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135 views55 pagesCurves Book
Curves
Uploaded by
DAAN BAHADURCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CURVES
INTRODUCTION
Curves are most commonly used in case of roads, railways for providing in the line of
communication. Radius of such curves are large as they are set on the ground with the help of
string. compass. theodolite etc. If these curves are provided in the horizontal plane to h
gradual change in direction is called horizontal curve. And if these are provided m the vertical
plane to obtain the gradual change in grade is called vertical curves
When the curve is set on the ground, itis laid along
the centre line of the work. Generally either circular
or parabolic curves are provided. Parabolic curve is
provided in the vertical plane in order to connect the
gradient for easy movement of vehicles.
In simple words suppose a vehicle is desired to go
from the direction AB to BC, it is very difficult for it
that it first goes up to B and then turn towards C. It
means the vehicle has to slow down and then change
the direction. But it is very difficult in case of long
rains. so that is why a curve is provided for the ,.
change in direction and the alignment.
EME vrs OF CURVE
‘CURVE
WoRONTAL CURVE verrcat come
SIMPLE CIRCULAR COMPOUND REVERSE TRANSITION DEVIATION
CURVE ‘CURVE CURVES CURVE ome
421. Simple Circular Curve
Asimple circular curve consists of a single circular curve are with a constant radius connecting
the two tangents or straights as shown in Fig. 4.1.
Se 4-2
AB, BC are two tangents or straights. O
is the centre of the circular arc TT, of
radius OT, or OT, = r
4.2.2. Compound Curve
A compound curve consists of two curves
with different radii bending in the same
direction. Centres of different radii lies on
the same side of the common tangent as
shown in Fig.4.2 4B, CD are the two
straights,
BC is the common tangent O, and O) are
the two different centres on the curve lies
on the same side of common target BC of
radii r, and r,, then 7,7, is called
compound curve.
4.2.3. Reverse Curve
A reverse curve consist of two curves with
same or different radii bending in the
opposite directions.
O,, Oy are the different centres of the curves
on the opposite side. 7, T, is called reverse
curve. This curve is also known as
Serpentine curve.
4.2.4. Transition Curve
Transition curve consists of two straight
Curves at the end and a circular curve at the
centre as shown in Fig. 4.4,
Itis also known as ‘Spiral curve or casement
curve.
TP, T,Q are straight curves,
PQis circular curve of radius r with centre
0.
425, Deviation Curve ~
It is the combination of two reverse curve
1 Ty T, is known as deviation curve as
shown in Fig. 4.5,
CU ve,
Fig. 4.3. Reverse curve
™
Fig. 4.5. Deviation curve.
_ OSURVEVINGH @ me 42 —
AB, BC are two tangents or straights. O
is the centre of the circular arc 7,7, of
radius OT, or OT, =r
4.2.2. Compound Curve ___—
A compound curve consists of two curves
with different radii bending in the same
direction. Centres of different radii lies 0”
the same side of the common tangent as
shown in Fig.4.2 AB, CD are the two
straights.
BC is the common tangent O :
the two different centres on the curv? lies
on the same side of common target BC or
radii r, and r, then 7,72 6 calle
compound curve.
and O, are
Curve __—_
‘A reverse curve consist of two curves with
sume or different radii bending in the
opposite directions.
0, Oy arethe different centres ofthe curves
onthe opposite side. T, T, is called reverse
curve. This curve is also known as
serpentine curve.
4.2.4. Transition Curve
Transition curve consists of two straight
curves at the end and a circular curve at the
centre as shown in Fig. 4.4.
Itisalso known as spiral curve or casement
curve.
T,P, T,Q are straight curves.
Qis circular curve of radius r with centre
42.3.
4.2.5. Deviation Curve
Itis the combination of two reverse curve
T,, Ty T, is kno ore
v3 22 wn as deviatic
shown in Fig. 45, mais
Ure,
Fig, 4.2, Compound curve
Oy
ty
fig. 4.3. Reverse curve.
CIRCULAR CURVE
STRAIGHT CURVE
Fig. 44, Tanston cure
Q, Q
Ta
YW ty
Ts
Fig. 4.5. Deviation curve.
ae
esmvemsr@ cunves a4
NOTATIONS USED WITH CiRcy
CIRCULAR CURVES LAR CURVES OR FLEMENTS OF SIMPLE
1, AB BC are called wo tangents or wo Mralghts of the curve
2, The point where the two straights meet is called the point of Intervection be Hand the
interior angle is known as angle of intersection /M It \s denoted hy Alor F
3, The exterior angle formed by the two straights is known as deflection angle, 74
4, The point 7) and 7) are the two tangent points, 7, (the beginning of curve) i called
tangent curve point. 1) (the end of curve) is called curve tangent polnt
§, Distances BT, and B7; are known as tangent lengths.
BE = APEX DIGTANCE
ED = REVERSED GINE
LENGTH OF GUAVE
LONG CHORD
1 = RADIUG OF CURVE
“Som CENTER OF CIRCULAR CURVE
\
c
Fig, 4.6, Elements of circular curve,
6. When the curve deflects left hand, it is known as /eft hand curve and when the curve
deflects right and, it is known as right hand curve,
7. AB and BC are the two tangents. AB is known as first tangent or rear tangent, BC is known
as second tangent or forward tangent.
8. The line joining the two tangent points (i.¢., 7, and 7) is called long chord (T, D T,).
9. T, ET, is known as the length of the curve.
10. Mid-point £ on the curve is known as apex or summit of curve. Distance BE is called apex
distance.
11, Distance on the apex of the curve and the mid-point of long chord is called versed sine of
curve i.e., ED.
12. OT, or OT, is called the radius of curve.
43.1. Elements of Circular Curve
(From Fig. 4.6)
1. Angle of deflection, Zo = 180~ Angle of intersection.
= 180- ZI
———$ rere —__________—
A a. tg
%
2, Tangent length, «BY, or BT, = OF, tan ‘ =rtan
El mene
ngth of curve, TET, = 79
where radius of curve and = deflection angle
a) =)
= 2 = asin?
4, Length of long chord 1,D t= 27,D = 207, sin 2 r sin A
5, p= 1718.9 where D = degree of curve.
9 _,ar{sec?-
6. Apex distance, BE = 0B-OE= 18°" { fl
$ 9
er- Perl 1-cos —
7. Versed sine, DE = OE-OD=" reo, { 3]
= Chainage at intersection point - Tangent length.
8. Chainage at first tangent point
Chainage at first tangent point + Length of the curve,
9. Chainage at second tangent point =
10. 26+ ZI= 180°.
4.3.2. Designation of a Simple Circular Curve ——_———_——____
Itis designated either by the radius or the angle subtended at the centre by a chord of particular
length. In India, its designated by an angle subtended at the centre by a chord length of 30 m.
Degree of curve is denoted by “D”.
Relation between degree and the radius of curve. From Fig. 4.7,
r = radius of curve
degree ofthe curve
lenth of chord equal t 30 m
15 mas Cis midpoint of AB
:
aoc = >
2
AB = 30mandAC=15m.
Inright Z A AOC
sin 2 ACL
2 OA r
15
sin D/2 Fig. 4.7.
(as Dis very small, take 2 in radian)
@SRVENNG @
_ cunves ——— —
, 1S _ 1S 15360 _ 1718.9
Dvn nD RD D
2° 180 360
1719
res ) Appoximate.
gxample 1. Find out the following elements of simple circular curve having radius 200m and
the angle of intersection of the two straight is 120° and the chainage is 1000 m
(a) Angle of deflection (b) Tangent length
(c) Length of curve (d) Length of long chord
(¢) Degree of curve () Apex distance
@ Versed sine (h) Chainage of first tangent point
(i) Chainage at second tangent point.
Solution. Radius, R= 200m
Angle of intersection, T= 120°
Chainage at point of intersection, B = 1000 m.
(a) Angle of deflection. Angle of deflection
= 180°-7
= 180° - 120°
Deflection angle $ = 60°
(b) Tangent length. Tangent length
BT, or BT, = Run’
= 200 an
= 200 tan 30°
Tangent length = 115.47 m.
°
Fig. 4.8.
TRO _ %x200x60°
180 180°
Length of curve = 209.33 m.
(d) Length of long chord. Length of long chord,
o
T,DT, = 2Rsin
(c) Length of curve. Length of the curve, T,ET, =
60°
2 2x200sin= =2 x 200 sin 30°
Length of long chord = 200 m.
R 200
Degree of curve = 8.59°.
———$ —— ——— eimnincii€:
1718.9 _ 1718.9
(e) Degree of curve. Degree of curve = 7
“* curves
( Apex distance. Apex distance, peek ( a : 1 } = 200 (sec 30° 1)
Apex distance 30.94 m- ;
cos ~ | = 200(1 8 3
(g) Versed sine. Versed sine, DE a! - C085 ) cos 30°)
wn sae tangent length
hy i + Chait int of intesec
(h) Chainage of first tangent point: Chainage poi 0 oD a
int = 53m.
ee ei _e nt point + length of curve
(i) Chainage at second tangent point. Change of first tange!
884.53 + 209.33
¢ = 1093.86 m-
Change of second tangent poim , ho caghe 60". Tet
Example 2. Tivo straight intersect atachainage 2000 having deflection angl gree
30 m. Find the
of curve is 5°, if chain length =
following:
(a) Radius of curve
(8) Tangent length ‘d
(c) Length of long chor
@ nore he beginning and ate end of curve
(@) Number of full and sub-chord
Solution. Deflection angle, = 60°
Chainage at point of intersection, B = 2000 m
Degree of curve, D=5°.
(@) Radius of curve.
i _ 18.9 _ 11189
Radius, re OS
R= 343.78 m.
(6) Tangent length.
Tangent length = R tan?
2
Tangent length = 198.48 m.
°
Fig. 4.9
9 343,78 tan 2 = 343.78 an 30°.
BRO _ WX343.78%60°
Length of curve = ——— =
sth of curve = 5 a
Length of curve = 359.08 m.
(c) Length of long chord = 2Rsin ‘ = 2x 343.78 sin fue
2
o
-_
(SURVEYING .
The following steps are followed from Fig.
4.10.
(a) Calculate the tangent,
Length BT, or BT, = Run?
2
(6) Calculate the length of curve,
mRO
180
(c) Chainage 7, and 7, is calculated
(d) Calculate the length of long chord,
—— ——————— eiverinsi€
TET, = ON
CURveg
4-8
oop
T,DT, = 2Rsin>
‘pis the mid-point of long chord 71D 7, 7,
(e) Divide the long chord into two halves i.
Curve is symmetrical on both the halves.
(A) The mid-ordinate (ED), Op is calculate as follows :
Take right angle A, 7,D0.
Here TD = © 4s Dis mid-point of long chord of length L.
2
OT, = Radius of curve equal © R —z
a mp? =
op= \ony- Py -"-(;)
ED = 07 08-0
2Ofey
Q- R-\R G
<<” from mid-point D on the long chord
Calculation of offset at any distance i
2_fLy
Fromabove, £D= % =R-,/R°-| 2
yy
mnaoro, OO= \R-x
OD = OF-ED =R-O,
QD = 09-0D
0, = VRP=2-(R-O)
es
where O, is the offset at distance x from the mid-point.
Procedure for setting the curve from offset/ordinate from long chord :
1. AB, BC are two tangent meeting at B. 6 is the deflection angle.
2. Calculate the tangent length and mark points 7, and 7,.
3. Calculate the length 7,7), ie., of long chord.
4. Point D is marked i.e., the mid-point of 7, 7,-Curve will be symmetrical, on both sides.
5. Points 1, 2, 3, 4 are marked and left side and 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’, on a side.
6. Calculate the ordinate O,, O,, O;, O, on left side and O,’, ‘Os on right side.
7. Perpendiculars are set out at point 1, 2, 3, 4 and ordinate O,, “Oy On O, identified along
these perpendicular and the points yp Xpp Xzp Xy are marked on ground on left side.
8. Similarly procedure is done for right side.
-_
SEN @ — — $< — — — —
°
Fig. 4.11
ad ean
(CURVES = 4-9
Fig. 4.12.
9. Join all the points x,, x), x3, 4 on left side and x’, x’y, x’, x", on right side.
10. The curve is formed.
Example 3. Two tangents intersect at chainage 150.0 m. Calculate the necessary data for
setting out a circular curve of radius 80 metres and deflection angle 40° by the method of offset
from long chord.
Solution, Tangent length = R tan : = 80 tan 20° = 29.11 m
Chainage at point T, = 150 —29.11 = 120.88 m
RQ _ x80X40°
= = = 55.87 m
Length of curve 780 180
Chainage at point T, = 120.88 + 55.87 = 176.75 m
o
Length of long chord = 2 Rsin 2 2 x 80 sin 20° = 54.72 m.
Long chord is divided into two halves of each length
- 42 W1736m.
2
event “10 —— y CU
Re
x Pe
(rs |O20 [91s O10
7 i510
20
27.36 27.36
R= 80m
°
Fig, 4.13.
mera
L
Mid-ordinate Oy = ale -(3) = 80 — (80)° — (27.36) = 80 - (6400 —7aR,6§
QO = 4.82 m.
Calculation of ordinate towards left.
O5= VR? —x* —(R—-0,) = 0; = (80)? - (5)? — (80 —4.82)
= 6400-25 -75.18 = 79.84 75.18 = 4.66m
0, = 466m
O19 = (80)? — (10)? ~(80~ 4.82) = 79.37 75.18 =4.19 m.
Og = 4.19 m
O15 = (80)? - (15)? ~ (80 - 4.82) = 78.58 — 75.18 = 3.40 m.
O71; = 3.40m
Ox = (80)? (20)? ~ (80 ~ 4.82) = 77.45 ~ 75.18 = 2.27 m.
On = 2.27m
rs = (80)? ~ (25)? — (go 4.82) = 75.99 ~ 75.18 =0.81 m.
0,,= 0.81
x 36= (802 ~07 307
27.36 ~ (80) ~ (27.36)? — (go ~ 4,82) =75.18— 75.18 =0
Orn 36= 0
oo © SURVEYING HQ mn PO
curves: -
‘The ordinate for the right half is similar to that of left half.
Taking offset from the tangent. These are of nwo types :
ia Radial offset mare ae
(0) Perpendicular offset.
411
(a By Radial offset to the tangent.
in right 2.4 07,0,
OT, = RT,
Q=x
OQ= VRe+x
QQ" = OQ - 0Q' is the radial offset
O,= VR'+x°-R
(b) By Perpendicular offset.
Draw/Join Q, Q, parallel to 7,0
TQ=% $00, 0)-x,
so 0,0=0,=10,
7,0, = Of, -00,
In right ZA 00,0),
00, = JRF
So Eqn. (1) becomes,
T,Q,= R-VR-x°
0,= R-VR-¥
4.3.4. Procedure for Setting a Curve by Offset from Tangents
1. Calculate the two tangent points 7, and T,.
2. Mark the equal distances on the first tangent length.
3. Calculate the radial or perpendicular offset as explained above at each distance and in
such way the required points on the curve are obtained upto the centre.
4. Some procedure is done on the second target length and mark the other half of the curve.
5. In such way full curve is obtained.
Example 4, Two tangent meet at an angle of intersection is 120° and the radius of curve is
100 m. Calculate the offset at an interval of 10 m. (By both the methods).
Fig. 4.15.
$$ esi 4-12
Solution, © 180-120 = 60°
Radius R= 100m
9
Tangent length Rian 2
or
100 tan = $7.73 m
(a) By Radial offset.
Oe YR? R fae,
;
Oy = (100)? 10)? — 100 = 100.49 100 = 0.49
Oy = 0.49 m
Oxy. J(100)*+ (207-100 = 101.98 - 100 = 09g
Ory = 0.98 m
Oxy = \(100)*+ (30)? ~ 100 = 104.40 ~ 100 = 4.40 m
Oy = 4.40 m
Oy = (100)?+ (40)? - 100 = 107.70 - 100 = 7.70
Oy = 7.70 m
Osg = \[(100)*+ (50)? — 100 = 118.80 100 = 11.80 m.
Os) = 11.80 m
O57 73 = 4{(100)? + (57.73)? -100 = 115.46 - 100 = 15.46
Ogg 74 = 15.46 m
(6) By perpendicular offset :
0,= R-VR*-2
Ory = 100 - (100)? - (10)? = 100 - 99.49 = 0.50
Oj = 0.50 m
Oy) = 100 - (100)? = (20)? = 100 - 99.97 = 2.02
Oy = 2.02 m
Oy = 100 - ,/(100) 0)? = 100 - 95.39 = 4.60
Ox) = 4.60 m
O49 = 100 - (100)? - (40)? = 100 - 91.65 = 8.38
Ow = 838 m Pe
a —— — 4-13
Os = 100 ~ (100)? — (50)? = 100 ~ 86,60 = 13.39
Osp = 13.39 m
57.95 = 100 ~\[(100)? — (57.73)? = 100 ~ 81.65 = 18.34
957.93 = 18.34 m
(¢) By Successive bisection of ares :
1, ABand BC are two tangents and @ is the deflection angle
27, and 7, are two tangent points.
Join 7, Ty, $0 7, E 7, is long chord.
4, ED = Versed sine of curve
£p=R{1-cos$)
2
as Dis the mid-point of chord T,D7,
Join T,D and TD.
E” and F” are mid-point of chord T,D and T,D
respectively.
E”E' and FF’ are also versed sine of curve.
ay
=
E’E'orF”F" =R 1-cos fom Fg 4.17,
Fig. 4.17.
8. In such procedure the curve is plotted.
(@ By offset and chord produced. From Fig. 4.18. It is very much clear that AB is the near
tangent. Curve start from first tangent point T; with E, F, G... are the other points on the curve.
1,E, = T,E = C, is first sub chord length with first offset £,£ = O, on tanget BT,
ZBTE =o. (radians)
2T,OE = 2c. (radians) i.e., angle subtended by any chord at centre is twice the angle between
chord and tangent.
Gq
mae
G
a= (2)
E
Simil EE
imilarly, Ti a 2\
x
R
A
<2a)
: .
San
E\E = Chord EE = 0,
O,* Cra
From Eqn. (1), put the value of a, .
0°68.
0," EF OEE, ORE
Take A 7, FE, and BFE,
< DET, » £E,EF,
< DET, =
