De oe Ne) SO ee a Regizablon ond Architecture (44h Sem) 0 alert A computor is basicaly & programmable ee capable to perform arithmetic and logieal ei ns aukpmakicolly and sequentially. iv ole of a. data processor, ar it cam Store, process, po petnbevt- dala ar pet the wish of the user Mjeebecishics OF Computer Shem \) soot ¢ yy Reliability 2) Aukomedtion 4) Voss oSility 5) Memory Mowers, 1 Digence campuber_types? Thaw are two boxes on which we ' sym define she types of compukots. We will discus de type OF compukets on the boris of size ond dole. handling enpash capabilities. —> Super Compuker xP ror —> Worle stokion Compuker an persoriah Compulen (rc) —> Server Compuken —> Analog Compudert indent ora —aliyloesid « Conrpuder 25 iAwba ond Smartphone . thunetional Uniks $ A computer comsicts of Five, finally independant nis : ore ~Ppeaten Nee eal oe 3. Memory, 1/e a ok 1 Ayithanetie. Logie Weil ALE ced "pas Sere S p 5. Control Usd aBee te eee eee Pee _ Ae # Trpuk Wail? The input unk conddsts of ing uk that are attached to the compuber. These device iba thpuk and Convert it into binary language thas ie Computer understands | : he Ex: Keyboards mouse» joystick , any, # Dukpub Und? The oudpuk unit coniats of ot devices that ove attached with tl. compube i converts the binary dole coming fram CPU te hy, Undotlandable -fomn. i printer, plotter eke Ex: monitor » #ALUS The ALU, as ‘ths name suggerts pen roofharroltial coleaioha and ale oar uae Logical dictsions inwolve comparison Of ture daly 4” ty see whith one is danger or smollix ar equal, ~ # Conbol Udiks The contol unit coordinales anj contol the data flow in and ouk of CPU amd aly, cordeols alk Sux operations of ALU, memony vai} and olso Io uniks. Tt w abso vusponsible fon caruzing out oth the mestruchons stored in te program. ! # Memory ° atkorhod to thei CPU Wred fen Feet dele ood sauheuckions ard Us Called intend memory The memory ib divided into mony stooge Locations, each of which cane. sewre. desks om inde © Mervary im uahidh ony locakion er reared ina short and fixed omounk See. often -specthfog, { its oddaass ts colfad Random access memory, (Alt 0 Ta. trme requicgch to occess oma. woordlh chutyd ax Cola tha mumony access time. | 9 the. cmall, fast Ram uriks one cabled caches othe langest and slowest uniks one, reffered » a | main mercer. ,B ational Concepts of a Computes yy bane Onenciores Senco 2 Tan ters. it ye, eae ea of a lend of ‘intructions is stored, in the pndividuok Instructions asw \o hE from ee Aha. process Ow" 5 vohich es the mecha operokions « 9 Bako to be ued or opexamde ane also “ored inthe #in this imeknuchtore ‘add is the, ohio operands Ry» Bo ona place alte eat Re. athe top level view of the . ) Trsheuckion register (3k) A computer is OS FoMous: ) The matouckion rey Tow Wolds the inctrucktons thak 4 eusrently being 0% 2D = jy Pes oukput ts ouoiloele to he control eireuks, orice generate Ane Miming Si Mrok control the vor o> poocexsing es ‘vowed wr anecuking de Snr Xion | i, 1 7 2) Programe Counter (pe) st) The program counter gnothan specabized vogisher. iy Gi) Te eosps rock of Ae execuirore ok a program. ey te conkoins She men ‘addres KML ext CO auction Xe Me irked and executed a" 3) Memory addxers requster CHAR) be Herons dato. register (HDR) + Ty These two vogusters Foculttake * cpmmunicadions with the monory- Wy 5 dy The MAR holds the, address of the Locakion te be gree ssed: } ° Athen snto eee the dae fe me ap oak of the addrersed acation -is RN TA PUBS Be. PAD Bedi see rt on ppocutian (0°) Twshriely Cyd g steps for program Se —— Listrielin 9 eer "te Be am Mor oe bees! i seh Pores mde th, a ak memory. The addvessed cord ny read out; of the and loaded mbo he IDR. Nox y Whe contents of Ake HPR oe Avoursfarred fo the [R- ww Ve wnelruchion woes 07 operalion be shes | por forme: he ALU, TW hgnesso7y 40 Oblojn | Aw required operands - © Von Neumann Arehitecture &i\Von Necimanre Achilecla vefars to a. derign model for compubxs ghar: the | processing unk , memory ond impuck —oukpr dovien! | cod mbanesnnecked through pingle, contol | ti) This onchitertume 1» fick proposed bby John ve | Neumann » rion American madthernabicio” and physicist, in the mid-20¢h contury-_ 3 haste components ¢ Guy tbs axed on “Adored ore 41 had a programs, conupt. pio interfaces — > cpu —> Memory 4 3/e interfaces: eBiscurs above cpus Cam be Considered te ae of the com pubing q\ve fo) Grival Procexting Uyak VBagieters \ VW Recithmatic sey stew \ : we iyckudes Wee main aes % 7 breponenks Conbral NConieol Vik (CU) Voids ff — Avi thmedte Logit Unik (ALY) oe [Beets anton | _ [Tee loukpul 14 stem rruponank Qiscurs Yhree main co Sin g Advantages ¢ Gy) Control uni geks doko and inshruckior | ume way from oni mémory: Sk: simplifies dexign Fed durlopmenk of the control wk. : G Bato. frum Mmemony and from devices ore accessed ” wv the Zame wo, Gy Memory oegonizakion is in Mre bonds of progra- =-mMELyrs - | anisadwonkoges 20) Serial inchruction processing does not oboe postallel execution of progam. Gy One bus t bottlenedte. Orly one -wddaee informal com le accemed at the some He. ™ os he dk il) Inpruckion stored in the same com be accidently rewritten by eres aa eae | Bus Shuckure $1) A bus is a communiaction palhuny connecting two ov more, devices - WA Key chasactenistic of a bus ts thak ib Wo Shared transmission mediwn. Hi) @ierel lines ofa bus Com be used to transit binary” digits simultaneously (in poral). 'y) For example, on &-bit unit ot data cam be tommibted YZDae ia eee WA Mak co ‘ en Comp (otc, my "WS ld “sen w) Sushen . usually is soporated inko Hrrer. tunchonal groups.s (a) Babin Bur ; (b) Addres Bus. © Control Bus. __ it Tl we # Address Bus 21)A collection. of wires used -to ident, pontienlon lecakion wn mam wmumony is called Address Bus. nN) Tk bh an undirectional bus, wi) The CPU sends address bo. penbiewan menomy locoktons and I/o ponts. ene ee WN addrers tines directly address a” memory locations ¥) The addvess or hus eonssls of 16, 20,24 on mae paral signak liner. # Maka Bust) Tromsfer dota betwewr different components of the compuben, 0) TE tramefers inreuctions Srrom te CPU -for oxeeutin 1) The doda bus Unes one Bi Urectond and Cam cay data to on from mamony .E eontrol Bus? ') Traramik different - 7 oS exponents Danita linen RD cyrbalag An ietemation | SPR Tet TY Nada bed obbvess re Tm hich Command Signo: M specifi 0) operand: oN eone ae A apt sso Bus Chouctwir Vs Double pus Shruchure ore. Lb is Ahooed a) the use independent woe oe Unies (Memory, wat Une variou. poce¥sors amd f]0 units). tts tegethen: i wy tts performance ts \ew.{ @) Es perforrnance ta high, othe ¢ cost sf te a vind bus | &) The cost ofa double ns en OF wn 7 leer 3 oa @) Near anon oF glee : 6) cca fe ; (5) "1 Sascatn « i ea ri 6) iwonloges pawohnges che (6) Adwonntages = fGmcptietty. e Better paformance. oe @ Improves BHeneg. | ) tf 3 J Single Pras Suche.vr y © Sofku he 2, ne 1 oftware t Ina compuler cystem, the sof burr ix haste, ot QO sek of inshoretlon ov eamymands Ahad: LO Compt whak to do. Pb W olhowrdc, Ae sofharce wae omput.er program Ahal provides a set of jrtruckions lo 22eeube a wrer’s Commands and teh the computer oshad: ty do. For exomple Lilee MS-Word, HS- Excel PawerPoind of, # Types? Sofhoare hax two types: — Syshem Softee — Applicatson Softworw. (a) System Software seSyshem software iy weed to muy aphicakion software. 2 System softener ik a collection 4 paegiens That on, cxsenked as nasded to perform funchors such aes 1) Receiving and {ntan preling Usut commands , 2Enkening omd editing applicsiion program. 3) Homaging de Shao storage a) Controlling tfo wriks te eeeive trpuk ‘iformain, and produce oukpuk reds . 5) Trommoting programs Leon high level Romgveage | ty flow Sevel Lanquoge. ° > | (by Applicadion Software t © Applicakion softuiake ablews okt Uvruelliy written, in hagh level Lomguage Auth ab c++, joo. ' , eTypicol application muda? ) Word procerring 3) datoabore » i indurteod automaton 5) bugineys bo turore - | 6) image editing :“caste Sof bwaret Vs Applic t5 Suftwane tan $ #4 : Applicakion Suftwane « duxigt it dentggned Gal yh Va Oe ae VeOUTCE gyned Yo fulh Hae vandvomorts mee earmpub dh Ara wen fn pesheeng Ee od eke. ‘ ea eatiere NO low |?) Writer ano ie \ ‘ ») a Lomgrnse a high -leveh Lacigiinge., ye Interne 3) Mere interactive for the usens. an 0 Pla eo yao cole Fo ) aati pian, Beeld np i whee factory ay Aaja fon he fineHoning of “ing go pron “ as bis tok gece. Ht independimk of |. 2) nieds oii ae appicakion oothwark astm Af hoaiteo wun, | 4p TUR: vy bond Performance? Tn comp: uel sot ee ho tre Speed amd e orpnsolon: performance torr COW execute tasks cd which oo nee efor peat tee eho pe Bowkes quickly ond Cffioterbhy -iahEle and resources t # Thue ory guveral. Eaebors nok can impack ure system , including >— : ') Processor Speeds The speed of they processors i £ frou 4 the , crake inshructions arid proces Se | F omaapnd 3 te poet 4 > Cowr ‘tw procemseat including RAM oy. , C04 5 be agrerseck andpe SE SSS rrrto duntees ele! of Als tate 9) gboyp fhe gyed and esiiyeel of she eM A display » Com ‘nga Strh or Kexsboartds ymiees Om f | the over performance ° 4) Sovane * ile Ahe st onage t The speed amd co eily of Sreede deviers , including haaid ives ama a 4 Mote daa-Avives (SSDS) 5 cam impart FS the, Sp “his todo com We stored ama to brieved- 5) Softwanc optimizabion the officio of pe Sateen enna! running on the cystorn » indecding opernlion- operating wystews om OPP carnpaked impact how quiclly Hawes CO*~ be ; he, onl porforrmance computer * Hous aes the Compute, * Response! bre, vg She, Here A fo compere of a toale. Wes aug 3 ing for Io ae othe Pp —Sheesssndy disk, and MEDI snes 3 Time “pont executing, an Hie OPO eas Mina: - Ce HsOb | | | # CPU Times CPU Tre is Ma oxack omounk ot sine Shak Due CPU hax gerd s procersing dose tar & Specific program ov. process. ’ i auc Compuken Conmmucted “wring chock tut | puns of a contionr rate ‘and aedoxeminwts hr | events role plate mm th hondusae. hoe disevete Vi hervols collsd ee a Sine ‘W'7 pppolmction to CPAs gertral procersing Umit (CPL) } » often t ale sha puter, Tt bo Yerponst ble for naa hae pon progr potforrming aaloulahiors ,, ome aaa aad ie eet Se The ¢Pu canrirs gut bare abl git’ ate [2 sperations Apecified by inchuetions. 4 5 tenial_ Unik Coot) oDiveeks the opexating of tho oe A OC . tt ia Ree: memory , grithmeshic / logée ene a jees how +o verpend too progrots instructions! 3) bvithmebe logo Unik (Aly): , el ane - a Porforms anithmebic ond jstors ¢ Smalk js 3 Registers fark srorage locations witht qaed te held temporaruy, dasa oma tindeuelione, “a y) cache: A Amallen , fortron mummy Vrak vores ; 1 rial Yogi Unit The ALY io a wnitical [ bom He CPU. DE bo responsible ing | anitaclic, operations Cle oddition , wena 3 multiplication» ond division ) amd Leyte spoctions (such 04 AND, OR, NOT. KOR). The ALU operate on a deka and produses warulke Hrok ane Absredd | im bens. ae m Components of ALUS \ ) Arithmete Operactions 3 Treludes boric spenotscars fee addition and eubbraction . Some ALUs alae homdle: yudkiplication amd Avi sion- 1) Logical Operolions 2 Includes gperaditons like AND, OR NOT amd XoR. , vohinh aru fundamental gn decision-making _ procenses computing | 2) pilwise Operations Trwolves operations on individual a fi dake rich ao dhifting bits Uft or right. 4) Comparisons 2 checks conditions like zquoliky, Jor tran tad greater Ham, whieh one awentis for decier™- ces malting In programs, | Wi Yow ALU coonlese hh © Addrering Mades 2 The town addioxsing nodes velyy, sta Mae way in which the opyund born instrecetig, is speagiéd. The addersing mode pecifies oa rude for inbenpreting or modifying the acldwers Fbes fidd gk the tistruction before the operomd io actvally eveeuhod . Thane ‘ovie of addrorring mode. —_ Tmglisd mode; Dnmudiade made, kegiohor mode, Register ndiveck amaode, Auto deerement. mode futsincament made, diveet adders mode, ‘ indivert addvens vole, Prdexod addeering mode, Gensnod System Mahbae Store poo Flynn's Program « ablention tsntrol : Ggwn eb Conupt oF eomeuker Ao Flynns Clansefication ¢ Flynn claprificakion , introduced by 2 puchak J. Flynn in 1966, 2 a lexonomy for ealegorizing compulen eee eee on the wwnhen eurnent Tins Ws ton and dat ‘Com Cle This claswifiestion wales pers She Ve. parallaliom in computer Autumn. Lt grade campecken anchtlectuies “mto foun’ pict oH sy 1 STSD, STMD> MISD, MrmD. coh 1) S1SD (Bipra Single Instruction , grgte Daitot): $rsd represents a hah 1 i proeengor hod cxsesstes tne Feaeticer tensiil ee ipo ona wngle data stream. | > Fople t eee) Uniprocerson systems 5 such On carly pouson compubers amd “Ample. mizrocontrotlhen 2) IMD (Single Tnslruction, Hudkiple Dota); sro thes @ wing control unk that broadeasts a ange instruction. to cuddiple processing slaments » tng one ik own data stream - let Vorlor procersons , Auch on those ned in corto Pe ghies procersing umiks (GPUs) oma mnealtimedson anberscons Ailes Trtel ‘s MMx - Syasb (Hull, Tnsbrchion single. Bade): HHSD dueita a yeti vahene, mudtiple procensing wane ensuites | Iiffenent instructions but openale; ore tee domme a ACL + i . Bxarenp le. ° Rane in practice! however, some fault toleramt- aystornss amd Bre Cobain pipeline gnchitectows mighk- lorsely fit this categony. 1) Mth (Maddie Trstracion 9 Hultiple Dade) + HID cnchiberbanes howe radkpe procusors hak axeuke difherenk Inghuckion pievooms OYY dif forant * Aok a Areas . \ deemgins, Modan adder COmOr systems, purh / multicore precensore pared dictribuked eompusing systons. bh Aec caratend conden EC Re rom ta font of Mh tose ahah oman i Nien dal’s tawe OpFde | ney om aonilend, 4 ou 6 —— hu nant foun for Amish ‘ See lune $8 < spadug of a prem om oa i = sa fin oars Sha Tbe made oo sk the parallel portion ollabveatiom , udbsite- renferman Aavowhages + 2) Directs sptindnakion offers on atffieude te = 5 ponalletine C8 sralion with owt caption xeskeerd Dad agri Yo ee. Dieadiawlagu:s ignores poterial code opti veduving serial powtion Assis equal ppifwmancty 9 ti el NEN OR OR hocks i ovo) : » Nees hand snd tote balancing Arekitechoe (R88¢) £ fin tan Thamar ly wi “eiruatln GF empl «Fat be ae (ding ie enol Al aed aa oe a Moed) wil eve te dab eae istics of RISC # \)Aimglan tnntruslion, 1 sing bees increuction tomes undensae dh ont unm . time yerals punfate vegisou vp siete Addrerting odes SpA pene Cans be othe ux Inabrwkion Sek fckiteshune rst.) The min Gen 9 Weak & hy single: Tratrukiom wide WU leading , evaluating oma Ateming aperalions jot Like mulkiplica&ion command wit de shift ‘ike Losing dab raluickina, omd atoring th, ease: 1) Cemgian trarwcion shave camp druhructon | 2) Compl Addvercing moder 3) More dake types: Wtwdruckions ane Langer Yan one-word sire 5) fwdructtons duices mare than 0 At lee ee exetubed, orangarse oe — ‘ oh ey rectrstaling a felch 4 \) Foes on aefhwore ) Focus 9M hardusagy wert hon we 9 af hy leer 0. sows, meme 2) Yous owl Yandeived suas beth Verde | uuhen this veeult ma tanger os Sons lead wane, sand meet ieFOPTOnm! | ‘ng cme. WIE, Where. thy yous Hid A weodiy available coe ome eamtrel wed syroeed ined trations | 9) vl ned 4) Paquin were ayer ty) Raquired Laws rare oh regis. ob regiskens. 5) Code nine Uo Longe. 6) Simple amd Uaniked ‘addveming modes. a Mow dees the sae of coche Locke alfenk the hth 7 : wokio omd wie vokio? 5) tode rine #9 athabt 6) Complex aord amare, aaleeriing mole. Generally grove bir fabio pobiak \oenliy oid reducing lauk eon imereant conflict Smolin Cache Blocks! May Lovaet Wir veilig by ak fully wdilizing apatial Aneality oma, bowing more urmpulesory ydiies, bak com decrense tonklick and capatity mines ing, Sh fiat, snneznrabals, compan tm Woo marsh te receives. Quchae bik vaio = Nee bench bike _ (ti of take ik + no, of case mint) Be dont A ctu wioi ecu han we RET he al Ge ee _geetsible by ‘aha ayeton’s pressor via 0 madale. internal Humnory, or Primary Himery t 1 com AERA vegies, enelu, mamorys ownd memory, Re anarsdble. directly ly The processor in campuders, the mimory hivronchy peimeni Wawag eae 4 indo Ragistins or the. fgnteat, ord arable Type of memory, \aeahed Greely within sancanteny in aE CePUL). They store een oy doe CPHL ye Font, oma cxketl fe | |‘ Ra Se OS Than Ak the, cp nae 0 70m fae Be Aksroge capacity for ews romges from 4 9) Couche 30k ia Ahn fookeak type me om cach Ma eek ch J ae bey ateessed data. od Ywrhructionts moleing Uk Fonte tyy tun Avan tin Ara. main maser Then, oh cote vrtmanys) 1 apathy oom no tun Lek 2) Ham Maman? to te pina memars 7 qe a st jham cnches ener otal Wo ecomdorys ater te The dake om than Ateanaen Trae memnary enn be intra agg he CH wy Magne Die Hognde disks ike HDDS, nbee oie mraqckicadiy om oping gesikens: Sree Lage rage, expec2ay and aaygert both Saqunstial ond romdlom aecers 8) Magnedic. Tape Me tape bo a sequential debe raga ey wr Se Gonkel with a mony megetic material. £1, Naawone dav ts high eapacily yew ent per yea and Aorgestty, Maguasic. torge 0 wsed prriment for anchioral puorpases amd data baleup. o Chanactenishics of, Indenonchy? 1) Aceuss Tirmast Ths, Wisin beladln dake. outlay nd a vind vuelta. request Doopactty? The oraownk 6h ‘infermakion rake cnn Be cea ferenring 02 We more fram top to ston Yin the hinrovnchy, 1 Wsteicaly» designing a. compuben 9) Cok SAINTE ONT AOR a monary Werks reli ty poesia AP Low ange porromane, fH maleies, ve per EAE? Maving from. batter 4o bap “Gis. emt pm At Trareages, see she ite memory, Wr eer estan tase ere vidual Memory # Viol mumory isa method uk sompaker & companeale BE ahorbages $ ehuysical, Frematy 6x Hemp acess meer Shy aaler 0 WS tind applications that the Pimputer hao mart. RAM ham Ub achally does or ingsheon wines 450 technigices to romigi mammary, Paging omd spnienitin, 1)paging £ Umdin the paging approach, RAM is divided jab WRB block onlled pages. Compu dada fea yowrdem ‘ Beet foe allataled these pages hesreting i Uke Vnumery ress, Smet each process ama unt Jans thew WB, Somes memory “might be snvtes. 'n me cases, opens Com. “yequiveadl ries mony Pages timalht, hese pages ane sesapped be aa and gage Files Sn. Viebual onemory Wkgmentelion + Segmentation is a approach, amd allocates veviobie. Ling a aes to pooge procinses, awotding Au fixed vize Pi, Bician te Boge Tie) Afro curios we ton whacuability omd geeunity but com Lead ~ ee Pamandition embage t's) Memary alloca Rea bo comparatively B)fe dover't requ oubsile- fragmentation. BMemory iuladion has increaned sew as Ib efficient ty manage logical pooeition workles ling the CPUcya ee pay PATER 9) fuctomabic: dats movement it possible Dienduamkages:_K cam stove deer te gehen pee ‘ao dake. mecds (pte consternlly ynferet betmcen fh, paygaiend merneny Smt A hand dial ay $k com Terese: te compbuxily 98 cone ed sonny suhich stares doda. ome “time, is collect re ted ood of also b af the memars ae cnoeryeenll Gngsical Bnd Virkaod © Sexonadony Memory +A me pen plod in fomd lange Floppy asks drive, meres cand i )Fieed storage? avanbages : ‘)Rerkabilihy Many. Secondary, memary davites ane port king ea trom deka behoeen- eompudens or devices. Stack. eFfealive? Sueandary memory device otis eee val ane cok effctin Now pein Meee Disadunorlages 1 Slomer_aacess Hea 2 Aeciing oe form rma doves ypicoly sok Lange hom - Sing dade. from primocuy mur: ed Lifesporn $ Seeandar memorny dues beats aa i ea ‘th stand a exten Na He eke es Vefore they evolatile. Hemany? Walle: mamery is a tape AST Shak retain dose Jah es devtexs a pene, ah or named ft on lot op le Gre Over Hae power Suppl Tha wort the ded 1s Las Lmmon exann ple ener et Fee a OES NST meds apap compalins, rb’ stckon ahi phones and rt ical daca ach, ona eed Remar cred ts douse fer Gis attend pd fins for instance, when waerking on a Ae itil, bored in RAM. If Mae Lampe hewnet A foes ein) te ecu varie ame, downer tite taney ef ae ile yy — 8) stoke RAN: ithe : wt ge das et Ike fia ein huge of vole, ca fen Wie wenformmancin | mene a pee and used in voreatatios, dexictop compar : 3 eamputing applications pre denign oe Shale RAMs camp Dae opoenye mai Yo Shea lat on Dene BAM 1) The wd loomed of DRAM to oak dh Tre Tram $€AM. That why, this to vncd on mn. oh DRAM io ong. Sn RAMA emwenss Lens power Je. 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Adyondag.at Q\Cadke Humor Campaniven to main “meron is faorten 0 amd peendary sare 2) Ragromas atored bi emer lis ter reaps Reape ie ay The data oncein Hime of cache ‘at Re that dh Sas. lal isn Po ” Disadvombagee? Cava mumsry iy eostlcin Yon Primary oma Secondary ‘memory. 2 Dake io tlored one. Femnporaniyloonit in os Huser ath. Wale emt sh cab memowy maartares the prior of Hoa. cempuber arystem wah wt fing? th Cocks. mapping Neh “cia eardents of main memany ane ee fu candor borough ink here ou three types of cache mapping. ipirect Happing | tly, zoinkie Haring Suk Asenedaivee Heapping,- } | © cat ppieck Mopring 3 fm dive magimg , op patbieadan bloeke. sb main Ss Dear a ene eae ae eae Lins mamtben = (Hon Memory Blacke Advert) Hodule (Number & Lines vn cnehel) a 36 words Kings rive = Block Mae, “Wal line WB 4 vas wordt eek = BL aot. 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