0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views41 pagesNotes
Applicable for iit jee
Uploaded by
shivgive9Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views41 pagesNotes
Applicable for iit jee
Uploaded by
shivgive9Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 41
MAGNETIC FIELD
A charge is placed near an electrical circuit. When the switch is in epee . charge
is = a then there is no force between the current carrying wire & charged
parlicle
8
al i @q
Vv
It is experimentally observed that when the charge is set in motion , we observe a
force acting on charge
This suggests that some field is Senet are of charge . This is known as
Also , in case of permanent magnet. We have permanent magnetic field because
the electrons present inside the afoms rotate in the same sense MOTION OF CHARGE IN
MAGNITIC FIELD
When a charge is moving in a magnetic field , then the force acting on that
charge is given by :
= charge
v= veloc
LORENTZ FORCE —*
8 = magnelic field
Radius of
curvature (r)
Helical path
Force F directed
towards helical axis,
parallel to B
Uniform
a Magnetic field B
to show circular Charge +4,
projection mass m
* Magnitude of rR is:
Bis the angle between v é B
Fe qvBsiné
F | plane of vand B eo:
°F. is zero when :
or 180 , i.e. V11 Bor VILE
+ F, is maximum at @= 90 & maximum valve is Bqv
*SI unit of 8 =1tesla=1T = LN-S = INL
C-m A-m
* CGS unit of 8 = 1 gauss = 10'T
* If 'q' is positive, magnetic force is along vx B
If 'q' is negative, magnetic force is in opposite direction fo v'* B DIRECTION OF FORCE ON CHARGE
From the pro of cross product we can infer that F., is endicular to both V
&Bor nope pouiaker To the plane formed by 7% 8 bs
© Direction of Fa = (sign of 'q) ( direction of 7x8)
FIT <8, if ‘q'is positive
EIU 7%. if 'q| is negative
Fleming's left hand rule
Thrust or
Motion
/\m
lagnetic Field ‘Thumbsk!
B
Current Forefinger
Vea
‘Central finger
If instead of positive charge we have negative charge ,
then force is in opposite direction Magnetic field
FLL V. therefore, F. 1 ds or work done by the magnelic force in a static
magnelic field is zero
So , from work energy ihe theorem , KE & hence the speed of the charged particle
‘remains constant in magnelic field. The magnetic field can change the direction only
Tt cannot increase Reread melo or KE of particle
._. es om < « un x
sh ee x x x x x
oe 8 we ee x x x x x
er x x x x xX
PRPS 2. Do x x lie We
Magnetic Field Magnetic Field
Out of Page Into Page PATH OF CHARGE PARTICLE IN
UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
The magnelic force is perpendicular ul oe velocity at every instant
lence , path is
The necessary centripetal force is provided by magnetic force
B
v
q
1.= radius of circle
P = momentum of particle x '
2
K=KE of partie = P* = 4V
om « «ay MARKS,
V = potential difference in volts Time period =T= 20 = 20m_
Vv
By
Angul d=u = 27 = By
Frequency =
Important points
Tf & w are independent of ‘v' while radius is directly proportional to ‘v'
Hence , if 2 charged parficles of equal mass * charge enter in a magnetic field 8
with different speeds 7 Euby, ) ‘fright angles , then 7
Ti =T2
at, OK HELICAL PATH OF CHARGE
PARTICLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD
When v'makes certain angle with magnetic field, motion executed by charged
parficle is helical motion
Velocity vector is resolved info 2 components, one parallel to BE
second perpendicular fo 8
vi=vsin@
vu =v cos@
Radius of helix=r= MV. = mvsinO
4B 4B
Time period of 1 complete rotation = 2mm
%B
Pitch of helix = axial distance covered during one complete revolution
=v,,T
P=(veos@)(_ 21m
ayB Important points
* The axis of the helix is always parallel to 8
The plane of circular motion is perpendicular to magnetic field lines
Radius of
. curvature (r)
Helical path
Force F directed
towards helical axis,
parallel to B
Plane prep. to B Magnetic field B
to show circular
projection
© A line drawn parallel to axis from the initial post of projection of the parficle is
rolal
Tangent to the helix affer making every full rotation, the parficle will touch this
Tangent again & again
If tangent is taken along the x axis , then the parficle will hit the axis affer every
pitch, i.e. it will touch the x axis af a distance
x=np MOTION OF CHARGE IN COMBINED
MAGNETIC & ELECTRIC FIELD
Case 1: When € 8 ¢ vare mutually perpendicular
If the particle moves without deflection, then ,
gE = qvB
Case 2: € ¢ Bare mutually perpendicular but v is not
Lorentz force equation can be wriffen as ,
F=( qe + qlv'x8)]
Velocity at any instant, V =v, 7+ v, 7+ vk
Individual force equations can be written as
a a Oe Case 3: When E ¢ 8 are parallel to each other
y
Vx = (Voc) +(#)t
But the 'v, sin’ component remains same
E
(w cosa) 5
Afler any time T
Vy =(Vosine)sin®
= (Vosine)sin (wt)
= (Vo Sinex) sin (22)
m
Vz = (Vesinx) cos = (vesinx) cos wt = (Vesine) cos (224)
a = centripetal acceleration
This is again a type of helical motion but the pitch is not constant SEPARATION OF POSITIVE §
NEGATIVE CHARGES
Separation of positive € negative charges by help of Magnetic field
A stream of positive & negative particles moving with a velocity 'v’ is incident on the
boundary of uniform magnetic field
A= (+q,, m4) 8 =(-q,,m,) C = neutrons
Stream of
particles
The positive & negative charges will move on circles of different radius
The neutral particles neutrons will have zero deviation MAGNITIC FORCE ON CURRENT
CARRYING CONDUCTOR
F, 3
Ms
jk
t——_— 1
I
Magnetic force exerted on electron is :
—> —-
dF, = ~e(vy x B)
Free electrons drift with a speed v, opposite to the direction of current
Total force on wire is :
F.= -e(nAl(V'x 8 n= number of free electrons per unit volume
This can also be writen as :
= (7x8) om IMPORTANT POINTS
¢ Magnitude of F is:
Qis the angle between T &B
F is zero for @= 0 or 180 & maximum for @= 90
«—__1___, L 8=90°
Barc sl af=
© Tis the vector that points in the direction of current ‘i & has a magnitude equal fo
‘the length
* For a magnetic force on an arbitrarily shaped wire segment, let vs consider the
magnetic force exerted on a small segment of vector length
dF, = i(dix 8)
Integrating fo calculate total force A curved wire ABCD carries a current ‘i & >
is located in uniform magnetic field
Represents the vector sum of all
length elements from A fo D
From polygon law of vector addition the sum equals the vector directed from A to D
For an arbitrarily shaped closed loop carrying a current ‘' is placed in a_yniform
mooie field, this time we must take the ed sum of length elements dl over the
entire loop
Since the set of length elements forms a closed
polygon, the vector sum must be zero B
ee Direction of Fe, can be given by Fleming's left hand rule
Thrust or
Motion
Magnetic Field TORQUE EXPERIENCED BY
CURRENT LOOP
When the plane of the loop is placed perpendicular fo the field lines :
F, = iBl(j) Fi = Bl (j)
F, = i8b (7) F, = iBb (j)
Hence , net force = 0 & net couple = 0 ( line of actionof forces coincide) The plane of coil is rotated by an angle © with the vertical
Net force still remains ZERO
a
Couple is formed due fo length of wire AB & CD
==
T =F X(perpendicular distance)
-tarbex[ Eo]
= iBlb sin®
T= i BA sin® m
In this case , the coil rotates about on axis passing through ils CM , since , there is
no Translational motion of the CM of the body
. age
So , torque experienced by the loop = U =i (a8)
UR= area of the loop ] UB’= magnetic field ]
If 'N' turns are present in the loop .
T=Ni tx) OR
T= magnetic moment of loop = (i AN) SIGN CONVENTION
Area vector
The area vector of a loop is perpendicular to the plane of loop
The magnitude of area vector is equal fo area of loop
w
—
A m
Anti clockwise
current
Clockwise current
—_
“ POTENTIAL ENERGY $ WORK DONE
BY MAGNETIC FIELD
er | ir ts Said To be in >
Pepe RO ENERGY STATE B
When the loop rofates due to the forque given By moon field.
Then the rotation K.€. of the loop increases © P.€. decreases
Calculating work done by Magnetic field
w+ -[T 40
8 i
== mesinaae ay
W, = MB CosO
Thus , P.E. decreases by M8cos@, therefore,
vscmben®) « [vem e
When M' 8 are in same direction then loop is in
STABLE EQUILIBRIUM STATE
When they are in opposife direction then loop is in
UNSTABLE FQUILiseiuM STATE r
va
B mm. GS
M =(A,-A))
If Ay= Az, then inside a uniform magnetic field the net torque § the net force acting
on loop will be zero , itis in state of NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM
Consider a solenoid of length ‘I’ & radius 'R' . Let'n’ be the number of turns per
unit length
be— , —— >!
[M=(aL)izR?]
The 3-D loop can be divided into
2-D loop. When we join the Ribs R s
segment QM of both such loop
their currents cancel out & we get ie -jbooft
the original loop A 1
= - 7 ax Qk™M
Mi =~ il, Lik nu
@
BAD SS
Weis) NS meer
The net dipole moment vector of 3-D loop will be M; + Mz MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF
UNIFORM CHARGED ROTATING RING
Ring carries uniform distributed charge @ &
it is rotating with constant angular velocity
20
Time taken fo complete 1 revolution will be >
W.rt. an observer standing in the stafe of rest,
the charge Q will cross him in 21
a
2n/
wD
i=
a
Magnetic moment = M = 1R°i = 1R™ Sais
If the ring has uniformly distributed mass 'm’ , then the angular momentum of the
ring will be :
L=Iw
=
L=mRw MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF
UNIFORM CHARGED DISC
Consider a disc of radius 'R’ carry ng unifromly distributed
charge ‘Q' on i
oM2G aM =O
Loam mu 72 BIOT-SAVART'S LAW
Biot-savart's law arrived af a mathematical expression that gives the magnetic
field af some point in space in Terms of current that produces the field
Magnelic field at some point P due fo steady current is :
dBeL dBxdl dBasind ae «
2 apa Ldlsin®
r*
dg= Mo Ladlsind
$2
Permeabilily constant of free space = 10°" is
Vector form :
“A= unit vector perpendicular To the plane of (Idi) & r
[rats =(za)(r)sn0 6] MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO
STRAIGHT WIRE
According fo Biot-savart law :
Here , every element of wire contributes fo Ar...
B in the same direction (into the paper) ™
At a point lying on perpendicular bisector of wire
0,=0,=0 Point lying on perpendicular of one end when other end is infinitely long
6,=0 6, = I;
z Too
B= Mot
4nd P Rl
Magnelic field at a distance 'd’ from a infinitely long wire
0,-0,° = -
Magnetic field at a distance ‘d' when the given point lies on A
same side of wire ’ MAGNETIC FIELD DUE T0
CIRCULAR LOOP
Consider an element di of ring dl
Magne field __, B=
In this case , magnetic field is perpendicular To the
plane of circular loop & given iy right hand rule
Magnetic field at centre of circular arc
subtending angle © at the centre
B= Moi 8 \ /
2k \ 20 ‘ ;
% ,
¥ ?
% _
yy a
. JAY Magnetic induction due to circular loop at an axial point
¥
2dBsind
d Beos6
The vertical component of magnetic field cancel out
Nef magnelic field along x-axis :
The direction of 8 at axial position is same throughout & given by right hand rule When xR
Hence , above arrangements of circular loop behaves as a MAGNETIC DIPOLE ¢
all the results of electron dipole are similarly valid
When the dimension of loop is much smaller in comparison to the distance of
the point, then
m=ifA
at an axial point
For any point P (r,Q) in space MAGNITIC FIELD LINES PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
FIELD LINES
Magnefic line of force may or may not be Terminating af right angle fo the surface
of magnelic material
Magnetic lines of forces originate from north pole # end at south pole
The magnelic flux through a closed surface is always zero
Reason : Since the magnefic lines form a closed loop , the number of field lines
Coming out & join info the surface are same . Hence , net flux = 0
—2—
r
B-ar =0 AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
The circulation of magnefic field along a closed loop is M, Times the Total
current passing through normally, of the area of the closed loop
This law is analogous to Gauss law
$eat=p,[iavinrintts ste] Important points
The direction of circulation ig assumed to be positive accordingly any current in
the direction will be posifive * other negative
If the current is at an angle @ with the plane of the loop , then take its 2
components. CONSIDER ‘ONLY THE NORMAL COMPONENT IN FORMULA
Above form of dimpere's law is not valid when electric field through the area of
loop is not consta
In this case , we apply MAXWELL AMPERE'S LAW :
Ge-d =U, i+ ab ¢,
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
In Ampere's formula Bis due to all the elements in the space , but I contains the
summation of the enclosed currents MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO INFINITE
LONG CURRENT CARRYING WIRE
Geat =MeL
b(20r) =MoL
Note that for a symmetrical field direction of the Fri ield is Tangent to
the path , whereas itis radial in the case of E field MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO INFINITE
LONG CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTOR
Field inside the conductor (r R)
Current enclosed by loop =I
g= Mo _L im
an sr
The field outside the cylinder is also given by,
°
ane
“same MAGNETIC FIELD DUE T0
SOLENOID
n= number of turns per unit length
dl = ilndx) x = Rtan®
o x >
Plot of the B field for solenoid af an axial position
At any axial point of the solenoid _——_—_>—_——..
\
C
___ Solenoid Coil
= > —
In v
>
Vv
<
“4
Tout
This is the magnitude of B field not at the axial position, but for all positions
inside the solenoid = P
Note : Outside the solenoid, the magnitude of the B field is zero , for a closely
wound solenoid
Reason : The ® field from the adjacent coolings cancel each other. Hence the net
field outside the solenoid is zero MAGNETIC MOMENT OF
ROTATING CHARGE BODY
m=[diA
di= B,(rar) ?
M= Quk* |
& »
Alternative shortcut method
Magn mona = mctned mantener monet = SA
Note : This formula is true always 1 provided the charge & the mass distribution
are identical about the axis MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO TOROID
Current in the Toroid = i
Total no. of turns = N
8 = 0 for (rb)
B= MoiN
2ur
for (a
