Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................................... I

TABLE OF FIGURE .................................................................................................................................................. III

TOPIC 1:INTRODUCATION TO ENGINEERING SCIENCE. ........................................................................... 1

MATTER....................................................................................................................................................................1
State of matter ......................................................................................................................................................1
PHYSICAL CHANGE AND CHEMICAL CHANGE .................................................................................................................2
Physical change: ...................................................................................................................................................2
Chemical change: .................................................................................................................................................2

TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT IN ENGINEERING SIENCE ................................................................................. 3

PHYSICAL QUANTITY ....................................................................................................................................................3

Types of physical quantity .....................................................................................................................................3
MASS .........................................................................................................................................................................3
LENGTH ...................................................................................................................................................................3
TIME. ........................................................................................................................................................................4
VOLUME ..................................................................................................................................................................4
WEIGHT....................................................................................................................................................................4
Difference between mass and weight:- .................................................................................................................4
DENSITY ...................................................................................................................................................................5
RELATIVE DENSITY ............................................................................................................................................6

TOPIC 3: PRESSURE .......................................................................................................................................... 8

PRESSURE DUE TO SOLID .............................................................................................................................................8

Summarizations of pressure due to solid ..............................................................................................................8
Applications of pressure due to solid. .................................................................................................................10
PRESSURE IN LIQUID. ................................................................................................................................................10
Characteristics of pressure in liquid ...................................................................................................................11
Pascal’s Principle ...............................................................................................................................................12
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ..........................................................................................................................................12
Types of barometer .............................................................................................................................................12
Applications of atmospheric pressure . ...............................................................................................................12

TOPIC 4: ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE AND THE LAW OF FLOATATION .................................................. 13

UPTHRUST ................................................................................................................................................................13
Relationship between apparent and real weight . ...............................................................................................13
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE ..........................................................................................................................................13
Determination of relative density using Archimedes’ principle ..........................................................................14
SINKING AND FLOATING .............................................................................................................................................15
Conditions for floating ........................................................................................................................................15
Law of floatation .................................................................................................................................................15
HYDROMETER ...........................................................................................................................................................15

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TOPIC 5: EQUILIBRIUM .................................................................................................................................. 16

DEFINITION. .............................................................................................................................................................16
MOMENT OF FORCE ..................................................................................................................................................16
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS ...........................................................................................................................................18
CENTRE OF GRAVITY. .................................................................................................................................................24
Types of equilibrium ...........................................................................................................................................24
TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCE ..........................................................................................................................................26
POLYGON LAW OF FORCE ..............................................................................................................................................26
EQUILIBRANT FORCES ...............................................................................................................................................26
CONCURRENT FORCES ...................................................................................................................................................26
COPLANAR FORCES .......................................................................................................................................................26

TOPIC 6:WORK, ENERGY AND POWER ......................................................................................................... 27

WORK .......................................................................................................................................................................27
Conditions of work to be done. ...........................................................................................................................27
Principle of work. ................................................................................................................................................27
ENERGY ....................................................................................................................................................................28
Different forms of energy. ...................................................................................................................................28
Principle of conservation of energy ....................................................................................................................29
POWER .....................................................................................................................................................................29
Horse power(Hp) ................................................................................................................................................30

TOPIC 7: DYNAMICS ........................................................................................................................................ 31

(A) LINEAR MOTION ...........................................................................................................................................31

Distance (d).........................................................................................................................................................31
Displacement(S) ..................................................................................................................................................31
Speed (V) .............................................................................................................................................................32
Velocity (V) .........................................................................................................................................................32
Acceleration (a) ..................................................................................................................................................33
EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION ....................................................................................................36
First equation of motion......................................................................................................................................36
Second equation of motion ..................................................................................................................................36
Third equation of motion ....................................................................................................................................37
VELOCITY –TIME GRAPH............................................................................................................................................41
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY ...........................................................................................................................................45
Free fall motion ..................................................................................................................................................45
Types of free fall motion .....................................................................................................................................45
(B) ANGULAR MOTION ............................................................................................................................................50
Angular displacement (Ɵ). ..................................................................................................................................50
Angular velocity (ω) ...........................................................................................................................................52
Angular acceleration (α) .....................................................................................................................................53
Equations of uniformly angular accelerated and linear accelerated motion ......................................................57
Centripetal force .................................................................................................................................................57
Centripetal acceleration .....................................................................................................................................58
Centrifugal force .................................................................................................................................................58

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Table of figure
PHYSICAL CHANGE OF STATE .................................................................................................................................................1
WATER IN ACYLINDER ........................................................................................................................................................10
EUREKA CAN ....................................................................................................................................................................13
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH .......................................................................................................................................................41
BODY MOVES IN CIRCULAR PATH ..........................................................................................................................................50
CENTRIPETAL FORCE ..........................................................................................................................................................57

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 TOPIC 1:INTRODUCATION TO ENGINEERING SCIENCE.
What is engineering science?

Engineering science is the branch of science which deals with the study of physics and mathematics
basis of engineering and machine technology.

What is science?
Science is the systematic study of nature.
Nature is the origin of anything.

Science is divided into two categories.

 Physical science (which deals with nonliving things)
 Biological science (which deals with living things)

Applications of engineering science

 In industries
 At home
 At hospitals
 At office.
 In agriculture
 In military

MATTER.
Matter is anything which occupies space and has got mass.

State of matter
There are three state of matter
 Solid state examples are ice, pen and stone
 Liquid state examples are water, juice and milk
 Gaseous state examples are water vapour,carbondioxide and oxygen
Change of state of matter
Matter can be changed from on state to another and each change has its specific name.

Figure 1: Physical change of state

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  Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid.
 Melting is the change of state back from the solid to the liquid.
 Condensation is the change of state from a gas to liquid.
 Sublimation is the change of state directly from solid to a gas without going through the liquid
phase.
 Deposition is the change of state directly from a gas to solid without going through the liquid
phase.

Physical change and chemical change

Physical change:
This is the change of matter in which no new substance is formed and can be reversible.
Examples are melting of candle, melting of ice and freezing of water.

Chemical change:
This is the change in which a new substance is formed and can not be reversible (it is irreversible).
Examples are rusting of iron, burning of charcoal or paper, mixing of acid and base and ripen of fruit.

Difference between physical change and chemical change.

Physical change Chemical change

It is reversible It is irreversible
No new substance is formed A new substance is formed
Do not produce energy Produce heat and energy
There is no change in mass of a substance There is a change in mass of a substance

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 TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENT IN ENGINEERING SIENCE
What is measurement?
Measurement is the process of assigning number to the observation or event.
In engineering science we can measure a physical quantity of substance.

Physical quantity
Physical quantity is the character that can be measured by using instrument. Examples are mass, Length,
Time, Velocity, acceleration, pressure etc

Types of physical quantity

There are two types of physical quantity. These are:-
 Basic /fundamental quantity.
 Derived quantity.
Basic /fundamental quantity is the quantity that can not be obtained from any other physical quantity.
Examples are mass, Length, time and quantity of charge.
Derived quantity is the quantity that can be obtained from other physical quantity. Examples are velocity,
acceleration, pressure, speed, etc.
Each physical quantity has its own unit that is used internationally called International System of Unit
(SI Unit)
What is Unit?
Unit is the standard which can be measured by instrument.
What is SI Unit?
SI Unit is the system of unit used internationally to measure basic quantity.

MASS
 Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a substance.
 SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)
 Other SI Unit of mass is Grame, tone, decagram etc
1kg = 1000g
1tone = 1000kg
 Mass is measured by instrument called beam balance.
 Mass is constant (not varies)

LENGTH
 Length is the distance between two fixed points.
 SI unit of length is meter (m).
 Other SI units of length are kilometer, centimeter, hectometer etc
 The instrument used to measure length are meter rule, micrometer screw gauge and vernier
caliper.
 Meter rule is the device used to measure a long distance example 100cm.
 Vernier caliper is the instrument used to measure length to the accuracy of 0.01cm
 Micrometer screw gauge is the instrument used to measure length to the accuracy of 0.001cm.It
is used to measure the diameter of wire.

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 TIME.
 Time is the period between two events.
 SI unit of time is seconds(s)
 Other SI units are hour (h), minute (min), day, month and year.
1h= 60min
1min= 60sec
1day = 24h
Time is measured by instrument called clock (Stop watch).

VOLUME
 Volume is the amount of space occupied by a substance.
 SI unit of volume is cubic meter (m3).
 Other unit is centimeter cubic (cm3)
 Volume is measured by using measuring cylinder.
1m=100cm
1m3 =1000000cm3

WEIGHT
 Weight is the attractive force toward the earth.
 SI Unit of weight is Newton (N).
 Other units are kilonewton(KN),Meganewton (MN).
 Weight is measured by instrument called spring balance
 Weight is varying from one place to another.
Weight = mass×gravity
W= mg
g = 10N/kg
Numerical example
A body of mass 40kg rest on the table. Find its weight.
Solution .
Mass = 40kg
g= 10N/kg
From;
W= mg
= 40 ×10
=400N
The weight is 400N

Difference between mass and weight:-

Mass Weight
Is the quantity of matter contain in a body Is the attractive force toward the earth
SI Unit of mass is kilogram(Kg) SI Unit of weight is Newton
Mass is constant Weight is varying
Mass is measured by using beam balance Weight is measured by using spring balance

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 DENSITY
What is density?

Density is the mass per unit volume.

Density =

The symbol

Mass is given in Kilogram (kg) or is given in gram

Volume is given in meter cube (m3) or is given in centimeter cube (cm3)
Thus;
= or =

The SI unit of density is kilogram per meter cube (kg/m3) or gram per centimeter cube (g/cm3)

Note:
When mass is given in kilogram the volume must be in cubic meter (m3) and when mass is given in
gram the volume must be in cubic centimeter (cm3)

Numerical examples.
1. A body of mass 200kg has volume of 40m3.Calculate its density.
Solution.
Mass = 200kg
Volume =40m3
From;
=
=

= 5kg/m3
The density of a body is 5kg/m3
2. A stone of mass 400kg has volume of 50cm3.What is density of stone.
(a) In gram per centimeter cube?
(b) In kilogram per meter cube?
Solution.
Mass = 400kg
Volume =50cm3
(a) Density in gram per centimeter cube
Mass =400kg =400000gram
Volume =50 cm3
From;
=
=
= 8000g/cm3
The density of stone is 8000g/cm3

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 (b) Density in kilogram per meter cube
Change 50cm3 into m3
1m=100cm

1m3 = (100cm)3
X = 50cm3 by cross multiplication

(100)3 X= 50
1000000X =50 divide by 1000000 both sides
X=0.00005m3 or 5×10-5 m3
From;
=
=
= 8,000,000 kg/m3
The density of a body is 8,000,000 kg/m3
Alternatively:
It is known that density of water is 1000kg/m3 or 1g/cm3
Thus;
1000kg/m3 = 1g/cm3
X = 8000g/cm3 by cross multiplication

X = 8000× 1000kg/m3
X = 8,000,000 kg/m3

RELATIVE DENSITY
Relative density is the ratio of density of substance to the density of water.

Relative density =
Density of water is 1000kg/m3 or 1g/cm3.
Numerical examples
1. A piece of aluminum has density of 50kg/m3.Calculate its relative density.
Solution
Density = 50kg/m3
Density of water = 1000kg/m3
From ;
Relative density =

Relative density =

= 0.05
The relative density is 0.05.

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 2. A box of mass 20g has dimensions of 10cm by 0.5cm by 1cm.Caclulate:-
(a) Volume of box.
(b) Density of box in g/cm3.
(c) Relative density of box if density of water is 1g/cm3.
Solution.
Mass = 20g
Dimensions = 10cm×0.5cm×1cm
(a) Volume = 10cm×0.5cm×1cm
= 5cm3
The volume is 5cm3
(b) Density of box
From;
=
= 4g/cm3
Density of box is 4g/cm3.
(c) Relative density
From;
Relative density =

Relative density =
=4
The relative density of box is 4

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 TOPIC 3: PRESSURE
What is Pressure?
Pressure is the force acting normally per unit area.
Pressure =
P=

Force is given in Newton (N) and Area is given in Meter square (m2)
P=
SI unit of Pressure is Newton per Meter Square (N/ m2) or Pascal (Pa)
Newton per meter square is called Pascal (P)

1Pascal = 1N/ m2

Other units of Pressure are Atmosphere (Atm), mmHg, Torr and Bar.
1Atmosphere = 760 mmHg
1Atmosphere =1 × 105 N/m2
1Atmosphere =1 bar

Pressure due to solid

Pressure in solid is inversely proportional to the area.
Pressure α
Pα
Remove proportionality sign (α) by introducing equal sign (=) and constant (K)
P=
But k =f (Force)
Then,

Summarizations of pressure due to solid

 If the area of contact is small, pressure will be higher.
 If the area of contact is large, pressure will be lower

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Numerical examples.

1. A rectangular block of weight 15N rests on a horizontal table. If it measure 40cm, by 30cm by
20cm.calculate the greatest and least pressure that the block can exert on the table.
Solution
Force (F) = 15N

(a) For the least/lowest/minimum pressure the block should be placed as shown above so as to have
large base area.
Base area = 40cm ×30cm
Base area = 1200 cm2 = 0.12 m2
From P=
P=
P = 125N/m2
The least pressure is 125N/m2
(b) For the greatest/largest/maximum pressure the block should be placed as shown below so as to
have small base area.

Base area = 30cm × 20cm

Base area =600 cm2 = 0.06 m2
From P=
P=
P = 250N/m2
The least pressure is 250N/m2

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 2. The tip of needle has cross-sectional area of 1× 10-6 m2 .If a doctor applies a force of 20N to
syringe that is connected to the needle. What is the pressure exerted at the tip of the needle?
Solution.
Area (A)= 1× 10-6 m2

Force (F)=20N

From P=
P=
P = 2 × 107 N/m2

The pressure is 2 × 107 N/m2

Applications of pressure due to solid.

 Nail, screw, arrow and spear given sharp point to increase their penetrating power.
 Knives and razor blades have sharp edge with minimal area which increases pressure to facilitate
cutting.
 Buildings are constructed with wide foundations to reduce the pressure exerted by building.

Pressure in liquid.
Consider the liquid of mass (M), volume (V) and density ( ) in a vessel of depth (h) as shown below.

Figure 2:Water in a cylinder

Volume of liquid = hA

Mass = density ×Volume

Mass = ×hA

Mass = hA

But force = mass × gravity (g)

Force = hA×g

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 Force = hAg

From P=
P=
Then,

Where:-
is density of liquid in kg/m3
h is the depth(height) of liquid in the vessel
g is the force of gravity (g=10N/kg)

The pressure at any point in a liquid depends on three factors.

 Depth.
 Density of liquid.
 Gravitational force.
Density and gravitational force is constant thus we can conclude that” Pressure at any point in a liquid
depends on Depth”

Characteristics of pressure in liquid

 Increase with depth.
 Act equally in all direction.
 Increase with increase in density.

Numerical examples
1. Calculate the pressure exerted on a diver at a depth of 20m below the surface of water if
density of water is 1000og/m3
Solution.
Depth (h) = 20m
Density ( ) = 100kg/m3
Gravitational force (g) = 10N/kg
From P = hg
= 1000kg/m3 ×20m×10N/kg
= 200,000 N/m2
Pressure is 2 ×105 Pa

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 Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle state that “Any pressure applied to the surface of enclosed liquid will be transmitted
equally throughout the liquid”
The instrument used to measure the pressure of liquid/gas is called Manometer.

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure (Pressure of atmosphere).
The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called Barometer.
The value of atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105 N/m2

Types of barometer
 Simple barometer
 Fortin barometer
 Aneroid barometer

Applications of atmospheric pressure .

 Used in siphon
 Used in lift pump
 Used in bicycle pump
 Used in syringe
 Used in spirit level

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 TOPIC 4: ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE AND THE LAW OF FLOATATION
Upthrust
Upthrust is the upward force exerted by the body when it is partially or totally immersed in water.
OR
Upthrust is the upward force enables the object to float.

Relationship between apparent and real weight .

Real weight (w1) is the weight of body in air.
Apparent weight (w2) is the weight of a body when in liquid.
Apparent loss in weight is the loss of the weight when a body is partially or totally immersed in liquid.
Therefore:
Apparent los in weight = Real weight –Apparent weight.
Apparent loss in weight =upthrust.
Upthrust = Real weight (w1) –Apparent weight (w2).
Upthrust = w1 - w2
Numerical examples.
1. When an object is totally immersed I water its weight is 3N.if its weight in air is 5N.Calculate
upthrust acting on it.
Solution.
W1 = 5N
W2 = 3N
From,
Upthrust = w1 - w2
= 5N – 3N
= 2N
Upthrust is 2N

Archimedes’ principle
It state that “When a body is partially or totally immersed in fluid, it experience an upthrust which is
equal to the weight of fluid displaced”
Consider the following eureka can below.

Figure 3: Eureka can

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 Procedures
 Measure the weight of stone in air (w1)
 Measure the weight of stone in water (w2)

Calculate the upthrust =w1 – w2
 Measure the weight of dry empty beaker (w3)
 Measure the weight of beaker with water displaced (w4)

Calculate the weight of water displaced =w4 –w3
It will be observed that w1 –w3 = w4 –w3 =Weight of water displaced= Upthrust
Numerical example
1. A body immersed in water displaced 1.1N of the liquid. If its weight while in water is 3.3N.Find
its weight in air.
Solution.
Weight of water displaced = Upthrust =1.1N
Weight in water = 3.3N
Upthrust = weight of body in air –weight of body in liquid
1.1 =x -3.3
X= 1.1+3.3
X =4.4N
The weight of body I air is 4.4N

Determination of relative density using Archimedes’ principle

Relative density =

R.D =
Where:-

Weight of water displaced.

Numerical example.
2. A piece of glass weighs 1.2N in air and 0.7N when completely immersed in water. Calculate
(a) Relative density of glass.
(b) Density of glass. If density of water is 1000kg/m3
(c) Mass of glass.
(d) Volume of glass.
Solution
W1 = 1.2N
W2 =0.7N
(a) Relative density
R.D =
= 2.4
Relative density is 2.4

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 (b) Density of glass
From,
R.D =
Density of glass = R.D (glass) ×Density of water
= 2.4 ×1000kg/m3
=2400 kg/m3
Density of glass is 2400kg/m3
(c) Mass of glass
From;
Weight = mass × gravity
But gravity =10N/kg
Mass =

Mass =
Mass = 0.12kg
Mass of glass is 0.12kg
(d) Volume of glass
From
Volume =

Volume =
= 0.00005m3

The volume of glass is 5×10-5 m3

Sinking and floating

Sinking is the tendency of an object to fall to lower level in a fluid.
Floating is the tendency of body to remain on the surface of fluid due to force exerted by fluid.

Conditions for floating

 Density of body must be less than density of fluid.
 Weight of body must be equal to the upthrust.

Law of floatation
It state that “The floating body displace its own weight of fluid in which its float”

Applications of the law of floatation

 Floating ship.
 Balloon.
 Submarine

Hydrometer
Hydrometer is the device used for determining the relative density of liquid such as milk, alcohol and
acid

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 TOPIC 5: EQUILIBRIUM
Definition.
Equilibrium is the state of balance of a body.
NOTE: Force has various effects on a body such as:-

 Stretching.
 Compressing
 Rotating or turning
In this chapter we will discuss on turning effect of a force

What is turning force?

Turning force is the force that causes an object to turn.

Moment is the turning effect, when the force causes an object to turn.

Examples of turning effect of force:-

 A person pushing a swing will make the swing rotate about its pivot.
 A worker applies force to a spanner to rotate a nut.

 Force applied to a nob and the door swing open about its hinge.
 A driver can turn a steering wheel by applying force on its rim.

Moment of force
Moment of force is the turning effect of force about a point.

Moment of force is given as the product of force and perpendicular distance of its line of action from the
point.

Line of action of force is the line drawn from the point where a force is applied and through the body on
which the force is acting.

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Moment of force =force ×perpendicular distance

M = f×d

Force must be in Newton (N) and Distance must me in Meter (m)

Moment (M) =Newton (N) ×Meter(m)

M=Nm

The SI unit of Moment of force is Newton-meter.

Numerical Examples

1. A force of 90N acts at a perpendicular distance of 2.5m from a point. Find the moment of force of
that point.
Solution.

Moment of force=force × perpendicular distance

=f × d

=90N ×2.5m

=225Nm

2. The moment of a force about a point is 1120Nm.if the magnitude of a force is 5600N.find the
perpendicular distance between the point and line of action of the force.
Solution

Moment of force=1120Nm

Force=5600N

Moment of force=force × perpendicular distance

=f × d

d=moment of force/f

=1120Nm/5600N

d=0.2m

Perpendicular distance is 0.2m

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When a force is applied to an object can cause different kind of motions

Translational motion:-Is the motion in which object moves along a line or curve so that there is a net
displacement of Centre of mass.

Centre of mass is the point at which the system of particles forming up the object appears to be
concentrated.

Rotational motion:-Is the motion in which a body moves in circles around a single line called axis of
rotation.

Principle of Moments
Principle of Moment state that” For the system in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moment is equal to
the sum of anticlockwise moment”

Total clockwise moments=Total anticlockwise moments.

Mclockwise=Manticlockwise.

If we assume anticlockwise moments is negative then

Mclockwise= -Manticlockwise

Mclockwise+Manticlockwise=0.

Consider the following diagram below

For
the body to be balanced a certain mass X has to be placed, and what is that mass?

To find that mass it is necessary to use the principle of moment.

Mclockwise=Manticlockwise.

First we must find clockwise moment, as we know Moment=force×perpendicular distance.

For clockwise Moment distance =10 m, but we don’t have a force.

Force can be calculated by using the following formula: weight=mass×gravity

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Gravity=10N/kg.

Now, weight=force=30kg×10N/kg=300N

Then, Mclockwise =300N×10 m=3000Nm

Second we must calculate anticlockwise moment

Force=X ×10N/kg=10X.

Manticlockwise.=10X ×20m=200X

Now from the principle of moment, Mclockwise=Manticlockwise.

3000=200X, X=15kg

Therefore the mass of 15kg must be placed to balance the rod.

Alternatively.

Clockwise moment=30 × 10

=300

Anticlockwise moment=20 × X

=20X

Clockwise moment=Anticlockwise moment

300=20X

X=15kg

To find the net force exerted by a rod to a pivot use the following formula

Fnet=F1+F2

F1=300N and F2=15kg×10N/kg=150N

Then, Fnet =300N+150N=450N

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Numerical Examples.

1. The diagram below shows a 150g rod balanced at a center of gravity.20g of mass is placed 120cm from
the pivot point.

Find the value of X.

What upward force that the pivot exert on the rod.

Solution

From the principle of moments

Mclockwise=Manticlockwise

For clockwise moments

Mass=50g=0.05kg

Distance =X cm

Force=0.05kg× 10N/kg=0.5N

Moment =force × distance

=0.5×X=0.5X

For anticlockwise moments

Mass =20g=0.02kg

Distance =120cm=1.2 m

Force=0.02kg × 10N/kg=0.2N

Moments =force × distance=0.2 ×1.2=0.24Nm

From the principle of moments

Mclockwise=Manticlockwise

0.24=0.5X,

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 X=0.48m,

The value X is 48cm

Alternatively.

Clockwise moment=0.05 × X

=0.05X

Anticlockwise moment=0.02 × 1.2

=0.024

Clockwise moment= Anticlockwise moment.

0.05X=0.024

X=0.48m or 48cm

(b) Total upward force, Fnet=F1+F2+F3

F1=0.5N, F2=0.2N,

F3=150g/100 ×10N/kg,

F3=15N

Fnet =0.2N +0.5N +15N=15.7N

2. Consider the diagram below.

Show that clockwise moments=Anticlockwise moments

Solution.
From the principle of moments
Mclockwise=Manticlockwise
Mclockwise=(3N ×4m) +(8N×1m)=20Nm
Manticlockwise=10N × 2m=20Nm
Therefore clockwise moments=anticlockwise moment. Hence shown.

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3. A heavy uniform beam AB of weight 500kg is supported at its ends .The beam carries a weight of
3000kg at a distance of 1.5m from the end A. If the beam is 4m long, determine the thrust on the support
A and B (O is the centre of the beam)

Solution.

Moments about A

The forces giving clockwise moments are 3000kg and 500kg while the forces giving anticlockwise
moment is the support B

3000kg ×1.5m + 500kg ×2m=B ×4m

B=5500/4=1375kg

But upward forces=downward forces

A+B=3000+500

A+B=3500kg

A=3500-B,A=3500-1375

A=2125kg

Thrust support A=2125kg and B=1375kg.

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4. A uniform rod with mass of 120g and length of 130cm is suspended by a wire from a point 80cm from
the rod’s left end as shown below.

What mass must be hang from the right end of the rod for it to be in equilibrium? What will be the tension
in the string?

Solution

Weight of the rod (W) =mass (m) × gravity (g)

=mg

But g=10N/kg

W=0.12kg ×10N/kg

W=1.2N

Clockwise moment=anticlockwise moment

w ×d1 =W × d2

w ×0.5=1.2 ×0.15

0.5w=0.18

W=0.36N

But mass=weight/gravity

=0.36N/10N/kg

=0.036kg

The mass of 36g must be hang

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Tension (T) =weight of the rod +hanging mass

=1.2N+0.36N

=1.56N

Tension is 1.56N

Centre of gravity.
Centre of gravity is the point at which the weight of the body appears to be concentrated.
OR
Centre of gravity is the point of application of resultant force due to the earth attraction on the body.
OR
Centre of gravity is the point where the force of gravity can be considered to act.
 The Centre of gravity of regular body is found to be at its geometrical Centre.
 Centre of gravity of uniform meter rule is at the 50cm mark since the length of meter rule is
100cm.
 Centre of gravity of a circular object is at its center.

Types of equilibrium
There are three types of equilibrium

 Stable equilibrium.
 Unstable equilibrium.
 Neutral equilibrium.

Stable equilibrium
Is the type of equilibrium in which a body returns to its original position after small displacement.

For the body to be in stable equilibrium the Centre of gravity must be low.

The chases and engines are placed low in vehicles so as to increase the stability of vehicles.

Luggage compartment in the bus are placed at the bottom, this lower the Centre of gravity and make bus
stable.

Conditions for stability.

For the body to be stable:-

 The area of the base must large.

 The Centre of gravity has to be low.

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Unstable equilibrium
Is the type of equilibrium in which a body does not return to its original position after a small
displacement.

For a body to be in unstable equilibrium the Centre of gravity must be high.

Example of unstable equilibrium is walking.

Neutral equilibrium,
Is the type of equilibrium in which a body neither tends to return to its original position nor move farther
away after small displacement.

A body doesn’t alter the position of the Centre of gravity.

Example when playing a billiard

Conditions for equilibrium

The sum of forces in one direction must be equal to the sum of forces in opposite direction.

Anticlockwise moment must be equal to clockwise moment.

Equilibrium condition due to motion

Dynamic equilibrium: If the object is moving

Static equilibrium: If the object is not moving

Rotational equilibrium: If the object is rotate about a pivot

The conditions for equilibrium depend on three characteristics of forces, these are:-

 Magnitude.
 Direction of forces.
 Point of application.

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Triangle law of force
It state that “If two forces are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent side of
triangle, then the third side represent resultant of force”

a+b =R

Polygon law of force

It state that “If a number of force acting simultaneously on a particle be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of polygon taken in order, their resultant may be represented in magnitude and
direction by closing side of the polygon”

a+b+c =R

Equilibrant forces
Are the forces that act on a body at rest and counteract the force pushing or pulling the body in opposite
direction.
OR
Equilibrant is the force equal to but opposite of the resultant force.

Concurrent forces
Concurrent forces are the forces that pass through the same point.

Coplanar forces
Coplanar forces are the forces that act in the same plane.

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 TOPIC 6:WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Work
What is work?
Work is the product between force and distance moved in the direction of force.
Work-done= force× distance
Force is given in Newton (N).
Distance is given in Meter (m)
Thus;
Work-done = Newton (N) ×meter (m)
Work-done= Nm
The SI unit of work-done is newton- meter (Nm)
Newton- meter is equal to Joule (J)
Note :
1Nm = 1J
What is joule (J)?
Joule (J) is the work-done produced when a force of 1N moves an object through a distance of 1m in the
direction of a force.

Conditions of work to be done.

 There must be force acting on an object.
 Object must move in the same direction of a force.

Principle of work.
It state that “The work input is equal to the work output”
Work-input= Work-output.
Numerical examples.
1. A sack of maize 800N is lifted to a height of 2m.What is work-done against gravity?
Solution.
Force = 800N
Distance =2m
Work-done = force ×distance
= 800N ×2m
= 1600Nm
Work –done is 1600J
2. How much work-done to lift a 7kg object a distance of 2m and then hold it at that height for
10seconds?
Solution
Mass = 7kg
Height = 2m
g=10N/kg
work-done =mgh
= 7×10×2
= 140J
Work –done is 140J

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 Energy
Energy is the ability or capacity of doing work.
SI unit of energy is Joule (J)

Different forms of energy.

 Mechanical energy
 Heat energy
 Light energy
 Sound energy
 Nuclear energy
 Solar energy
 Sound energy

Mechanical energy
Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by the body due to state of rest or motion.
Types of mechanical energy.
 Potential energy (P.E)
 Kinetic energy (K.E)
Potential energy (P.E)
Potential energy is the energy possessed by the body due to its state of rest.
Potential energy (P.E) = mgh
SI unit of potential energy is Joule (J)

Kinetic energy (K.E)

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by the body due to its state of motion.
2
Kinetic energy (K.E) =
Where:
M is the mass of object in kg
V is the velocity of a body in m/s
Numerical examples:
1. A ball of mass 0.5kg is kicked vertically upward and rises to a height of 5m.Find potential
energy.
Solution.
Mass = 0.5kg
Height =5m
g=10N/kg
from;
P.E = mgh
= 0.5 ×10×5
= 25J
Potential energy is 25J

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 2. An object has mass of 5kg.What is the K.E if its speed is 5m/s?
Solution .
Mass =0.5kg
Speed = 5m/s
2
K.E =
2
K.E =
= 6.25J
Kinetic energy is 6.25J

Principle of conservation of energy

It state that “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to
another”
Transducer is the device used to transform energy from one form to another.
The table below shows the transformation of energy from one form to another.
Energy form Transducer Energy transformed
Chemical energy Battery Electrical energy
Mechanical energy Generator or dynamo Electrical energy
Solar energy Solar panel Electrical energy
Electrical energy Heater Heat energy
Electrical energy Speaker Sound energy
Electrical energy Bulb Light energy
Sound energy Microphone Electrical energy
Electrical energy Electrical motor Wind energy

Power
Power is the rate of doing work.
Rate means per time.
Power =
Work –done = mgh

Power =
For a body that moves with certain velocity its power is given by :-

Power =
2
But =mgh =Joule (J)
Power =
SI unit of Power is Joule/second or watt (w)
1J/s = 1w
What is Watt?
Watt is the power produced when a work of 1Joule is done in 1second.

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Numerical example.
1. How much power is required to accelerate a 1000kg car from rest to 20m/s in 8second?
Solution.
Mass = 1000kg
Velocity =20m/s
Time = 8sec
From;

Power =

Power =
=25,000watt
The power required is 2.5×104 watt
2. A ball of mass 0.20 kg is dropped from a height of 20m in 2seconds.On the impact with the
ground it losses 30J of energy. Calculate:-
(a) Power developed.
(b) The height which it reaches on the rebound.
Solution
Mass =0.20kg
Time =2sec
Height =20m
(a) Power developed
From;
Power =
Power =
= 20watt
The power developed is 20watt
(b) Height it reaches.
From;
Potential energy (P.E) = mgh
Potential energy (P.E) = 0.20×10×20
= 40J
If the ball losses 30J of energy after impact
40J-30J = 10J
10J=mgh
10=0.20×10×h
10=2h
h=5m
The height it reaches after the impact is 5m

Horse power(Hp)
Horse power is the power worked by an engineer.
1Hp =746watt or 750watt

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 TOPIC 7: DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS is the branch of engineering science which deals with the study of motion of a body

What is motion?

Motion is the change of position of an object from one place to another.

Types of motion.

There are two types of motion.

 Circular/angular motion.
 Linear motion.
Circular motion is the motion of body around a circle. Example movement of earth around the sun.

Linear motion is the motion of an object in straight line. Example a motion of car in straight road

(a) Linear motion

Terms used in linear motion (motion in straight line)

Distance (d)
Distance (d) is the length covered between two fixed points.
 SI unit of distance is Meter. (m)
 Other SI units are kilometer (km) and centimeter (cm).
 Distance has magnitude only.
 Distance is the scalar quantity.
What is scalar quantity?
Scalar quantity is the quantity that has magnitude only. Examples are distance, speed, mass and
temperature

Displacement(S)
Displacement (S) is the distance covered in a specific direction.
 SI unit of displacement is meter (m).
 Other SI units are kilometer (km) and centimeter (cm).
 Displacement has both magnitude and direction.
 Displacement is the vector quantity.
What is vector quantity?
Vector quantity is the quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples are displacement,
velocity, acceleration, deceleration, force, pressure and momentum.

Similarities between distance and displacement.

(i) Have the same SI unit.

(ii) Both measure length between two fixed points.

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Differences between distance and displacement

Distance Displacement
Is the length covered between two fixed points Is the distance covered in specific direction
Has no specific direction Has specific direction
Has magnitude only. Has both magnitude and direction.
It is scalar quantity. It is vector quantity.

Speed (V)
Speed (V) is the distance covered by an object per unit time without specific direction.

OR

Speed (V) is the rate of change of distance.

Speed (v) =

v=

Distance is given in meter (m) and Time is given in Second(s)

Then, Speed (v) =

 SI unit of speed is meter per second (m/s)

 Other unit is Kilometer per hour (km/h)
1m/s=3.6km/h

 Speed has magnitude only.

 Speed is scalar quantity.

Velocity (V)
Velocity (V) is the distance covered by an object per unit time in a specific direction.

OR

Velocity (V) is the rate of change of displacement

Velocity (v) =

v=

Displacement is given in meter (m) and time is given in second(s)

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Then, Velocity (v) =

 SI unit of displacement is meter per second (m/s)

 Other SI unit is kilometer per hour (km/h).
 Velocity has both magnitude and direction.
 Velocity is vector quantity

Differences between speed and velocity.

Speed Velocity
Is the rate of change of distance Is the rate of change of displacement
Has no specific direction Has specific direction
Has magnitude only Has both magnitude and direction
It is scalar quantity It is vector quantity

Types of velocity
There are seven types of velocity

(i) Initial velocity (U) Is the velocity of a body at a start of observation.

(ii) Final velocity (V) Is the velocity of body at the end of observation.
(iii) Average velocity (Va ) Is the ratio between total displacement to the total time
(iv) Uniform /Constant velocity Is the velocity where the rate of change of displacement is
constant.
(v) Instantaneous velocity Is the velocity of moving body at particular instant of time
(recorded at any time).
(vi) Absolute velocity Is the velocity of moving body recorded by stationery observer.
(v) Relative velocity Is the velocity of moving body recorded by moving observer

Acceleration (a)
Acceleration (a) is the rate of change of velocity.

Change of velocity means difference between two velocities

Change of velocity =final velocity (v) –Initial velocity (u)

Change of velocity= v-u

Rate means per time

Rate of change of velocity =

Acceleration (a) =

The velocity is given in “m/s” while time is given in “s”

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 a=

a=m/s2

 SI unit of acceleration is meter per Second Square (m/s2)

 Acceleration has both magnitude and direction.
 Acceleration is vector quantity.

Numerical examples
1. A car move from point A to B a distance of 250m in 25s.Find the speed of the car.
Solution .
Distance (d) = 250m
Time (t) = 25s
From, Speed (v) =

=
=10m/s
The speed of the car is 10m/s
2. The velocity of train is 50m/s. If the train move a distance of 500m.Calculate the time taken to
cover this distance.
Solution.
Velocity (v) =50m/s
Distance=500m
From, Speed (v) = make time (t) as the subject

Time (t) = Time (t) =

Time (t)= 10s

The time taken to cover that distance is 10s.

3. A certain car accelerates from 20m/s to 50m/s in 6s.What is car’s acceleration?

Solution
Initial velocity (u)=20m/s
Final velocity (v)= 50m/s
Time (t) = 6s
From, a =

a= a=5m/s2

The acceleration of the car is 5m/s2

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 4. An object initially moving at 30m/s .After 8s its velocity was 14m/s. Find its acceleration.
Solution .
U=30m/s
V =14m/s
T=8s
From, a =

a=

a= -2m/s2

The negative sign show that the object decelerate (slow down motion) this is called deceleration.

Deceleration
What is deceleration/retardation?
Deceleration/retardation is the decreasing or slow down of velocity per unit time. (Rate of decrease of
velocity)
OR

Deceleration/retardation Is the negative acceleration.

Deceleration =

5. A car brakes and slows down from 20m/s to 5m/s. If the deceleration of the car is 5m/s2.
Calculate the time the car decelerates.
Solution.
U=20m/s
V=5m/s
Deceleration=5m/s2

From, Deceleration = make time (t) as the subject

t=

t=

t=3s

The time taken is 3seconds

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Points to note

 Uniform acceleration is the acceleration in which the rate of increase of velocity is constant.
 Uniform deceleration is the deceleration in which the rate of decrease of velocity is constant.
 When a body start from res or is brought to rest, its velocity is zero.
 When a body moves with constant velocity or uniform velocity its acceleration is zero.
 When a velocity of body increase its acceleration become positive and when velocity decrease its
acceleration become negative called deceleration/retardation

Equations of uniformly accelerated motion.

First equation of motion

From the equation of acceleration

a= multiply bt “t” both side

at =v-u

v=u+at…………………………………… (i)

Second equation of motion

First thing is to calculate average velocity (Va)

Va =

But v=u+at substitute this in the equation of finding average velocity

Va

Va

Va=u+ at multiply by “t” both sides

t ×Va= (u+ at)×t

Vat= ut+ at2

But it is known that V=

Therefore S=Vt

Then, Vat=S

S= ut+ at2 …………………………………………… (ii)

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Third equation of motion
From the first equation v=u+at squaring both sides

(v)2= (u+at)2

v2 = u2+2uat+(at)2

v2 - u2= 2uat+a2 t2

v2 - u2=2a (ut+ at2)

But, ut+ at2 = S

v2 - u2=2aS………………………………………. (iii)

Where:-

 a is the acceleration of body in m/s2

 u is the initial velocity in m/s
 v is the final velocity in m/s
 t is the time taken in second(s)
 S is the distance covered in meter(m)
Numerical examples.

1. A car start from rest and it is accelerated uniformly at a rate of 4m/s2 for 5s.It maintain a constant
speed for 20s.The brakes are then applied and car stops in the next 3s.Find :-
(a) Maximum speed attained.
(b) Total distance covered.
Solution.
u=0m/s
a=4m/s2
t=5s
(a) Maximum speed attained
From, a

4
V=20m/s
The maximum speed attained is 20m/s

(b) Total distance covered (S)

First stage
S1= ut+ at2

S1= 0 ×5+ ×4×52

S1=50m

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 Second stage.

v=20m/s

t=20s

S2 = vt

=20×20

S2 = 400m

Third stage

From, v2 - u2=2aS make S as the subject of formula

S3

But, a

v=0m/s

u=20m/s

t=3s

a=

a= -6.67m/s2

Then, S3

S3 =29.98m

S3 30m

Total distance (S) =S1+S2+S3

S= 50m +400m +30m
S= 480m
Total distance covered is 480m

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 2. A car starts from rest and accelerated a velocity of 120m/s in one minute. If then moves with this
speed for 40s and finally decelerates to rest after another 2minutes.Calculate :-
(a) Total distance travelled.
(b) Total time taken for the whole motion.
(c) Average velocity.
Solution.

u=0m/s

v=120m/s

t=1minute=60s

From, a =

a=

a=2m/s2

(a) Total distance (S)

First stage.
S1= ut+ at2
S1=0×60+ 602
S1 =3600m
Second stage.
v=120m/s
t=40s

S2 = vt

S2 = 120×40

S2=4800m

Third stage.

u=120m/s

v=0m/s

t=2minutes =120s

a=

a= -1m/s2

S3

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 S3 =7200m

Total distance (S)= S1+S2+S3

=3600m+4800m+7200m

S= 15,600m

The total distance is 15,600m

(b) Total time taken(T)

T=60s + 40s +120s
T=220s

The total time is 220s

(c) Average velocity

Average velocity (Va) =

Va =71m/s

Average velocity is 71m/s

3. An object with initial velocity of 20m/s moves due north at an acceleration of 8m/s2 for 8s.what is
the total displacement during that time?
Solution
u=20m/s
a=8m/s2
t=8s
From, S= ut+ at2
S= 20×8+ 8×82

=160+256

S= 416m

Total displacement is 416m

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Velocity –Time graph
Velocity –Time graph is the graph of velocity against time.

Velocity –time graph is used to calculate the total distance covered by a body.

Y-axis represent velocity (m/s) and X-axis represent time(s)

Figure 4:Velocity time graph

OB uniform acceleration

BC uniform velocity

CE uniform deceleration

The area under the curve represents the total distance covered by the body.

A= h (a+b)

In the graph

A= ×AB(BC+CD)

A=Distance(S)

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Numerical examples.

1. A car start from rest and accelerate a velocity of 60m/s in 10s.If then moves with this speed for
20s and finally decelerate to rest after 4s.
(a) Draw velocity time graph to represent this motion.
(b) Find total distance covered.
(c) Find the total time taken for the whole motion.
(d) Find the average velocity.
Solution .

(a) Velocity –Time graph

(b) Total distance covered

From, A= h (a+b)

= ×60× (20+34)

A=1620m2

Total distance is 1620m

(c) Time taken for the whole motion

T=10s+20s+4s
T= 34s
(d) Average velocity
Average velocity (Va) =

Average velocity (Va) =

=47.65m/s
Average velocity is 47.65m/s

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 2. A car start from rest and is accelerate uniformly at rate of 4m/s2 for 5s.It maintains a constant
speed for 20s.The brakes are then applied and car stops in the next 3s.
(a) Draw the velocity time graph to represent that motion.
(b) Calculate the maximum speed attained.
(c) Find the total distance covered.
(d) Calculate the time taken for the whole motion.
(e) Calculate the average velocity.
Solution .
u=0m/s
a=4m/s2
t=5s
v=?
First is to find final velocity (v)
From,

20=v
v= 20m/s
Final velocity is 20m/s
(a) Velocity-Time graph

(b) Maximum speed is 20m/s

(c) Total distance covered
From, A= h (a+b)
A= ×20 (20+28)

=480m2

The total distance is 480m

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(d) Time taken for the whole motion
T=5s+ 20s +3s

T=28s

(e) Average velocity

Average velocity (Va) =

Average velocity (Va) =

=17.2m/s

Average velocity is 17.2m/s

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 Motion under gravity
Free fall motion
Free fall is the motion of a body moving downward directed toward the earth.

OR

Free fall is the motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting on it.

This motion is influenced by acceleration due to gravity (g).

Acceleration due to gravity (g) is the acceleration of free falling body.

g= 9.8m/s2 or 10m/s2

Types of free fall motion

(a) Motion of a body moving downward.
(b) Motion of a body moving upward.

Motion of a body moving downward.

When a body move downward its acceleration increase because the force of gravity is directed downward
the earth and the value of initial velocity (u) is 0m/s and the distance covered is called height (H).For a
body moving downward acceleration due to gravity is positive(+g).

From first equation of motion

v=u + at

u=0m/s

a= +g

Then ,v=0+gt

v=gt………………………………………………. (i)

From second equation of motion.

S= ut+ at2

u=0m/s

a= +g

S= H

H= 0×t+ ×g×t2

H= gt2............................................... (ii)

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 From the third equation of motion

v2 = u2+2aS

u=0m/s

a= +g

S= H

v2 = 02+2×g×H

v2 =2gH

v =√ ………………………………. (iii)

Where:-

v= final velocity in m/s

g=acceleration due to gravity.

T=time in second

H= maximum height in meter (m)

Motion of a body moving upward

When a body moves upward its acceleration decrease because the force of gravity is directed downward
the earth. The final velocity (v) is 0m/s and the distance covered is called height (H).For a body moving
upward the acceleration due to gravity is negative (-g).
From the first equation of motion.
v=u+ at
v=0m/s
a=-g
0=u+(-g)t
0= u-gt
u=gt …………………………………………………… (iv)
From second equation of motion
S= ut+ at2
v=0m/s
a=-g
S=H
H= ut+ × (-g) ×t2
H= ut- gt2 ……………………………….. (v)

From the third equation of motion

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 v2 = u2+2aS

v=0m/s

a=-g

S=H

02 = u2+2× (-g) ×H

0 =u2 -2gH

u2 =2gH

u=√ ……………………………………………………… (vi)

Numerical examples

1. A body move upward a distance of 20m.Calculate

(a) Initial velocity.
(b) Time taken to reach maximum height.
Solution .
H= 20m
g=10m/s2
(a) Initial velocity (u)
From, u=√

u=√

u= 20m/s

(b) Time taken to reach maximum height (t)

From, u= gt make t as the subject
t=

t=

t= 2s
Time to reach maximum height is 2s

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 2. A stone dropped down a well takes 2s to reach the water surface. Calculate:-
(a) Velocity with which the body hits the water surface.
(b) Distance from the water surface from the top of well shaft.
Solution.
t=2s
g=10m/s2
(a) Velocity (v)
From, v=gt
v=10×2
v=20m/s

The velocity with which the body hits the water surface is 20m/s

(b) Height
From, H= gt2

H= ×10×22

=20m

H=20m

The distance of water surface from top of the well is 20m

3. A body is fired vertically upward with initial velocity of 100m/s.

(a) How far will rise?
(b) How long will take to reach maximum height?
(c) What time taken before it strikes the ground?
(d) With what velocity will it strike ground?
Solution.
u= 100m/s
g=10m/s2
(a) Required to find the maximum height reached
From, u=√ make H as the subject

H=

H=

H = 500m

It will raise a height of 500m

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 (b) Time taken to reach maximum height
From, u=gt
t=

t=
t=10s
Time taken to reach maximum height is 10s
(c) Time taken before it strikes the ground is twice the time taken to reach maximum
height.
t=2×10s
t=20s
(d) The velocity with which it strikes the ground is equal to the final velocity of a body
moving downward.
From, v=√

v=√

v=100m/s

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 (b) Angular motion
Angular motion is the motion of a body in circular path.
Consider a body moves in circular path of radius r from point A to B that makes an angle of Ɵ (theta)
with radii as shown below.

Figure 5: Body moves in circular path

 The letter S is called arc

 The letter r is radius of circle
 The letter Ɵ (theta) is an angle that is called angular displacement
 Arc is the part of circumference of the circle made by two radii.
 The distance from point A to B is called arc length (s)
 Arc length (s) is the distance along the curved line making up the arc.

Angular displacement (Ɵ).

When a body moves in circular path it a cover a certain distance that distance is called angular
displacement (Ɵ).
What is angular displacement?
Angular displacement is the displacement of a body moving in circular path.
OR
Angular displacement is the ratio between length of an arc and radius of a circle.
Angular displacement (Ɵ) =

Ɵ= radian

“r” is given in meter and “s” is given in meter

The SI Unit of angular displacement is radian (Rad)

What is radian?
Radian is the angle subtended at the center of circle by an arc length equals the radius of the circle.
Assume a body completes one revolution in the circle, then
S=2πr
From;
Ɵ= substitute s=2πr

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 Ɵ=

Ɵ = 2π radian

Because it is one complete revolution then Ɵ =3600, 1revolution =3600

Then ;

But;

3600 = 2π radian

Then;

1800 =π radian

x = 1 radian by cross multiplication

πx = 1800 divide by π both sides

x= 57.30
Now;

Numerical examples

1. A rope is wrapped many times around a drum of radius 50cm .How many revolutions of the drum
are required to raise a bucket to a height of 20m?
Solution.
Radius = 50cm=0.5m
S= 20m
From;
Ɵ=
Ɵ= Ɵ= 40rad
But ;
1rev =2πrad
By cross multiplication
x= 40
2πx=40 divide by 2π both sides

X= 6.37rev

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The revolutions required are 6.37rev

2. A bicycle tire has radius of 25cm.If the wheel makes 400rev, How far will the bike have
travelled?
r=25cm= 0.25m
rev =400rev
1rev =2πrad
400= x by cross multiplication
X= 400 × 2π
X = 2512rad
Ɵ=2512rad
From;
Ɵ=
S=Ɵr
S=2512× 0.25
= 628m
The bicycle will travel a distance of 628m

Angular velocity (ω)

Angular velocity is the velocity of a body moving in circular path.
OR
Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement.
OR
Angular velocity is the number of radian per unit time.
Angular velocity (ω) =
ω=
The symbol ω is called omega.
Where:
Ɵ is given in radian (rad)
t is given in second(s)
Thus:
ω=
SI Unit of angular velocity is Radian per second (Rad/s)
But we know that Ɵ =2π substitute this in this equation ω =
ω=
ω =2π ( )
But;
=f (frequency)
Therefore:

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 Frequency (f) is the number of revolutions passing a point per unit time:
SI unit of frequency is revolution per second (rev/s) or rpm
Numerical examples.
1. A rope is wrapped many times around a drum of radius 20 cm. If it lifts the bucket to 10m in
5s .Calculate:-
(a) Angular velocity of the drum.
(b) Frequency of revolution for the drum?
Solution.
Radius =20cm=0.2m
S=10m
Time=5s
(a) Angular velocity (ω)
From;
ω=
But;
Ɵ=
Ɵ=
Ɵ = 50rad
ω=
=10rad/s
Angular velocity is 10rad/s
(b) Frequency of revolution(f)
From;
ω =2πf Make f as the subject of formula
f=
f=

=1.59rev/s
Frequency of revolution is 1.59rev/s or 93.5 rpm

Angular acceleration (α)

Angular acceleration is the acceleration of a body in circular path.
OR
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity.
Angular acceleration (α) =

α=

“ω” is given in rad/s and “t” is given in sec.

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 α=

SI unit of angular acceleration is rad/s2

If body start initially with angular velocity but after t second its velocity was .The angular
acceleration is given by:
Angular acceleration (α) =
Numerical examples.
1. The block is lifted from rest until the angular velocity of the drum is 16rad/s after a time of 4 s.
What is the average angular acceleration?
Solution
ωf =16rad/s
ωi =0rad/s because the block start from rest.
Time (t) = 4s
From;
Angular acceleration (α) =

Angular acceleration (α) =

=4rad/s2
The angular acceleration is 4rad/s2

Relationship between angular velocity and linear velocity

Linier velocity (v) =

V=
But;
Ɵ= s=rƟ Substitute this equation into V=
V= V= r But
Then;

Where;
v is linear velocity in m/s
r is the radius of circular path in meter(m)
ω is the angular velocity in rad/s
Linear velocity = angular velocity ×radius= ωr

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 Relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration.
Linear acceleration (a) =
a= V= at Substitute this equation into V= rω
at = rω Divide by “t” both sides

a= a= r But =α

Then;

Where;
a is the linear acceleration in m/s2
r is the radius of circular path in meter(m)
α is the angular acceleration in rad/s2
Linear acceleration = angular acceleration ×radius =αr

Numerical examples.
1. A body moves a circular path of radius 10m.In an interval of 0.5s the radius from the center of
the circle to the body swept out an angle of 180.Calculate:-
(a) Average angular velocity.
(b) Average linear velocity.
Solution.
r= 10m
t= 0.5s
Ѳ=180
(a) Average angular velocity
First change 180 into radian
1rad = 57.30
X = 180 by cross multiplication.
57.3x = 18 Divide by 57.3 both sides
X= 0.315rad Ѳ = 0.315rad
From;
ω=
ω=
=0.63rad/s
Angular velocity is 0.63rad/s

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 (b) Average linear velocity
From;
V=rω
= 10×0.63
= 6.3m/s
Average linear velocity is 6.3m/s
2. A grinding wheel rotates at 2800rev/min.What is the cutting speed in m/s if the wheel diameter is
200mm?
Solution.
Frequency (f) = 2800rev/min= 46.7rev/s
Diameter (d) =200mm=0.2m
Radius (r) =0.1m
From;
ω = 2πf
= 2× π× 46.7
ω = 293rad/s
Linear speed (v) =rω
= 0.1 ×293
v=29.3m/s
The cutting speed is 29.3m/s
3. A car travel at 72km/h. Its wheel is in 80cm in diameter. Calculate the angular velocity of the
wheel.
Solution.
velocity (v) =72km/h =20m/s
Diameter(d) =80cm=0.8m
Radius (r) = 0.4m
From;
V=rω ω=
ω=

=50rad/s

Angular velocity is 50rad/s

4. Consider flat rotating disc or radius 20cm which is initially has =0rad/s but after 4s its angular
velocity was =20rad/s. Calculate:
(a) Angular acceleration.
(b) Linear acceleration.

Solution.
Radius (r) =20cm=0.2m.
=0rad/s and =20rad/s

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 (a) Angular acceleration
From;
α=
α=
= 5rad/s2
Angular acceleration is 5rad/s2
(b) Linear acceleration (a)
From;
a= rα
= 0.2 ×5
a= 10m/s2

Linear acceleration is 10m/s2

Equations of uniformly angular accelerated and linear accelerated motion

Linear accelerated motion Angular accelerated motion
V = u +at ωf=ωi +αt
S = ut+ 2
Ɵ=ωit + 2

V2=u2 +2aS ωf 2 =ωi2 +2αѲ

Centripetal force
Centripetal force is the force that causes a body to move in a circular path act inward toward the center of
rotation.
Consider a body of mass M moves around a circle of radius r as shown below.

Figure 6: Centripetal force

From the Newton’s second law of motion

F=ma F=

But force is approximately to the sector of circle, therefore we must multiply this force with angle Ѳ.

F=

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 From;
ω= Ѳ = ωt substitute this equation into F=

F= F=

But we know that v= rω ω= Substitute this equation into F=

Now we get;

Where ;
F centripetal force in Newton (N)
M is the mass of a body in kg
V is the velocity of body in m/s
r is the radius of circle in meter(m)

Centripetal acceleration
From;
F= but v =rω then equation become F= mω2r compare this equation with F=ma
F = m (ω2r)

F=m a a=ω2r But ω = Substitute this equation into a=ω2r

Then we get;

a is the centripetal acceleration in m/s2

Centrifugal force
Centrifugal force is the force that acts outward.
Centrifugal force and centripetal force are the same but act in different direction

f is the centrifugal force in Newton(N)

Numerical examples
1. A car of mass 20tonne travel at 108km/h around a circular track of 100m radius. Calculate the
centripetal force.
Mass = 20tonne=20000kg
Velocity =108km/h=30m/s
Radius =100m
From;

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 F=

F=
= 180,000N

The centripetal force is 180,000N

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