International Journal of Advanced Educational Research

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International Journal of Advanced Educational Research
ISSN: 2455-6157
Impact Factor: RJIF 5.12
www.educationjournal.org
Volume 3; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 05-10
Artificial intelligence and its scope in different areas with special reference to
the field of education
Mudit Verma
Department of Education, Rama PG College, University of Lucknow, Chinhat, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
In the future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human capabilities in
many areas. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines or
software. It is the subfield of computer science. Artificial intelligence is
becoming a popular field in computer science as it has enhanced the human life in
many areas. Artificial intelligence in the last two decades has greatly improved
performance of the manufacturing, service sector and so in the field of education.
Study in the field of artificial intelligence has given rise to the rapidly growing
technology known as expert system. Application areas of artificial intelligence is
heaving a huge impact on various fields of life as expert system is widely used in
these days to solve the complex problems in various areas as education,
engineering, business, medicine, weather forecasting etc. The areas employing the
technology of artificial intelligence have seen an increase in the quality and
efficiency. This paper gives an overview of this technology and the scope of
artificial intelligence in different areas with special reference to the use of
this technology in the field of education along with its meaning, searching
techniques, inventions and future.
Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI), artificial neurons (neural computer
networks), expert system, heuristic, searching techniques
1. Introduction
It is claimed that artificial intelligence is playing an increasing role in the
research of educational technology, management sciences and operational research
areas. Intelligence is commonly considered as the ability to collect knowledge to
solve complex problems. In the near future intelligent machines will replace human
capabilities in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the study of intelligent
machines and software that can reason, learn, gather knowledge, communicate,
manipulate and perceive the objects. John McCarthy coined the term in 1956 as
branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. It
is the study of the computation that makes it possible to perceive reason and act.
Artificial intelligence is different from Psychology because it emphasis on
computation and is different from computer science because of its emphasis on
perception, reasoning and action. It makes machines smarter and more useful. It
works with the help of artificial neurons (artificial neural network) and
scientific theorems (if then statements and logics). AI technologies have matured
to the point in offering real practical benefits in many of their applications.
Major artificial intelligence areas are Expert systems, Intelligent computer aided
instructions, Natural language processing, Speech understanding, Robotics and
sensory systems, Computer vision and scene recognition, Neural computing. From
these expert system is a rapidly growing technology which is heaving a huge impact
on various field of life. The various techniques applied in artificial intelligence
are Neural network, Fuzzy logic, Evolutionary computing, Computer aided
instructions and Hybrid artificial intelligence.
Fig 1: Papers published on different AI techniques quarterly.
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Artificial intelligence has the advantages over the natural intelligence as it is
more permanent, consistent, less expensive, has the ease of duplication and
dissemination, can be documented and can perform certain tasks much faster and
better than human. Thus is effective in educational technology to make the teaching
learning process more effective and concrete with the help of various artificial
intelligence teaching techniques.
2. Meaning of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is the combination of two words artificial + intelligence.
Where artificial means ‘not real’ or ‘natural’ and by intelligence means ‘the
ability to reason, to trigger new thoughts, to perceive and learn’. Artificial
intelligence can be defined that area of computer science that mainly focus on the
making on such kind of intelligent machines that work and give reactions same like
human beings. It is combination of many activities which includes for designing the
artificial in computers that are like-recognizing the speech, learning, planning
and solving the problem. When any system adapts itself according to situation in
any environment is called intelligent. In other words, it can be defined as
programming such machines which can think and act with some level of human
intelligence is known as artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence can be
defined as efficiently use of limited resources. So artificial intelligence can be
defined as making computer programs to solve complex problems same like as human
solve the problems. So it is also divided into two parts one is to solving complex
problems by the machine and second is same like human beings. The term artificial
intelligence is also used to describe a property of machines or programs: the
intelligence that the system demonstrates. Artificial intelligence is combination
of science and engineering for making the machines which behaves in intelligent
manner. In it many fields are combined like philosophy, psychology and computer
science.
Fig 2: Factors included in AI
3. Scope of artificial intelligence in different areas
3.1. In the field of education
3.1.1. Artificial intelligence can automate basic activities in education, like
grading
While AI may not ever be able to truly replace human grading, it’s getting pretty
close. It’s now possible for teachers to automate grading for nearly all kinds of
multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank testing and automated grading of student
writing may not be far behind. Today, essay-grading software is still in its
infancy and not quite up to par, yet it in college, grading homework and tests for
large lecture courses can be tedious work, even when TAs split it between them.
Even in lower grades, teachers often find that grading takes up a significant
amount of time, time that could be used to interact with students, prepare for
class, or work on professional development.
3.1.2. Educational software can be adapted to student needs
From kindergarten to graduate school, one of the key ways artificial intelligence
will impact education is through the application of greater levels of
individualized learning. Some of this is already happening through growing numbers
of adaptive learning programs, games, and software. These systems respond to the
needs of the student, putting greater emphasis on certain topics, repeating things
that students haven’t mastered, and generally helping students to work at their own
pace, whatever that may be.
This kind of custom tailored education could be a machine-assisted solution to
helping students at different levels work together in one classroom, with teachers
facilitating the learning and offering help and support when needed. Adaptive
learning has already had a huge impact on education across the nation (especially
through programs like Khan Academy), and as AI advances in the coming decades
adaptive programs like these will likely only improve and expand.
3.1.3. It can point out places where courses need to improve
Teachers may not always be aware of gaps in their lectures and educational
materials that can leave students confused about certain concepts. Artificial
intelligence offers a way to solve that problem. Coursera, a massive open online
course provider, is already putting this into practice. When a large number of
students are found to submit the wrong answer to a homework assignment, the system
alerts the teacher and gives future students a customized message that offers hints
to the correct answer.
This type of system helps to fill in the gaps in explanation that can occur in
courses, and helps to ensure that all students are
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building the same conceptual foundation. Rather than waiting to hear back from the
professor, students get immediate feedback that helps them to understand a concept
and remember how to do it correctly the next time around.
3.1.4. Students could get additional support from AI tutors
While there are obviously things that human tutors can offer that machines can’t,
at least not yet, the future could see more students being tutored by tutors that
only exist in zeros and ones. Some tutoring programs based on artificial
intelligence already exist and can help students through basic mathematics,
writing, and other subjects.
These programs can teach students fundamentals, but so far aren’t ideal for helping
students learn high-order thinking and creativity, something that real-world
teachers are still required to facilitate. Yet that shouldn’t rule out the
possibility of AI tutors being able to do these things in the future. With the
rapid pace of technological advancement that has marked the past few decades,
advanced tutoring systems may not be a pipe dream.
3.1.5. AI-driven programs can give students and educators helpful feedback
AI can not only help teachers and students to craft courses that are customized to
their needs, but it can also provide feedback to both about the success of the
course as a whole. Some schools, especially those with online offerings, are using
AI systems to monitor student progress and to alert professors when there might be
an issue with student performance.
These kinds of AI systems allow students to get the support they need and for
professors to find areas where they can improve instruction for students who may
struggle with the subject matter. AI programs at these schools aren’t just offering
advice on individual courses, however. Some are working to develop systems that can
help students to choose majors based on areas where they succeed and struggle.
While students don’t have to take the advice, it could mark a brave new world of
college major selection for future students.
3.1.6. It is altering how we find and interact with information
We rarely even notice the AI systems that affect the information we see and find on
a daily basis. Google adapts results to users based on location, Amazon makes
recommendations based on previous purchases, Siri adapts to your needs and
commands, and nearly all web ads are geared toward your interests and shopping
preferences.
These kinds of intelligent systems play a big role in how we interact with
information in our personal and professional lives, and could just change how we
find and use information in schools and academia as well. Over the past few
decades, AI-based systems have already radically changed how we interact with
information and with newer, more integrated technology, students in the future may
have vastly different experiences doing research and looking up facts than the
students of today.
3.1.7. It could change the role of teachers
There will always be a role for teachers in education, but what that role is and
what it entails may change due to new technology in the form of intelligent
computing systems. As we’ve already discussed, AI can take over tasks like grading,
can help students improve learning, and may even be a substitute for real-world
tutoring. Yet AI could be adapted to many other aspects of teaching as well. AI
systems could be programmed to provide expertise, serving as a place for students
to ask questions and find information or could even potentially take the place of
teachers for very basic course materials. In most cases, however, AI will shift the
role of the teacher to that of facilitator.
Teachers will supplement AI lessons, assist students who are struggling, and
provide human interaction and hands-on experiences for students. In many ways,
technology is already driving some of these changes in the classroom, especially in
schools that are online or embrace the flipped classroom model.
3.1.8. AI can make trial-and-error learning less intimidating
Trial and error is a critical part of learning, but for many students, the idea of
failing, or even not knowing the answer, is paralyzing. Some simply don’t like
being put on the spot in front of their peers or authority figures like a teacher.
An intelligent computer system, designed to help students to learn, is a much less
daunting way to deal with trial and error. Artificial intelligence could offer
students a way to experiment and learn in a relatively judgment-free environment,
especially when AI tutors can offer solutions for improvement. In fact, AI is the
perfect format for supporting this kind of learning, as AI systems themselves often
learn by a trial-and-error method.
3.1.9. Data powered by AI can change how schools find, teach, and support students
Smart data gathering, powered by intelligent computer systems, is already making
changes to how colleges interact with prospective and current students. From
recruiting to helping students choose the best courses, intelligent computer
systems are helping make every part of the college experience more closely tailored
to student needs and goals.
Data mining systems are already playing an integral role in today’s higher-ed
landscape, but artificial intelligence could further alter higher education.
Initiatives are already underway at some schools to offer students AI-guided
training that can ease the transition between college and high school. Who knows
but that the college selection process may end up a lot like Amazon or Netflix,
with a system that recommends the best schools and programs for student interests.
3.1.10. AI may change where students learn, who teaches them, and how they acquire
basic skills
While major changes may still be a few decades in the future, the reality is that
artificial intelligence has the potential to radically change just about everything
we take for granted about education.
Using AI systems, software, and support, students can learn from anywhere in the
world at any time, and with these kinds of programs taking the place of certain
types of classroom instruction, AI may just replace teachers in some instances (for
better or worse). Educational programs powered by AI are already helping students
to learn basic skills, but as these
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programs grow and as developers learn more, they will likely offer students a much
wider range of services.
3.2 Language understanding:
The ability to "understand" and respond to the natural language. To translate from
spoken language to a written form and to translate from one natural language to
another natural language.
1. Speech Understanding
2. Semantic Information Processing (Computational Linguistics)
3. Question Answering
4. Information Retrieval
5. Language Translation
3.3 Learning and adaptive systems:
The ability to adapt behavior baged on previous experience, and to develop general
rules concerning the world based on such experience.
1. Cybernetics
2. Concept Formation
3.4 Problem solving
Ability to formulate a problem in a suitable representation, to plan for its
solution and to know when new information is needed and how to obtain it.
1. Inference (Resolution-Based Theorem Proving, Plausible Inference and Inductive
Inference)
2. Interactive Problem Solving
3. Automatic Program Writing
4. Heuristic Search
3.5 Robots
A combination of most or all of the above abilities with the ability to move over
terrain and manipulate objects.
1. Exploration
2. Transportation/Navigation
3. Industrial Automation (e.g., Process Control, Assembly Tasks, Executive Tasks)
4. Security
5. Other (Agriculture, Fishing, Mining, Sanitation, Construction, etc.)
6. Military
7. Household
3.6 Games
The ability to accept a formal set of rules for games such as Chess, Go, Kalah,
Checkers, etc., and to translate these rules into a representation or structure
which allows problem-solving and learning abilities to be used in reaching an
adequate level of performance.
3.7 For emergency services
When we allow handling emergency to A.I then it is more beneficial for us. Because
when some emergency come like fire, flood then we can send metal or silicon
firefighters to save people because they have no danger to loss life, machines can
also defy higher temperatures and can tolerate smoke easily and can search easily
in close-quarters by using lasers and radar where as people may not be able to see.
Firefighting was first field where artificial intelligent machines were used but
now this concept is used in many fields like driving ambulances, handling dangerous
law enforcement situations, and even cleaning up hazardous leaks or spills are
prime examples. Now Navy is using this technology on the water, and some are
developing it for use in cities.
3.8 For Entertainment
We can apply artificial intelligence to the world of music, can make artificial
director which see the real world and can generate the stories. We can make the
robots which compose music and pitch and robots can create your favorite songs. New
technology is also able to restore to life of that stars which are dead like Tupac
Shakur and Michael Jackson etc.
3.9 For providing services to customers
Now a day’s, for providing services to the customer artificial intelligence is
using in place of human being. When any person does calculation like preparing
bill, handling account information he can do calculation error but machine do
calculation properly and no mistake is done by the machine. Artificial intelligence
also has a component that is natural language processing with the help of which
human being can directly communicate with machine in their natural language and can
get services directly.
Fig 3: Working of a search engine
3.10 In Heuristic Classification
The main characteristics expert system is to collect information from many sources
and collect at one place. In heuristic classification many search techniques are
used like
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hill-climbing, best first search etc. it tries to find out the optimal solution of
complex problem at low cost and in minimum time. For an example it take decision
whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase.
4. Searching techniques in artificial intelligence
In AI for finding the solution of problem searching has to be done because solution
is not known in advance. For it AI programs are developed which do the searching
process for solution because solution steps are not known before hand and have to
be found out. For doing searching following steps are required. So we can say that
searching is a process which transform initial state to goal state.
1. Initial state
2. A set of legal operators
3. Goal state or final state
Fig 4: Example of searching in AI
Searching in AI is broadly classified into two parts-
Fig 5: Different searching types in AI
5. Invention in the field of AI
An American scientist John McCarthy invented the term Artificial Intelligence and
he has credit of founder of Artificial Intelligence. He was a computer and
cognitive scientist and was very popular early development of AI In the 1940s and
50s, many scientists from diversity fields like mathematics, psychology,
engineering, economics and political science started to try to make a artificial
mind which work like human in the year of 1940 and 50 and started academic in the
year of 1956. For using the semantic net first program of AI was written by Ross
Quillian. We can define semantic net as like graph in which nodes represent the
concept and arrow is used for providing link between the nodes. A quiz was done in
Feb 2011, named with Jeopardy! Quiz show it was an exhibition match. And the
competition was in between the IBM's question answering system named as Watson and
two
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champions named as Brad Rutter and Ken Jennigs and that system beaten hem by a
great margin.
Fig 6: Example of robot
6. The future of AI
It is true that many experts are doing research in the field of Artificial
intelligence and in future machines will become more and more powerful. But
anything which has advantages there exist disadvantages also so there can be
ethical issues related to machines. For example, if any machine is made for very
sensitive work and did any mistake than who will be responsible. If an AI program
is made for diagnosis purpose and it gives the wrong answer, then we cannot claim
the doctor for it. So for it policy will have to make. And in future such kind of
machines will be developed which will communicate with us same like the human and
will be able to guess what should be done in which situation.
7. Conclusion
The field of artificial intelligence gives the ability to the machines to think
analytically, using concepts. Tremendous contribution to the various areas has been
made by the Artificial Intelligence techniques from the last 2 decades. Artificial
Intelligence will continue to play an increasingly important role in the various
fields. This paper is based on the concept of artificial intelligence, scope of
artificial intelligence in different areas with special to “the field of
education”. As all know artificial intelligence is intelligence behavior of
machines which is given by the professional. As you all know artificial
intelligence have simplified our life in every aspect it can be article writing or
game playing or taking any important decision. In any machine many experts mind can
be combined which is more powerful than a single expert mind. Many labors work can
be done by a single machine and good thing of it is that it never tired. Now such
types of robots are going to make which have emotions it will finish the loneliness
of the person. But it has another aspect that is can be dangers for us. If we
become completely dependent on that machines than it can ruin our life as we do not
do any work ourselves and got lazy. And another is that it cannot give the feeling
like human. So machines should be used only where there those are actually
required.
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