International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 2201~2208

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2201-2208  2201

A new perturb and observe MPPT algorithm based on two steps

variable voltage control

Hussain Attia1, Suleyman Ulusoy2

1Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, UEA
2Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, UEA

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Based on the fact that the effectiveness of perturb and observe algorithm in a
maximum power point tracking maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a
Received Jun 11, 2021 photovoltaic array is a tradeoff between the tracking speed during the
Revised Sep 22, 2021 transient response and the oscillation around the stable level during the
Accepted Sep 29, 2021 steady state response. To have a high tracking speed, incremental step should
be high, but this high incremental step increases the oscillation level around
the steady level of MPPT, whereas adopting low incremental step reduces the
Keywords: algorithm response time but improve the response during the steady state
condition. This paper presents a new perturb and observe algorithm based on
Conventional perturb two step variable control for MPPT applications. A two variable incremental
DC-DC boost converter step control is proposed to gain the merit of high step for guaranteeing a fast
MATLAB/Simulink response during tracking process, and also for guaranteeing the merit of low
Duty cycle oscillation during the steady state working condition through adopting a low
Observe algorithm two step step during steady state response. The effectiveness of the proposal is proved
control by the analysis of the simulation results via MATLAB/Simulink software,
Observe algorithm two steps and by the comparison of the simulation results with a conventional perturb
perturb and observe MPPT algorithm.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Hussain Attia
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering
American University of Ras Al Khaimah
Ras Al Khaimah, 10021, UAE
Email: [email protected]

NOMENCLATURE
IPV : PV cell output current (A) Rs : PV cell series resistor (Ω)
ISC : Light generated current (A) Rsh : PV cell shunt resistor (Ω)
ID : Diode current (A) Ns : No. of PV cells in series
Ish : Shunt current (A) Nsh : No. of PV cells in parallel
VD : Diode Voltage (V) VPV-Tot : Total output voltage from a PV module
VT : Temperature voltage (V) IPV-Tot : Total output current from a PV module
Io : Diode saturation current (A) ΔV : Voltage difference V(t)-V(t-Δt)
VPV : PV cell output voltage (V) ΔP : Power difference P(t)-P(t-Δt)
D : Duty cycle of DC-DC converter Vstep : An increment/decrement in tracking voltage
ɛ : A small absolute ΔP/ΔV

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

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1. INTRODUCTION
Solar renewable energy is representing as a valuable source of direct current electrical power due to
its availability everywhere, cleanness without any polluted emission, and without any cost of producing. A
photovoltaic (PV) panel absorbs the solar energy and converts the sunlight into electricity when it’s either
working within a standalone PV system or within grid connected system [1], [2].
The desired output voltage and/or output current or power can be obtained through a specific design
of the PV array. In other words, the way of PV panels’ arrangement in the system PV array will affect the
level of output voltage and output current [3]. To increase the level of output voltage from the PV array, the
number of serially connected panels in the branches of PV array should be increased. Whereas to increase the
level of output current from the PV array, the number of parallel branches should be increased [4], [5].
Many research studies in standalone or in grid connected photovoltaic systems design and
implementation have been focused on increasing the quantity of harvested solar energy through considering
the characteristics of solar PV panels, and how the generated electricity from the panel is nonlinearly affected
by the light intensity and ambient temperature [6]-[8]. Based on these characteristics, there is an opportunity
to let a PV panel work in the area front of the sunlight during working day hours to harvest the maximum
power through an electromechanically tracking system [9]. Different algorithms have been proposed to
guarantee the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) working condition, and each algorithm has different
process to reach to the MPP point with different specifications or merits [10]-[21].
In [10]-[12], many algorithms for MPPT objective have been proposed, such as incremental
conductance (IC) algorithm, Perturb and Observe (PandO) algorithm, open voltage method, and short circuit
current method. All of the mentioned algorithms were characterized by simplicity and negatively affected
response by the algorithm process. For higher robustness performance, fuzzy logic control (FLC) has
proposed in [13], in which, the FLC have inserted to support the Hill-Climbing algorithm in tracking the
MPP foe PV system applications. For fast and accurate response of MPPT function, FLC has been included
in a certain PV systems design in [14]. Other studies have focused on a high stability performance in the
MPPT function based on FLC, which were shown in [15]-[18]. All the research studies based on FLC reflect
difficulties in designing the steps, blocks, memberships’ rules of FLC, leading to an addition of a demerit to
applying the FLC in PV systems.
Recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithms have proposed as Machine learning
algorithms in [19]-[22] for fast tracking the MPP during different weather conditions. ANN algorithm
demonstrates fast and accurate response, but at the same time, it needs a fast and complicated processor to
execute the internal calculations.
The remaining of this paper is organized as shown: The process and steps of conventional PandO
algorithm for MPPT objective are shown in Section 2. The proposed modified PandO algorithm with all
differences with respect to the conventional one is demonstrated in Section 3. Proving the merits of the
proposed modified algorithm is shown in Section 4 using MATLAB/Simulink simulation program. The
findings of this study are summarized and concluded in Section 5.

2. CONVENTIONAL PERTURB AND OBSERVE (PO) ALGORITHM

The methodology of this algorithm is to consider the behavior of photovoltaic module/panel with
respect to the weather condition variations, namely light intensity and ambient temperature:

2.1. Solar photovoltaic representation

The solar cell has non-linear behavior of the output current and power with respect to output voltage
variation based on the instantaneous weather conditions. The output power is positively affected by the level
of irradiance or light intensity, whereas it is negatively affected by the level of ambient temperature
[22]-[24]. The equivalent electrical circuit which represents the photovoltaic cell is shown in Figure 1. The
level of drop voltage in the cell is proportional to the value of series resistance Rs. The current IPV passing
through the series resistor can be determined by subtracting the shunt current Ish which is passing through the
shunt resistor Rsh and the diode current ID from the light-generated current Isc. The total output voltage from
the PV module VPV-Tot can be represented by the product of the output voltage of one PV cell VPV and the
number of serially connected PV cells Ns, whereas the total output current from the PV module IPV-Tot can be
represented by the product of the output current from one PV cell IPV and the number of parallel connected
PV cells Nsh as shown in the related relationships (1) to (6) [22]-[24].

𝐼𝑃𝑉 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 − 𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝑆ℎ (1)

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𝑉𝐷
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝑜 {𝑒 𝑉𝑇 − 1} (2)

𝑉𝐷
𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑅𝑆ℎ
(3)

𝑉𝑃𝑉 = 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝑃𝑉 (4)

𝑉𝑃𝑉−𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 𝑉𝑃𝑉 × 𝑁𝑆 (5)

𝐼𝑃𝑉−𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 𝐼𝑃𝑉 × 𝑁𝑆ℎ (6)

Figure 1. A photovoltaic cell circuits

The solar photovoltaic panel module 1Soltech 1STH-215-P is selected to demonstrate the
participation of this study. The electrical characteristics of the selected PV module are shown in Table 1,
whereas Figure 2 shows the curves of the output current and power from the PV module for different levels
of irradiance (light intensity) 200 W/m 2, 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2, 800 W/m2, and 1000 W/m2 all at a constant
ambient temperature 25 °C. The positive proportion of the output current and produced power with respect to
the light intensity are clearly demonstrated.

Table 1. Specifications of the PV MODULE:

1Soltech 1STH-215-P
PV panel Parameter VALUE
Maximum power 213.15 W
Voltage at MPP 29 V
Current at MPP 7.35 A
Open circuit voltage Voc 36.3 V
Short circuit current Isc 7.84 A
Temperature coefficient of -0.36099 V
Voc (%/deg.C)
Temperature coefficient of 0.102 A
Isc (%/deg.C)
Number of cells per 60
module (Ncell)
Light-generated current Isc 7.8649 A
Diode saturation current Io 2.9259e-10 A
Shunt resistance Rsh 313.3991 Ω
Figure 2. The curves of the output current and power Series resistance Rs 0.39383 Ω
from the PV module

2.2. The process of conventional PandO algorithm

The behavior of the output power of the PV panel with respect to the output voltage is shown in
Figure 3, in which the maximum power point MPP is located in the point of no change in output power
during the change in output voltage [25]-[27]:
𝛥𝑃
= 0 (7)
𝛥𝑉

The PandO algorithm considers this fact in the process of searching to the accurate value of the
output voltage at MPP. The process of the algorithm is started, as shown in Figure 4 of the algorithm
flowchart, by measuring the instantaneous values of the PV panel output voltage V(t) and current I(t) as
present data, and repeats measuring PV voltage and current after a certain sample period to have V(t), V(t-Δt),
I(t), and I(t-Δt).The second step is instantaneous values of the current output power P(t), and the previous
power sample value P(t-Δt), in addition to calculate the difference in output voltage ΔV, and the difference in
output power ΔP:
A new perturb and observe MPPT algorithm based on two steps variable voltage control (Hussain Attia)
2204  ISSN: 2088-8694

P(t) = V(t) × I(t) (8)

P(t − Δt) = V(t − Δt) × I(t − Δt) (9)

ΔV = V(t) − V(t − Δt) (10)

ΔV = V(t) − V(t − Δt) (11)

Then the searching process of the algorithm works on giving an addition or subtraction of a certain
constant voltage step based on the instantaneous measurement of the PV panel output current and voltage and
based on comparison decisions. In spite of the simplicity of the conventional algorithm, the demerits of the
constant voltage step MPP searching method of the conventional PandO algorithm are representing by that it
needs to have a high voltage step to guarantee fast response from the algorithm. On the other side, if
considering a high voltage step, this leads to have a high level of oscillation during steady state weather
conditions [25]-[27].

Figure 3. The output power curve with respect to output voltage and MPP point of the PV module

Figure 4. The flowchart of the conventional PandO algorithm

3. PROPOSED PandO ALGORITHM BASED ON TWO STEPS VOLTAGE CONTROL

The demerits of the constant voltage step in terms of the difficulty are guaranteeing a fast response
using a high voltage step, because this leads to have a high level of oscillation at a steady state weather
condition. For the objective of avoiding these demerits, this study proposes a two-voltage step control based
on continuous measurement of the power difference between power samples. Figure 5 shows the flowchart of

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2205

the proposed enhanced PandO algorithm including the two voltage steps control. The proposed variable
control adopts two voltage steps for increment, the high voltage step is used during tracking the MPP when
the difference in output power ΔP is high or more than a certain limit like ɛ as shown in Figure 3, and in the
proposed flowchart of Figure 5. In other words, if |ΔP| > ɛ, where ɛ is a small limited change in the power
difference between two successive power samples, the algorithm will adopt a high voltage step whereas if
|ΔP| < ɛ it adopts a low voltage step.
By this proposed process, the enhanced PandO algorithm guarantees the fast response during the
dynamic condition by considering a high step voltage, whereas it guarantees a small oscillation during the
steady weather conditions by considering a low step voltage.
For i =1, 2…; When The process will select a high voltage step, whereas when the process will
replace the full voltage step by the one tenth voltage step 0.1×Vstep, which is suitable for low level of ΔP.

ΔP𝑖
| |>𝜀 (13)
Δ𝑉

ΔP𝑖
| |>𝜀 (14)
Δ𝑉

Figure 5. Flowchart of the proposed enhanced PandO algorithm

4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULTS

The proposed enhance PandO algorithm is evaluated through doing a performance comparative
analysis with the conventional PandO algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink. The DC-DC boost converter is
designed based on design steps of [7], the converted is controlling by control the instantaneous value of duty
cycle D, Table 2 shows the converter designed parameters. The simulated photovoltaic PV system adopts one

A new perturb and observe MPPT algorithm based on two steps variable voltage control (Hussain Attia)
2206  ISSN: 2088-8694

PV panel module 1Soltech 1STH-215-P, which is connected with the DC-DC converter. For MPPT purpose,
the duty cycle of the converter is, firstly, controlled using the conventional PandO algorithm process with a
high voltage step to demonstrate the negative effect of adopting a constant high step voltage. After that the
process of the convention algorithm is repeated with a low voltage step to demonstrate the negative effect of
a constant low step voltage.
Figure 6 shows the performance of the MPPT PV system controlled by a high voltage step
conventional PandO algorithm. Figure 6 (a) shows the selected regular five period during 1.25 seconds of
different irradiance levels (400 W/m2, 600 W/m2, 800 W/m2, 1000 W/m2, and 700 W/m2). Figure 6 (b) shows
the duty cycle variation during these five periods. It is clearly noted that a high fluctuation in the
instantaneous level of duty cycle when a high step voltage is used, at the same time it has fast tracking during
the irradiance levels variation. Figure 6 (c) confirms the matching between the variation in the output power
levels with respect to the variation in the duty cycle demonstrating the fast response and high-power
fluctuation at the same time.
Figure 7 shows the system performance controlled by a low voltage step through a conventional
PandO algorithm. Figure 7 (b) shows the duty cycle variation during these five periods. It is clearly noted that
there is a low fluctuation in the instantaneous level of duty cycle as well as the slow response in MPP
tracking during the variation in irradiance levels. Figure 7 (c) demonstrates the output power variation with
low fluctuation during steady weather conditions, at the same time it reflects the slow response during the
variation in irradiance levels.
Figure 8 shows the performance of the proposed enhanced PandO algorithm, which adopts two steps
voltage control. High step voltage for fast response during dynamic weather conditions, whereas low step
voltage for low oscillation during the steady weather conditions.
Figure 8 (b) shows the duty cycle response which demonstrates the fast response for MPP tracking
and low oscillation for the weather steady conditions as marked by black color ovals. Figure 8 (c)
demonstrates and confirms the merits of the proposed enhanced algorithm in terms of delivered power. The
enhancements are represented by fast tracking and low oscillation during steady weather conditions.

Table 2. Parameters of the designed DC-DC boost converter

Parameter VALUE
Load resistor 20 Ω
Input capacitor 100 µF
Converter inductor 2 mH
Output capacitor 100 µF
Switching frequency fs 10 kHz

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 6. PV system performance using a conventional PandO algorithm with high step voltage, (a) five
equally periods of different irradiance, (b) duty cycle response, (c) output power response

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(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c)
(c)

Figure 7. PV system performance using a Figure 8. PV system performance using the proposed
conventional PandO algorithm with low step enhanced PandO algorithm with variable step
voltage, (a) five equally periods of different voltage, (a) five equally periods of different
irradiance, (b) duty cycle response, (c) output power irradiance, (b) duty cycle response, (c) output power
response response

5. CONCLUSION
A new enhanced PandO algorithm compared to the conventional a PandO algorithm has been
proposed in this study by two steps voltage variable control to integrate the performance of the photovoltaic
MPPT system. The proposed algorithm avoids the demerits of the conventional PandO algorithm which is
represented by the tradeoff between the fast MPP tracking during the dynamic response and the low
oscillation during the steady weather conditions. Proposing two steps voltage control guarantees the fast-
tracking response, and at the same time guarantees the low oscillation in the output power performance
during the steady state work conditions. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated through a
comparative analysis with the conventional PandO algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the financial support provided by office of research and community service,
American University of Ras Al Khaimah-UAE, https://aurak.ac.ae/en/academics/office-of-research-community-
service/

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