International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 2483~2491

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2483-2491  2483

Development of solar photovoltaic model for wide range of

operating conditions

Mohammed Asim1, Adil Sarwar2, Mohammad Shahabuddin3, Mohammad Saood Manzar4

1,3Departmentof Electrical Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
4Department of Environmental Engineering, Imam Abdul rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam,

Saudi Arabia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Assorted climatic conditions such as irradiation, temperature and shading due
to clouds, trees, buildings, communication towers etc. has an unavoidable
Received May 6, 2021 impact on the output of solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This creates a need
Revised Sep 10, 2021 for the analytical performance study of solar PV system in changing
Accepted Sep 17, 2021 atmospheric condition in order to design and install an optimized solar PV
system for both, stand alone and grid connected. The present work shows the
developed PV model in MATLAB codes and simulation is done under
Keywords: varying climate conditions showing change in irradiation and temperature
using different arrangements of PV system. PV parameters are obtained in
MATLAB different setup and I-V and P-V characteristics of the developed model of the
Photovoltaic PV modules are analyzed. A comparative study of the parameters obtained is
Renewable energy quite beneficial for an optimized design of the PV system under different
Solar cell atmospheric conditions.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohammed Asim
Departement of Electrical Engineering
Integral University,
Lucknow, UP-226026, India
Email: [email protected]

NOMENCLATURE

af : Ideality factor of diode VIout : Output current A

n : Number of cells in the array having one shaded cell Rser : Resistance in series resistance Ω
Rsht : Shunt reistance Iph : Photocurrent A
Vsd : Shading voltage V Isct : Current (short circuit) A
Istr : Reverse saturation current of diode A αt : Coefficient of temperature of short circuit current
Kb : Constant (Boltzman) KRser : Coefficient of temperature of series resistance
βt : Coefficient of temperature of open circuit voltage γRser : Irradiance coefficient of series resistance
KRsht : Coefficient of Temperature of shunt resistance qe : Charge on electron
γRsht : Irradiance coefficient of shunt resistance γ : Photon intensity
nsc : Number of cells connected in series Trefr : Reference temperature
To : Operating temperature Grefr : Reference solar irradiance
G : Solar irradiance I : Output current
vth : Thermal voltage V
Voct : Open-circuit voltage V
Vout : Output voltage

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

2484  ISSN: 2088-8694

1. INTRODUCTION
Time is not far away when the present sources of fossil fuel will get depleted after few decades for
the generation of electrical energy. Continuously increasing population at the global level and shortage of the
current resources which are mostly used at present for the generation of electrical energy brings the attention
of researchers to think about the future planning of the generation of electrical energy [1], [2]. Renewable
energy sources like wind energy, tidal, biomass, solar energy (includes both solar photovoltaic and solar
thermal) etc. are among those sources of energy which can be suitable alternative for the forthcoming future
of electrical energy for the necessary requirements. In the family of renewable energy sources, the
photovoltaic (PV) system is highly preferable due to its continuous uninterrupted, free of cost availability,
low running cost and a favorable unaffected impact on global warming. Even though some limitations, like
low energy conversion rate (solar to electrical) and variation of irradiation and temperature are there but still
installation of PV is on the rise in different part of the world.
In PV, solar energy is directly converted in to electrical energy [3], [4]. The photons strike the p-n
junction of solar cell and electrons get accelerated from the depletion layer, where potential barrier plays an
important role in the flow of electrons to and fro if the load is connected [5], [6]. The commercially available
PV cell consists of a p-n junction which has metal contacts at upper and lower side, which are covered by
glass coating in order to facilitate the flow of charged particles. A module consists of various PV cells and a
PV panel consists of various modules. Which in turn forms a desired capacity of PV array. A combination of
series and parallel PV cells are organized to get the desired output of PV array. The parallel combination of
PV cells increases the current level and the series combination of PV cells increases the voltage level of the
PV system [7]. Figure 1. Shows a typical layout of a general PV system with stand alone and grid connected,
which includes various blocks like PV panel, DC to DC converter, DC bus, and battery.
In ideal case, a current source and a diode connected in parallel form a PV cell, generally which is
not the case as for the practical PV cell. However practically in addition to current source and diode series
and parallel resistances Rs and Rsh is also incorporated. Series resistance is the resistance to the current path
and metal contact while parallel resistance is occurred due to cracks and manufacturing defects. In order to
ensure the maximum power output from the PV system generally maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is
used. A DC-to-DC Converter is used for this purpose [8], [9].

Figure 1. Typical layout of a general PV system

The PV cell receive the solar radiation and converts it into electrical energy directly, in order to
achieve the desired AC/DC output an inverter and converter is used because the output of the solar cell
obtained is in the form of DC. Modeling of PV cell has been a preliminary work for the researchers in order
to achieve an efficient, accurate and reliable PV system. Various works has been carried out in this regard.
Among which are, one diode model and two diode models, mathematical model and the model developed
with MATLAB coding [10], [11]. One diode model is simple and has been used for the extraction of five
parameters, which are photo current (Iph), diode reverse saturation currents (Io), series resistance (Rs), shunt
resistance (Rsh) and diode ideality factor (a), these parameters are generally not provided by the
manufacturer in the data sheet. Two diode model is more accurate for the low irradiation which also includes
recombination and is used for the extraction of seven parameters which are; photo current (Iph), diode
reverse saturation currents (Io1) of diode D1 and diode reverse saturation currents (Io2) of diode D2, series
resistance (Rs), shunt resistance (Rsh) and diode ideality factor (a) [12].

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2485

In mathematical model of PV cell, equations are derived from the equivalent circuit of PV module
and these equations are converted in-to block circuit using mathematical blocks in MATLAB/SIMULINK
and the simulation results are obtained for different temperatures and irradiations and for partial shading
conditions for series and parallel combinations of PV cells. These results are analyzed in terms of I-V and P-
V characteristics in order to design an optimized PV system. In the present work MATLAB coded model is
developed in two files namely: Pvcom and PARAF which are used for the simulation work and the results are
obtained for various combinations of different panels and at varying environmental conditions
The organization of this paper is as follows: section II presents the information about the modeling
of PV module. Section 3 presents the analytical work regarding simulation. Section 4 represents the
comparative analysis of the parameters obtained in single and double panel combination and Section 5
represents the conclusion and future scope of this paper.

2. MODEL OF PV MODULE
Figure 2 shows the ideal model of a solar PV cell, which consists of a current source and a diode
connected in parallel form a PV cell, generally which is not for the practical PV cell. Practically two
resistances, series and parallel account their presence as shown in the above Figures 3 and 4 respectively.
Series resistance is denoted by the resistance Rs in Figures 3 and 4 while the parallel resistance is denoted by
the resistance Rsh in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. In ideal model, diode is represented by D, in one diode
model by D while in two diode model; diodes are represented by D1&D2.

Figure 2. Ideal model of PV cell Figure 3. One diode model of PV cell

Figure 4. Two diode model of PV cell

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Various techniques have been adopted in literature for the modeling and simulation work of PV
system. Bilhan et al. [13] represented Matlab Simulink model and Matlab mfile PV model. The proposed
model captures sunlight and cell temperature as input parameters. I-V and P-V output features are obtained
under various irradiation conditions. Moreover, both models can be easily used with another PV module
parameters. And the output power of the PV module enhanced with DC/DC to promote conversion and
converter power is controlled by PI controller. Sarwar et al. [14] discussed about 5-Parameter model, is an
interactive user model that receives data and demonstrates consistent performance on the SIMULINK
platform to predict the output of specified cell parameters under different operating conditions. The model
requires a one-time calculation of five parameters. Chedid et al. [15] shows an educational method for
studying PV features are displayed. The PV cell model statistics are taken and compared PV layout is done
using MATLAB code based on two-dimensional circuit representation. Results for irradiance, temperature
and shading features of PV are read and the result of the series connection/similarity were checked. The

Development of solar photovoltaic model for wide range of operating conditions (Mohammed Asim)
2486  ISSN: 2088-8694

statistics and codes shown are helpful for the students to do the simulation and the effect of various
parameters on the IV and P-V curves of cells, modules, reorganization and any series/parallel combinations
can be arranged. Ghosh et al. [16] presented the hybrid MPPT algorithm, and verifies through simulation.
The combination of perturb and observe and the improvised binary sequence has improved the latter’s
capability to respond to slight changes in operating conditions. Improvisations of both the algorithms, helped
us to obtain better results. The simulation studies show that the proposed algorithm offers high accuracy.
Hiendro [17] proposes a new algorithm for metaheuristic optimization based on projectile mobility
kinematics and is called projectile-target search (PTS) algorithm. PTS algorithm uses envelope projectile
trajectory to find the target in the search space. It has 2 types of control parameters. The first type is set to
allow for an algorithm to speed up the merging process, while another type is to improve the opportunity to
produce new better search projectiles process. However, both are responsible for getting the best durability
rates in search engine. The results of the improvement are has shown that the PTS algorithm provides
excellent performance and so on highly competitive compared to other metaheuristic algorithms. Jadallah et
al. [18] introduces modeling and operation of PV cells. The simulation code is created using MATLAB.
The results shows that an increase in solar radiation and a diode factor led to an increase in the
output power of PV module, while measure of cell temperature and saturation current leads to a decrease in
power. The IV and P-V dependence curves are provided with a module of 50 branches connected in parallel,
each branch with 50 cells connected in series. Modi et al. [19] demonstrated a mathematical model of the
solar cell based on five parameters current voltage (I-V) and power voltage (P-V) curves are found from the
mathematical model that has been developed and analyzed for various operating conditions such as radiation
and temperature. In this paper a comparison of the performance features of the advanced solar cell model and
the solar cell model with MATLAB is presented. It is evident that the advanced model is accurate enough to
be considered in the construction of PV and PV module for continuous analysis. Moreno [20] discussed the
importance of detailed separation of solar cells to test the perfect performance of the solar PV array. It shows
that the effects are over I-V and P-V curves depending on the internal parameters of cells and external
parameters such as irradiance as well temperature. In particular, this article shows evidence of impacts on
module transmission capacity when installing resistance Rs. Further, he presented, how temperature can
affect the performance of the same members, especially in efficiency. Shahabuddin et al. [21] introduce a
new metaheuristic optimization technique for the parameters extraction of solar PV cell. The technique
named projectile search algorithm is based on the projectile’s motion inspired by gravity when projected in
the space. The parameters extracted when used in simulation successfully follow the actual characteristic of
solar PV cell from France solar cell. Samal et al. [22] in her presented research which is originally on
designing of PV/wind energy fed to the DC link capacitor of unified power quality controller (UPQC) so as
to retain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is
simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis. The proposed PV/wind energy UPQC is
design in Matlab simulation for minimization of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load
current and compensation of active and reactive power. Shahabuddin et al. [23] presented a percentage wise
structure of renewable resources including solar energy in a particular place in the world.

4. SOLAR PV MODEL EQUATIONS

The PV model of Figure 3 are given by:
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔𝒆𝒓
V+IRser
I = Iph − Istr – [𝒆 𝒗𝒕𝒉 − 1] − [ ] (1)
Rsht

Simulation is done by using MATLAB code for the shaded condition of PV array. Shading is the effect of
clouds, buildings, trees on PV array which deteriorate output of PV system. Shading equation can be
expressed as:
𝑛𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑓 𝐾𝑏 𝑇𝑜
𝑣𝑡ℎ= (2)
𝑞𝑒

𝛾𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝐺
𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓 2 [1 + 𝐾𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 )] + 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 1 ( ) (3)
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟

The (4) and (5) include the irradiance and tempera-ture effects simultaneously into 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟 and 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡 [24].
𝛾𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡
𝐺
𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡 = 𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡 .𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 [1 + 𝐾𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 ) ] ( ) (4)
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2487

𝑎𝑓= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 (5)

Diode ideality factor 𝑎𝑓 is assumed to be equal to 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟

𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝐼𝑝ℎ= 𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑡 (1 + ) (6)
𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡

The (6) is obtainedfrom (1) in the SC condition and represents another wayof expressing Ig
dependence with S and T.
𝑉
𝐼𝑝ℎ− 𝑜𝑐𝑡
𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑡
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑟= 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡 (7)
−1
𝑣𝑡ℎ
The (7) is obtained from (1) in the SC condition and represents another wayof expressing 𝐼𝑝ℎ dependence
with S and T.

𝐺
𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑡 = [𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 +∝𝑡 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 ) ] ( ) (8)
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟

On the other hand, (8) is obtained from (1) in the OC condition and also represents another way of
expressing Istr dependence with T. In (4) and (5) include the irradiance and temperature effects simultaneously
into Rser and Rsht. At last, according to [25], through the auxiliary expressions:

𝐺
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡= 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 + 𝛽𝑡 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 ) + 𝐾𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑡ℎ ln ( ) (9)
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟

𝐺
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡= 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 + 𝛽𝑡 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟 ) + 𝐾𝑏 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑡ℎ ln ( ) (10)
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟

Where 𝛽𝑡 = coefficient of temperature at open circuit voltage, it is desirable to evaluate Isct and Voct values
for any climate situation, so that they can then be applied in (4)-(8).

5. SHADING EFFECT
Figures 5 and 6 are the description of simulation results of MATLAB model for three and four panel
reepectively which incorporate shading effect. Due to shading various peaks occur which deteriorates the out
put power of the PV array. Figure 5 shows partial shading conditions for 3-panels in P-V curve at
temperature of 25 °C while Figure 6 shows the partial shading conditions for 4-panels in P-V curve at
temperature of 25 °C. Figure 7 shows a MATLAB model of a typical solar PV cell for realizing IV curve of
SP 140 PC module from Shell solar for comparision with the IV curve of MATLAB coded model.
Comparative analysis is done by obtaining the simulation results in terms of I-V and P-V characteristics from
the proposed MATLAB coded simulation model under varying atmospheric conditions for both single and
double panel respectively. Comparative values of parameters are given in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. When
the two panels are connected in series that is in case of double panel the same case happens as in case of
single panel except voltage gets doubled.

200 300
Insolation=250 Insolation=500
Insolation 500 Insolation 200
Power (Watt)

W/m2 W/m2
W/m2 W/m2
Power (Watt)

200
100 Insolation=750
W/m2 Insolation=1000
Insolation 1000 100
W/m2
W/m2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 50 100 150 200
Voltage (Volts) Voltage (Volt)

Figure 5. Partial shading conditions for 3-panels in Figure 6. Partial shading conditions for 4-panels in
P-V curve at temperature of 25 °C P-V curve at temperature of 25 °C

Development of solar photovoltaic model for wide range of operating conditions (Mohammed Asim)
2488  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 7. MATLAB model of a typical solar PV cell for realizing IV curve

Table 1. Comparative table for single panel

Irradiance Isc (Amp.) Vt (Volt) Voc (Volt) Rs (Ω) Rsh (Ω) Ig (Amp.) Isat (Amp.) F
600W/m2 2.8200 1.5175 42.0248 0.0012 2.0522e+03 2.8200 2.6289e-12 1.0e+03
800W/m2 3.7600 1.5175 42.4614 0.0011 2.0229e+03 3.7600 2.6333e-12 1.0e+03
1000W/m2 4.7000 1.5175 42.8000 1.00e-03 2.0005e+03 4.7000 2.6361e-12 1.0e+03
Temperature
25°C 4.7000 1.5175 42.8000 1.00e-03 2.0005e+03 4.7000 2.6361e-12 1.0e+03
35°C 4.7200 1.5684 41.2800 0.0015 4.3410e+04 4.7200 1.7510e-11 1.0e+04
45°C 4.7400 1.6193 39.7600 0.0020 8.4820e+04 4.7400 1.0287e-10 1.0e+04

Table 2. Comparative table for double panel

Irradiance Isc (Amp.) Vt (Volt) Voc (Volt) Rs (Ω) Rsh (Ω) Ig (Amp.) Isat (Amp.) F
600W/m2 2.8200 1.5175 84.0496 0.0012 2.0522e+03 2.8200 2.6289e-12 1.0e+03
800W/m2 3.7600 1.5175 84.9228 0.0011 2.0229e+03 3.7600 2.6333e-12 1.0e+03
1000W/m2 4.7000 1.5175 85.6000 1.00e-03 2.0005e+03 4.7000 2.6361e-12 1.0e+03
Temperature
25°C 4.7000 1.5175 85.6000 1.00e-03 2.0005e+03 4.7000 2.6361e-12 1.0e+03
35°C 4.7200 1.5684 82.5600 0.0015 4.3410e+04 4.7200 1.7510e-11 1.0e+04
45°C 4.7400 1.6193 79.5200 0.0020 8.4820e+04 4.7400 1.0287e-10 1.0e+04

6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
When irradiation is increased from 600 W/m2 to 800 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 the output voltage that is
open circuit voltage (Voc) remains constant and only a slight increase is there, while the short circuit current
(Isc) as well as output current (Ig) increases while thermal voltage (Vt) the beauty remains constant
throughout the varying irradiation of PV panel. Series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) also
decreases. As the temperature increases from 25°C to 35°C and to 45°C there is no moderate change in the
short circuit current (Isc) as well as in the output current (Ig), almost remains constant while and the open
circuit voltage (Voc) decreases and the series resistance (Rs) and the shunt resistance (Rsh) are increased.
And thermal voltage (Vt) also increased. Due to series connected panels the same short circuit current (Sic)
as well as output current (Ig) will flow through both panel while the open circuit voltage (Voc) i.e., output
voltage will be doubled from 42.02 volt to 84.04volt.
Effect of shading is shown in Figure 5 & 6 respectively for three and four panels. Temperature is
kept constant at 25°C. Figure 8 shows the I-V characteristics of Shell PV cell, compared with the Matlab
model. I-V characteristics at temperature of 25°C and irradiation of 1000 W/m 2, which replicates and shows
excellent results. Though SP140PC module is of 140W with seventy-two cells combination, here for ease of

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2489

comparision only one cell’s voltage is talen on X-axis. The close replication of the I-V curve indicates the
adequate achievement of the MATLAB coded model.

Comparative IV curve for module SP 140 PC from Shell Solar

PV Cell Current (Ampere)

6
Simulated
Data sheet

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
PV Cell Voltage (Volt)

Figure 8. The real solar PV cell I-V plot of a Shell solar cell with the simulated data

7. CONCLUSION
The several advantages of solar PV energy makes it suitable for the future generation of electrical
energy though it is dependent on the availability of sun but due to end of conventional energy resources in
forthcoming few decades the only option is to replace the conventional energy resources with the solar PV
energy for the future generation of electrical energy.In this paper a MATLAB coded solar PV model is
developed and the parameters are extracted under varying environmental conditions for single and double
panels. Simulation work is carried out in terms of P-V and I-V characteristics under the variations of
temperature and irradiations for both single and double panel. Comparative analysis of extracted parameters
is also carried out under varying environmental conditions for both single and double panel. The paper
successfully implements the MATLAB coded model for simulation of a PV cell from Shell solar. The
extracted parameters when used by simulation closely follow the actual IV features of the active Shell solar
PV cell. The developed model is accurate enough for the analytical work and for the foundation of an
optimized solar PV system. The future work might be carried out for the canalization of the PV system using
more panels.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Integral University for providing MCN no IU/R&D/2021-
MCN000117.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Dr. Mohammed Asim is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Integral University,

Lucknow since 2013.He has got more than 10 years of teaching experience. He has completed
his B.Tech and M.Tech from Aligarh Muslim University in the year 2007 and 2009
respectively. Later on he has done his PHD from Integral University Lucknow in the year
2017.His research area include Power Electronics and Renewable Energy. He has got a patent
and number of research paper. He is currently working on a project titled “An efficient Solar
PV based hybrid multi output converter for standalone application” sponsored by National
Project Implementation
Unit. He has received best paper award in two International Conference SIGMA and ICRP in
the year 2018 and 2020 respectively.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2483 – 2491
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2491

Dr Adil Sarwar is working with the department of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, India since 2015. Earlier he was associated with the Electrical
Engineering department of Galgotia College of Engineering and Technology, G. Noida, India
from 2012 to 2015. He did his B. Tech, M. Tech and PhD from Aligarh Muslim University in
2006, 2008 and 2012 respectively. He has published more than 40 research papers in
international journal and conference. He is currently associated with world-bank projects
through TEQIP worth 2 million INR. He led a team of students of his university to win a
global competition, “10 in 10” from Typhoon in 2019 worth 2.5 million INR. He is a member
of IEEE and a life member of systems society of India. He has contributed a chapter in
Handbook of Power Electronics, 4ed. Edited by M. H. Rashid.

Mr. Mohammad Shahabuddin is currently working as Lecturer in the department of

Electrical Engineering (University polytechnic), Integral University. He has published papers
in national and international journal and conference. He had also published a book titled
“Electrical Instruments and Measurement Lab” in Lambert publication. His research areas are
Instrumentation & Control, Renewable Energy. He has more than 20 years of academic and
industrial experience. He is an associare member of IEI. He completed his AMIE from
Institutin of Engineers India (IEI) and M.Tech. (Gold Medalist) from Integral University,
Lucknow (UP), India and persuing Phd from Integral University, Lucknow (UP), India.

Mohammad Saood Manzar is a lecturer in Environmental Engineering Department of Imam

Abdurrahman Bin Faisal, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since 2014. Previously, he
served as an Assistant Professor for about 3-years in SRM University, Ghaziabad (India). He
has over 19 research publications, and more than 5 presentations and invited talks in
conferences and seminars. He has hands on a number of areas and instruments like HPLC
(High-performance liquid chromatography), and AAS (Atomic absorption spectroscopy). I am
actively involved in different wastewater treatment projects of Environmental Engineering
department such as synthesis, characterization of different kinds of waste, polyamine resin
composites, modified bentonite, modified graphene, and layered double hydroxides composites
and their application in waste water treatment.

Development of solar photovoltaic model for wide range of operating conditions (Mohammed Asim)