research body.
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz 2003,
I. CMS – Notes and 378).
Bibliography system citation
for works with one author. This is the format for this system:
(Author’s last name year, page.
Example:

In-text Citation: Levi discussed that

today’s tap water is not suitable for b) CMS- Author-Date system
drinking anymore. 1 Endnote: citation for works with two
authors.
John Levi, Our water of today, (New
York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305 Example:

II. CMS- Notes and Bibliography In-text: It is stated

system citation for works that … (Cruz and Torres
with two authors 2003, 378).

In-text Citation: Levi and Charles The format is the same as with the
discussed that today’s tap water is not works with one author
suitable for drinking anymore. 1
Endnote: c) CMS- Author-Date
system citation for
works with four authors
Example: Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., &
Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article.
In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz et al. Title of Periodical, volume number
2003, 378). (issue number), pages.

In this case, reflect only the first Example: Gonzales, P. (2010).

author and replace the remaining with Chemistry and life: A study on the
et al. functions and importance of chemistry
in daily life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3,
FOR APA: No. 2, pp. 887-893.
a) You should use a hanging ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES:
indention. All lines, except the first
one, must be indented by 0.5 from Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month
the left. Day). Title of article. Title of
b) When writing the author’s name, Newspaper. Retrieved from
the last name must come first http://www.address.com/full/url/
before the given name. The given
name must be represented by Example: Cruz, K.L. (2019, January
initials. When there are two or 23). The election mania. KBS
more authors, ellipses must be
used to separate them. News. Retrieved
c) The first word of the title must be fromhttp://www.kbs.com/the_election_
capitalized. Other necessary mania_2019
publication information and proper
noun should follow the same
format.
LECTURE NOTES AND
PRESENTATION SLIDES:

Here are the guidelines for making a Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of
referencing list using the APA format article [file format].
from different sources.
Retrieved from
BOOKS: http://www.address.com/full/url

Format: Author’s last name, given Example: Dela Cruz, A.N. (2019). The
name, and middle name initials, (Year big bang theory [ppt].
of publication). Title of work: Subtitle.
Location: Publisher. Retrieved from
http://www.drive.google.com/file/6thgr
Example: James, B.N. (2009). The kvlw5%bgmh/
history of the universe: Knowing the
truth out of our existence. Los FOR MLA:
Angeles, California: LMS Publishing.
Here are some guidelines for making
JOURNAL ARTICLES: a bibliography.
BOOKS: LECTURE NOTES AND
PRESENTATION SLIDES:
Format: Last name, First name. Title
of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Format: Last name. First name. “Title
Year of Publication. of Presentation”. Date of access or if
available, date last modified. URL:
Example: James, Brian. The history of
the universe: Knowing the truth out of Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big
our existence. Los Angeles, California: Bang Theory”. February 15, 1998.
LMS Publishing, 2009.
http://www.powerpointslides.com/
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES: the_big_bang_theory/

Format: Last name, First name. “Title

of the article”. Title of Publication,
volume number, and issue number, LESSON 3
(year of publication). Pages. Date
when accessed. URL. SYNTHESIS is defined as a
combination of information and
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. discussion from one or more relevant
“Chemistry and Life: A Study on the sources of information.
Functions and Importance of
Chemistry in Daily Life”. Chemistry When doing your synthesis, you
Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010): can present your information in two
(2) WAYS:

a.) Explanatory
887-893. March 3,
2011. b) Argument synthesis
http://www.chemistry.org/journal_on_c
hemistry_and_life/ EXPLANATORY SYNTHESIS – deals
with presenting the information
ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES: through explanations and presents it
objectively.
Format: Last name, First name. “Title
of the article”. Title of News Article, ARGUMENT SYNTHESIS – on the
other hand, enables a researcher to
Date of publication.URL. Date of present his/her point of view from a
access (if necessary) certain topic in a logical manner.
Information that is written using an
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election argument synthesis is usually
Mania”. KBS News. (Dec. 13, 2018). debatable.

http://www.kbsnews.com/ FOUR CATEGORIES OF SOURCES

the_election_mania. January 23, 2019
1. DOCUMENTS- include those
materials that are written or
 printed such as BOOKS, LESSON 4
NEWSPAPER REPORTS,
RESEARCH ARTICLES, etc. The review of related literature is
This source can come in a commonly composed of three major
published or non- published sections:
state.
a) INTRODUCTION – is commonly
2. NUMERICAL RECORDS- is composed of a single paragraph
considered a subcategory of wherein information about the general
documents such as census report topic of your research is presented,
provides the overall statement of
3. ORAL STATEMENTS- Stories, knowledge about your research topic.
myths, legends, songs and other
forms of oral data composes this type b) MAIN BODY – focuses on
of source. presenting all the relevant information
that you have gathered
4. RELICS- this source commonly
composes information about the c) CONCLUSION – providing a
past summary of the overall state of
knowledge about your topic, this
section must show how significant is
your research study.
SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES

1. SUMMARY - the simplest way

of organizing a synthesis, write GUIDELINES IN WRITING
the most relevant information LITERATURE REVIEW (Prieto et al.
and sources you gathered. (2017)
2. EXAMPLE OR ILLUSTRATION Rule 1. Define the topic and the
- it is a technique wherein you audience. Rule 2. Search and
are going to synthesize research reference list.
information by giving examples Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram
and illustrations of your specific Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
information. Rule 5. Choose the type of review you
3. TWO (OR MORE) REASONS - wish to write.
this technique includes Rule 6. Keep the review focused and
presenting the thesis and make it of broad interest.
supporting it with reasons why Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
it is factual. Rule 8. Find a logical structure.
4. COMPARISON AND Rule 9. Make use of feedback.
CONTRAST- In using this
technique, you are going to
show the similarities and LESSON 5
differences of two or more data
ETHICAL STANDARDS – help principles and the choice of
researchers in maintaining their action needs to be decided.
integrity
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTS
- It is defined as a means of making
rights decisions relating to the 1) FABRICATION AND
conduct of the study. FALSIFICATION OF DATA- also
known as “cooking of data”
ETHICS – in research can be defined
as the norms for conduct that - involves producing data without
distinguish between acceptable and actual experimentation or altering data
unacceptable behaviors. – can also in recording for the intention to fit
be defined as a process of applying them to what is expected.
moral standards and principles in any
undertaking. 2) NON-PUBLICATION OF DATA-
involves choosing not to include data
8 PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS because they do not conform to the
1) Honesty well-established body of knowledge or
2) Objectivity are unsupportive of the research
3) Integrity hypothesis.
4) Carefulness
5) Openness 3) FAULTY DATA GATHERING
6) Respect for intellectual property PROCEDURES- referred to as
7) Trustworthiness negligence or carelessness that leads
8) Social and legal responsibility to errors in measurement or faulty
research instruments.

4) PLAGIARISM- fraudulent act that

For you to further understand the involves claiming another person’s
function of ethics in research, here are ideas,
some terminologies that may aid you:
Work, or publication. It is a form of
1) ETHICAL RELATIVISM- intellectual property stealing and
this refers to the view that dishonesty that usually happens in
values are relative in the scientific publications.
sense that a person feels
his/her value is better than There are four types of Plagiarism.
any other person’s value.
2) ETHICAL PRINCIPLES- a) COPY AND PASTE
this term refers to values PLAGIARISM- this type of
that are translated into rules plagiarism involves copying
or standards of conduct. information word-by-word
3) ETHICAL DILEMMA- this without giving due credit to the
refers to situations where source.
there is an evident conflict b) MOSAIC PLAGIARISM- this is
between values and defined by changing only some
 words in the copied RESEARCH DESIGN – plan on how
information. the study will be conducted.
c) MISATTRIBUTION
PLAGIARISM- this type of
plagiarism can be done if an
author wrongly cited EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – evaluate
information, maybe to the effects, look into the cause and effect,
wrong authors or to the and relationship or difference between
nonexisting authors. or among factors
d) SELF-PLAGIARISM- this type
of plagiarism can be committed
if an author republishes his/her DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN – gathers
work. information about the present existing
conditions, that finds the answer to
questions who, what, when, where,
and how.

Self-plagiarism comes in two forms;

CORRELATIONAL – research
1.) DUPLICATION – can be
research tests for the relationships of
committed once a researcher copies
variables
and submits without proper citations.

2.) REPLICATION – is multiple cases

of duplication. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE – a study
that seeks to uncover a cause-and-
effect relationship.
LESSON 6

The following are - In data gathering on qualitative

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD search for life, it abounds with
LITERATURE REVIEW: words, and visuals
a) Focused
b) Concise
c) Logical
d) Developed PHENOMENOLOGY – is the study on
e) Integrative how people understand their
f) Current experiences meaningful?

CONTENT ANALYSIS -an analysis of

how successfully a project can be
MODULE: UNDERSTANDING WAYS completed, accounting for factors
TO COLLECT DATA such as economic, technological,
legal, and scheduling factors.
CASE STUDY – process or record of
research in which detailed
consideration is given to the I. QUALITATIVE
development of a particular person, RESEARCH: a systematic
group, or situation over a while. subjective approach used to
describe life experiences
QUOTA SAMPLING – homogenous and give them meaning. To
strata, ensure representative gain insight; explore the
proportions, wherein the researcher depth, richness, and
includes the specified number of complexity inherent in the
samples like 5 samples only. phenomenon.

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING – sampling

method that is handpicked by the
researcher based on qualities for A. ETHNOGRAPHY – you
purposes of study. immerse yourself in the
target participants’
- The questionnaire is to the data- environment to
collection instrument; observation understand the goals,
is to data- collection method cultures, challenges,
motivations, and themes
QUESTIONNAIRE – a self-directing that emerge.
instrument structured with questions
and indicators.

INTERVIEW – a conversation where B. NARRATIVE – weaves

questions are asked and answers are together a sequence of
given. events, usually from just
one or two individuals to
OBSERVATION -the process of form a cohesive story.
observing something or someone to
gain information. C. PHENOMENOLOGICA
L – is an appropriate
RESEARCH DESIGN - describes qualitative method when
whether your study is qualitative or you want to describe an
quantitative. event, activity, or
phenomenon.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH -
makes use of first
person/textual/discursive in nature.
D. CASE STUDY – a way
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - of explaining an
makes use of third person – past organization, entity,
tense/researcher is not the one who company, or event which
determines the variables, but it is the involves a deep
subject itself. understanding through
 multiple types of data D. EXPERIMENTAL
sources. RESEARCH – is guided
specifically by a
hypothesis.

II. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH: an objective,
systematic empirical
investigation of observable POPULATION -refers to a total
phenomena through the use number of people who serve as
of computational subjects or respondents of the study.
techniques. It highlights
numerical analysis of data
hoping that the numbers
yield unbiased results that SAMPLING PROCEDURE -method in
can be generalized to some identifying part of the respondents of
larger population and the study.
explain a particular
observation. STATISTICS -a branch of
mathematics that deals with the
A. SURVEY RESEARCH – analysis and interpretation of
uses interviews, numerical data in terms of samples
questionnaires, and and populations.
sampling polls to get a
sense of behavior with POPULATION -persons who have
intense precision. been invited to participate in a
particular study and have taken part in
B. CORRELATIONAL the study.
RESEARCH – tests for
the relationships
between two variables. Sampling Procedure Sampling
Methods:

A. RANDOM SAMPLING is a
technique that uses
C. CAUSAL- randomization to make sure
COMPARATIVE – that every element of the
research looks to population gets an equal
uncover a cause-and- chance to be part of the
effect relationship, this selected sample.
research is not
conducted between the B. STRATIFIED SAMPLING is a
two groups on each technique that divides the
other. elements of the population into
small subgroups (strata) based
 on the similarity in such a way SURVEY – a type of research that
that the elements within the uses interviews, questionnaires, and
group are homogeneous and sampling polls to get a sense of
heterogeneous among the behavior with intense precision.
other subgroups formed.
INSTRUMENT – the genetic term that
C. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING researchers use for a measurement
where the samples are device.
selected based on availability.

D. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING is
based on the intention or the
purpose of the study.

E. QUOTA SAMPLING this type of

sampling depends on some
pre-set standard. It selects the
representative sample from the
population.

F. REFERRAL/SNOWBALL
SAMPLING is used in
situations where the population
is completely unknown and
rare.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE –

is known as the process of gathering
and measuring information on
variables of interest?

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY –
understanding ways to collect data is
known as .

EXPERIMENTAL – type of
quantitative research that guided
specifically by a hypothesis