Networking

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* Protocol - A defined set of standards that computers must follow in order to

communicate properly;
* Computer Networking - Full scope of how computers communicate with each other;

-> TCP/IP Five-Layer Model

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# Layer Name Protocol Protocol Data Unit Addressing
5 Application HTTP, SMTP, etc Messages n/a
4 Transport TCP/UDP Segment Port #'s
3 Network IP Datagram IP Address
2 Data Link Ethernet, Wi-Fi Frames MAC Address
1 Physical 10 Base T, 802.11 Bits n/a

1. Physical Layer
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* Represents the physical devices that interconnect computers, specification,
joiner, specifications of the signals sent through, cabling, connectors and sending
signals;

2. Data Link Layer / Network Interface / Network Access Layer

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* Responsible for defining a common way of interpreting these signals so network
devices can communicate;
* Many protocols for the Data link layer - most common - Ethernet, although
wireless technologies are becoming popular;

- The Ethernet standard - specifyes the physical layer attributes and defines
protocols responsible for getting data to nodes on the same network or link;

- The data link layer is responsible to get data across a single link;

3. Network Layer / Internet Layer

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* Enables different networks to communicate with each other through a devices known
as routers;
- A collection of networks connected together through routers is called the
Internetwork - Internet;
- The network layer is responsible for getting data delivered across a collection
of networks;
- The most common protocol used here is the IP - Internet Protocol;
- IP is the heart of the Internet and most smaller networks around the world;

- The network layer delievers data between two individual nodes;

4. Transport Layer
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* Sorts out which client and server programs are supposed to get the data;
- Most common protocol - TCP - Transmission Control Protocol - provides
reliability;
- Another protocol - UDP - User Datagram Protocol - does not provide data
reliability;

- The Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) - ensures the data on the node gets to the
respective application;

5. Application Layer
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- Many protocols - application specific;
- Protocols allowto browse the web or send receive emails, etc;

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* OSI Model - Open Systems Interconnectin Model

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Layer Protocol data unit (PDU)
Function[3]
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7. Application High-level APIs,
including resource sharing, remote file access
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6. Presentation Data Translation of data
between a networking service and an application;
including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption
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5. Session Managing
communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of information
in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes

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4. Transport Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP) Reliable
transmission of data segments between points on a network,
including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing

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3. Network Packet Structuring
and managing a multi-node network, including addressing,
routing and traffic control

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2. Data link Frame Reliable
transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a
physical layer

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1. Physical Bit Transmission and
reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium

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* Basics of Networking Devices
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1. Cables - Connect different devices to each other allowing data to be transmitted

over them;
 - 2 types - Copper or fiber, binary data value is sent through these copper cables
by changing the voltage and the system at the receiving end is able to interpret
these voltage canges and the binary data;
a. The most common forms of copper twisted-pair cables used in networking are Cat5,
Cat5e, and Cat6 cables; - Cat -> category - different physical
categories like the number of twists, lengths and transfer rates, inteferences,
crosstalk;
- Crosstalk - When an electrical pulse on one wire is accidently detected on
another wire;
b. Fiber optic cables - Contain individual optical fiber, which are tiny tubes made
out of glass about the width of a human hair;
- Pulses of light are used to represent ones and zeros of the data;
- It is used in places where there is a lot of electromagnetic interfernces;
- Higher speed, longer distances, no data loss, expensive;

2. Hubs and Switches

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* Hub - A physical layer device that allows for connections from many computers at
once, it could cause a collision domain;
- Collison domain - a network segment where only one device can communicate at a
time, otherwise electrical signal from other systems will interfere, slows;

* Switch - A Data-link layer device - It inspects the contents of the Ethernet

protocol data being sent around the network, determine which system the data is
intended for and send it to it; Eliminates collision domain;

3. Routers
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* Hubs and Switches are the primary devices used to connect computers on a single
network , usually referred to as LAN (Local Area Network);
- Router - A device that knows how to forward data between independent networks;
- It operates at the 3rd layer - Network Layer;
- A router detemines the IP address to determine where to send the data;
- Routers store internal tables containing information about howto route traffic
between lots of different networks in the world;
- Home network , local office netowrks have less sophisticated routers, whereas the
one connected to the ISP are called core routers which handle a lot of traffic and
functionality;

- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) - Routers share data with each other via this
protocol, which lets trhem to learn about the most optimal paths to forward
traffic;