Drainage Manual

Drainage Manual
Welcome to the Drainage

Home Manual supporting CD. On
this CD useful information is
included for your perusal.
Drainage Manual
Supporting material
Visual material
Software
Links
Contact details:
www.nra.co.za
Tel: +27(0)12 426 6000
P O Box 415, Pretoria 0001
South Africa
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Drainage Manual
Home When the Road Drainage Manual (RDM) was first published in
Afrikaans in 1981(1.9), its purpose was defined as:
“om nuttige inligting aangaande paddreinering in ‘n bruikbare
Drainage Manual vorm saam te vat” (to combine useful information on road
drainage in a usable format).
Supporting material It was realised at that stage that many road drainage
components were not being designed optimally. This could be
attributed largely to the fact that it typically took a designer a
Visual material while to accumulate enough separate pieces of information,
which were required to undertake road drainage design. The
Software large numbers of copies of the RDM that have been sold since
then, as well as the large number of persons who have attended
courses on the application of the manual, were proof of the need
Links for such a document. Click on Drainage Manual to view
It is especially necessary in the Southern African context to provide manuals for the local designers
since they have fewer opportunities to consult with specialists. Whilst a Drainage Manual must cater
for this reality, it remains true that only persons with the necessary insight and experience may deal
with major drainage components, as well as with complex situations such as scour at bridges.
As in the original RDM, recommendations are made regarding methods of calculation, coefficients and
design criteria for general use. In contrast with textbooks, theories are quoted only briefly with the
emphasis rather on the application of the theories. Wherever possible, available information has been
sorted through so that only the most useful information giving reliable answers, is given in this manual.
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Supporting material
Additional documents have been included on the distribution CD
Home (click the link to open the document)
Guidelines for the Hydraulic Design and Maintenance of River
Drainage Manual Crossings – Volume VII: Legal aspects (CSRA, 1994)
Supporting material Geometric Design Guide (SANRAL, 2003)
Visual material Procedures for Road Planning and Geometric Design (SANRAL 2003)
Software National Water Act (Act No 36 of 1998)
Links Hydraulic Design of Culverts (FHWA, 2001)
Urban Drainage (FHWA, 2001)
Design of Small Dams (USBR, 1987)
Standard Design Flood method (Additional comparisons) (2005)
Design rainfall and flood estimation in South Africa (WRC report

K5/1060 by JC Smithers and RE Schulze) (2002)
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Visual material
Home Visual material has been included that will assist in the analyses/design
and evaluation of various drainage structures
Drainage Manual Floods 18 photos Video clips

Supporting material
Basic hydraulics 41 photos References
Visual material
Surface drainage 66 photos
Software
Culverts 70 photos
Links
Bridges 33 photos
Scouring 14 photos
Sub-surface drainage 19 photos
Erosion protection 38 photos
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Software
Useful software has been developed to provide designers with the necessary quick
Home and easy to use tools to analyse and design drainage structures. The following
supporting software is included on the supporting CD (click to install or download):
Drainage Manual Utility Programs for Drainage (demo)

The Utility Programs for Drainage is a suite of programs that will assist in the design and
Supporting material analyses of drainage structures. It consists of the following components:
•Economic calculations
Visual material •Flood calculations
•Water surface profiles
Software •Basic hydraulics
•Surface drainage
Links
•Culverts and bridges
Install
For more information visit:

The developers: Sinotech CC
http://www.sinotechcc.co.za
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Software
HEC-RAS (freeware)
Home HEC-RAS is designed to perform one-dimensional hydraulic calculations for a full
network of natural and constructed channels. It can compute steady flow water
surface profiles, perform unsteady flow simulations and sediment transport/movable
Drainage Manual boundary calculations. The HEC-RAS package includes a user manual, hydraulic
reference manual and application guide.
Supporting material Install (Version 3.1.3)
Install (Version 4.0 Beta)
Visual material
Software
Links

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Hydrologic Engineering Center
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil
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Software
EPA SWMM (freeware)
Home The EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall-runoff
simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff
quantity and quality from primarily urban areas. The runoff component of SWMM
Drainage Manual operates on a collection of subcatchment areas that receive precipitation and generate
runoff and pollutant loads. The routing portion of SWMM transports this runoff
Supporting material through a system of pipes, channels, storage/treatment devices, pumps, and regulators.
SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of runoff generated within each subcatchment,
Visual material and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a
simulation period comprised of multiple time steps.
Software
Install (Version 5.0)
Links

EPA
http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/
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Software
HEC-SPP (freeware)
Home The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Statistical Software Package (HEC-SSP) developed
by the Hydrologic Engineering Center allows you to perform statistical analyses of
hydrologic data. The current version of HEC-SSP is limited to performing flood flow
Drainage Manual frequency analysis based on Bulletin 17B, “Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow
Frequency” (1982).
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Note: This version of HEC-SSP
Visual material (Version 1.0 Beta) is the first release
of this software. As this is a Beta
Software version, Please use the Bug Report or
Suggestions area of the web page for
Links sending Hydrologic Engineering
Center comments on this software.
Install (Version 1.0 Beta)

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Hydrologic Engineering Center
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Software
Design Rainfall Estimation in South Africa (freeware)
Home A computer programme with a graphical user interface has been developed in Java to
estimate design rainfall depths for any location in South Africa. This software implements
the procedures detailed in Part A of the WRC report K5/1060 entitled “Design Rainfall
Drainage Manual Estimation in South Africa”, which consists of Chapters 2 to 5.
Supporting material Installation instructions and user manual
Visual material The software may be installed from

the CD with all the installation files
Software placed in the following folder:
D:/Software/Design rainfall/
Links
View - SAWB - Design rainfall
depths at selected stations in SA –
n-day rainfall

School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology,
University of Natal. http://www.beeh.unp.ac.za/HydroRisk/
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Software
BridgeLCC (freeware)
Home BridgeLCC is user-friendly life-cycle costing software developed by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to help bridge engineers assess the cost
effectiveness of new, alternative construction materials. The software uses a life-cycle
Drainage Manual costing methodology based on both ASTM standard E 917 and a cost classification
developed at NIST.
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BridgeLCC is specifically
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new and conventional
Software
bridge materials, for
example, high-performance
Links
concrete versus
conventional concrete but
works equally well when
analyzing alternative
conventional materials. Also, it can be used to analyze pavements, piers, and other civil
infrastructure.
To install please download from website

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/bridgelcc/welcome.html
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Links
Home
Drainage Manual The South African National Road Agency Limited (SANRAL)
http://www.nra.co.za
Supporting material Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
http://www.dwaf.gov.za
Visual material U.S. Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
Software U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Hydrologic Engineering Center
Links U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
http://www.usbr.gov/
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/
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Visual material: References
Home
The photographs and video clips included in the visual material were
Drainage Manual obtained from the following sources:
1. Margie Cunninghame
Supporting material 2. Bridge Management System – Visual Assessment Manual (CSIR
Transportek)
Visual material 3. Free State Department of Transport
4. Mr Edwin Kruger (SANRAL)
Software 5. Mr Nuno Gomes (SANRAL)
6. Prof Will Alexander (University of Pretoria)
Links 7. Prof Albert Rooseboom (University of Stellenbosch)
8. Prof Fanie van Vuuren (University of Pretoria)
9. Mr Marco van Dijk (University of Pretoria)
10. Internet and University of Pretoria students
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Visual material: Video clips
Home
The following video clips have been included to emphasize certain
important drainage applications
Drainage Manual
Supporting material
Floods
Visual material
Channel flow
Software
Surface drainage
Links
Culverts
Bridges
Erosion protection
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Movie 1: Apies River in flood
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Movie 1: Channel flow – Trapezoidal channel
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Movie 2: Drop in channel bed level
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Movie 3: Drop in channel bed level
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Movie 4: Channel flow
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Movie 5: Channel flow
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Movie 6: Rectangular channel with side inlet and shape change
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Movie 1: Blocked kerb inlet
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Movie 2: Side drain and drop inlet with down pipe
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Movie 1: Box culverts
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Movie 2: Culvert discharging into and open channel
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Movie 3: Culvert wing wall with additional gabion protection
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Movie 4: Sediment deposition in box culvert
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Movie 1: Bridge pier in open channel
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Movie 1: Erosion
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Movie 2: Side slope stabilization
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Movie 3: Side slope stabilisation
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Movie 4: Gabions at culvert outlet
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Visual material: Floods
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Photo 1: Changing catchment characteristics
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Photo 2: Steep slopes and grass veld catchment
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Photo 3: Flat barren landscape
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Photo 4: Developed area (significant portion impermeable areas)
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Photo 5: Different rainfall events
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Photo 6: Laingsburg (1981) - Location and low elevation of the road and rail
bridges combined with the blockage, contributed to the flooding
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Photo 7: River during a low flow event
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Photo 8: Sociological consequence of bridge failure
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Photo 9: Washed away bridge
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Photo 10: Washed away bridge
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Photo 11: Bridge submerged during a flood
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Photo 12: Typical debris build up on piers
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Photo 13: Debris – Sand river (2000)
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Photo 14: Apies river in flood – high flow velocity
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Photo 15: Apies river in flood leading to road closures
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Photo 16: Apies river in flood causing damage to road infrastructure
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Photo 17: Apies river in flood causing road inundation adjacent to river
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Photo 18: Sediment deposition - Lower Gamtoos River (1971)
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Visual material: Basic hydraulics
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Photo 1: Klip River (roughness parameter k s = 10 mm)
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Photo 2: Steenkool River (roughness parameter k s = 10 mm)
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Photo 3: Vaal River (roughness parameter k s = 50-80 mm)
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Photo 4: Nlaleti River (roughness parameter k s = 70 mm)
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Photo 5: Komati River (roughness parameter k s = 150 mm)
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Photo 6: Berg River upstream of Skuifraam Dam (roughness parameter

ks = 160 mm)
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Photo 7: Limpopo River (roughness parameter k s = 220 mm)
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Photo 8: Lined canal
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Photo 9: Lined channel (mattresses for erosion protection)
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Photo 10: Lined channel (aesthetically pleasing)
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Photo 11: Concrete lined canal (Orange-Riet canal)
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Photo 12: Rock lined side drain
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Photo 13: Grass lined side drain
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Photo 14: Additional roughness in river due to vegetation
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Photo 15: Trapezoidal concrete lined storm water channel
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Photo 16: Rectangular concrete storm water channel
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Photo 17: Widening of storm water channel causing sediment deposition due to
reduction in flow velocity
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Photo 18: Poorly maintained channel
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Photo 19:Trapezoidal storm water channel in flood
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Photo 20: Sediment and debris deposition on side slope of the channel
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Photo 21: Local obstruction causing turbulent flow conditions
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Photo 22: Vegetation in channel increases channel roughness parameter
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Photo 23: Deposition of sediment due to the widening of the river cross section as
well as the change in flow direction
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Photo 24: Storm water drainage channel lined with interlocking concrete blocks
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Photo 25: River with gabion stabilized sides
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Photo 26: Turbulent flow conditions due to change in channel depth
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Photo 27: Storm water channel with deflectors
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Photo 28: Concrete lined v-channel draining into box culvert
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Photo 29: Stone lined open channel draining into twin pipe culverts
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Photo 30: Sediment deposition of meandering river stream
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Photo 31: Stone lined storm water channel
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Photo 32: Concrete channel (note the roughness due to exposed

concrete aggregate)
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Photo 33: Turbulent flow conditions (submerged hydraulic jump) occurring in

open channel due to changes in channel bed slope
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Photo 34: Concrete lined – open trapezoidal channel
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Photo 35: Concrete lined – open trapezoidal channel
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Photo 36: Bed of channel stabilized by means of interlocking concrete blocks
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Photo 37: Concrete weir forming part of attenuation dam situated in the Ash river
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Photo 38: Clay core weir, dissipating energy over a rock stabilized zone
immediately after the weir, situated in Ash river
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Photo 39: Highlands delivery tunnel, north of the Ash River outfall, crump weir,
to measure the outflow of the river
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Photo 40: Nuwejaars energy dissipating weir (model study)
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Photo 41: Energy dissipating structure
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Visual material: Surface drainage
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Photo 1: Grid inlet (N1 national road)
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Photo 2: Grid inlet (small open surfaces resulting in easy blocking)
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Photo 3: Grid inlet (on side of channel, N3 national road)
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Photo 4: Grid inlet (large openings to prevent blocking)
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Photo 5: Grid inlet (under guardrail)
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Photo 6: Grid inlet (bridge drainage)
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Photo 7: Grid inlet (flow from right to left, excess flow into channel)
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Photo 8: Combined grid and kerb inlet
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Photo 9: Combined grid and kerb inlet
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Photo 10: Cycling friendly grid inlet (due to orientation of openings)
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Photo 11: Concrete side drain with grid inlet
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Photo 12: Debris build up at the grid
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Photo 13: Grid inlet with large openings in roadside drainage channel
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Photo 14: Partially blocked grid inlet situated in road median
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Photo 15: Kerb inlet
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Photo 19: Blocked kerb inlet with ponding water
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Photo 20: Ponding water at kerb inlet (potential water plaining)
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Photo 21: Removal of sediment from kerb inlet
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Photo 22: Damaged kerb inlet that results in insufficient drainage
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Photo 23: Severely silted kerb inlet
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Photo 24: Road drainage impaired due to vegetation blocking around the bend
Before the kerb inlet
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Photo 25: Road drainage impaired because of vegetation blocking the flow into
the kerb inlet
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Photo 26: V-shaped concrete channel
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Photo 27: Concrete side drain (N3 national road)
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Photo 28: Concrete side drain (silted with vegetation)
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Photo 29: Concrete side drain (one side vertical)
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Photo 30: Concrete side drain (tree lifting segment causing ponding)
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Photo 31: Concrete side drain
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Photo 32: Concrete side drain (with cut-off drain)
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Photo 33: Concrete side drain (linking to pipe culvert)
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Photo 34: Concrete side drain (discharging into stepped channel)
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Photo 35: Concrete side drain (debris, silt and vegetation)
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Photo 36: Concrete v-drains
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Photo 37: Grass lined channel
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Photo 38: Grass lined channel
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Photo 39: Flow in street along kerb
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Photo 40: Concrete side drain
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Photo 41: Damaged concrete side drain on road curve
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Photo 42: Silted concrete drainage channel situated in road median
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Photo 43: Outlet from concrete side drain discharging into veld
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Photo 44: Slightly silted concrete side drain
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Photo 45: Deposited sediment causing ponds in roadway
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Photo 46: Silted concrete side drains permitting vegetation growth
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Photo 47: Silted concrete side drain
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Photo 48: Concrete side drain on road bend at a T-junction
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Photo 49: Concrete side drain on road bend at a T-junction
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Photo 50: Excessive spray caused by ponding water on roadside
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Photo 51: Ponding of complete lane caused by poor road drainage conditions
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Photo 52: Silting deposition at T-junction
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Photo 53: Sediment occurring on road shoulder preventing sufficient

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Photo 54: Energy dissipating structure (along N3 national road)
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Photo 55: Discharge chute (prefabricated blocks)
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Photo 56: Discharge pipe down steep embankment
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Photo 57: Discharge chute down steep embankment
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Photo 58: Drainage down pipe for channel catchpit (a)
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Photo 59: Drainage down pipe for channel catch pit
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Photo 60: Drain pipe down embankment
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Photo 61: Discharge chute constructed from prefabricated concrete blocks
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Photo 62: Energy dissipators at outlet of channel (viewed upstream)
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Photo 64: Energy dissipator (super critical flow to sub-crtitical)
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Photo 65: Energy dissipating structure (along N3 national road)
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Photo 66: Steep channel with energy dissipating blocks (and rubble)
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Photo 1: Two pipe culverts (Lesotho)
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Photo 2: Two pipe culverts (Lesotho)
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Photo 3: Pipe culvert with gabion erosion protection (Mount Fletcher)
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Photo 12: Box culvert draining median (N3 national road)
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Photo 13: Pipe culvert draining into storm water channel
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Photo 14: Box culvert for the purpose of road drainage from kerb inlet
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Photo 15: Box culvert silted up with sediment
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Photo 16: Culvert acting as road crossing over a river stream
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Photo 18: Set of different size pipe culverts
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Photo 19: Pipe culvert draining a dam’s overflow
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Photo 20: Silted culvert outlet with guide wall
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Photo 21: Box culverts discharging into trapezium shaped channel
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Photo 22: Box culverts situated in a rectangular concrete channel
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Photo 23: Three box culverts draining section of N4 Platinum Highway
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Photo 24: Heavily silted pipe culvert
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Photo 25: Sediment build-up caused by blocked pipe culvert
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Photo 26: Pipe culvert with silted outlet
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Photo 27: Two pipe culverts with silted outlet
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Photo 28: Three portal culverts placed in parallel
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Photo 29: Pipe culvert with wing walls
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Photo 30: Pipe culvert completely silted up
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Photo 31: Box culverts underlying a rail track
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Photo 32: Box culverts functioning under high flow conditions
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Photo 33: Box culverts functioning under high flow conditions
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Photo 34: Junction of pipe culverts and an open channel
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Photo 36: Box culverts with steep slope on downstream side
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Photo 38: Erosion of material situated behind culvert wing wall
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Photo 39: Backfilling of eroded material behind culvert wing wall
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Photo 40: Silted box culverts resulting in capacity reduction
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Photo 41: Upstream of box culvert system
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Photo 42: Upstream view of box culvert system
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Photo 43: Downstream view of box culvert system with erosion protection on
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Photo 44: Downstream view of box culverts (in line with flow path)
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Photo 45: Pipe culvert system
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Photo 46: Two box culverts (on golf course)
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Photo 47: Encroachment of vegetation on downstream side of culverts
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Photo 48: Culvert-wing wall interface
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Photo 50: Pipe culvert system connected to an open channel
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Photo 51: Pipe culvert discharging in the direction of flow
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Photo 52: Outlet side of box culvert system, with rheno mattresses
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Photo 53: Culvert failure due to piping (1)
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Photo 64: Outlets of box culverts acting as a low level causeway
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Photo 66: Pipe culvert and wing wall system
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Photo 69: Pipe culvert not draining due to blockage in system
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Photo 70: 3 x portal culverts (different invert levels to prevent sedimentation)
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Photo 1: Arch bridge
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Photo 12: Two bridges different freeboard and span layout
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Photo 13: Rain bridge damaged by high flood waters (Buffels River)
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Photo 14: Great Fish River upstream of Cradock - Poor design since deck should be
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Photo 15: Low level crossing across the Groot River near Steytlerville
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Photo 16: Low level crossing (aesthetically pleasing)
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Photo 17: Low level causeway
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Photo 18: Low level crossing
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Photo 19: Low level crossing
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Photo 20: Bridge pier positioned in channel (in line with flow)
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Photo 21: Transition of channel shape just before bridge
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Photo 22: Services crossing channel underneath foot bridge
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Photo 23: Bridge spanning over an open channel
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Photo 24: Pedestrian crossing
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Photo 25: Three span bridge crossing the Apies River
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Photo 26: Bridge piers positioned parallel to the stream flow
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Photo 27: Low level foot bridge
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Photo 28: Hendrik Verwoerd Road crossing Centurion lake in flood
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Photo 29: Partially blocked pedestrian crossing
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Photo 30: Low level pedestrian crossing
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Photo 31: Tsitsa low level crossing (clearly marked guide blocks)
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Photo 32: Tsitsa low level crossing
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Photo 33: Guide blocks across low level crossing
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Photo 1: General scour (lowering of river bed)
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Photo 2: General scour
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Photo 4: Potential outflanking due to meandering river
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Photo 7: Local scour due to the obstruction of flow
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Photo 8: Local scour
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Photo 9: Local scour at bridge
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Photo 11: Scouring downstream of culvert
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Photo 12: Scouring downstream of culvert
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Photo 13: Scouring downstream of culvert at end of concrete apron
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Photo 1: Seepage before the provision of sub-soil drainage
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Photo 2: Seepage before the provision of sub-soil drainage
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Photo 3: Installation of sub-soil drainage
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Photo 15: Sub-soil drain outlet
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Photo 16: Completed sub-soil drainage
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Photo 17: After completion of sub-soil drainage
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Photo 18: Drainage holes in wing wall of bridge
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Photo 19: Drainage holes in channel side slope
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Photo 1: Embankment protection (gabions)
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Photo 2: Gabion construction
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Photo 12: Erosion protection at culvert
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Photo 13: Erosion protection at culvert (embankment protection)
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Photo 17: Failure of erosion protection
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Photo 18: Failure of erosion protection
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Photo 19: Erosion of embankment due to poor embankment drainage, flow from
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Photo 20: Sediment from the embankment is prevented from entering the open
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Photo 21: Gabions used for erosion protection on both banks of the river
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Photo 22: Failure of some of the erosion protection
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Photo 23: Channeling stream by shaping channel with gabions
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Photo 24: Interlocking concrete blocks for protection on river bed
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Photo 26: Erosion of channel sides
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Photo 28: Erosion protection of channel bed
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Photo 29: Erosion of the channel bank due to the lack of the implementation of
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Photo 32: Stabilisation of channel side by means of gabions
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Photo 34: Erosion of channel sides due to lack of erosion protection
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Photo 35: Timber poles utilized as erosion protection
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Photo 36: Erosion protection utilizing gabions
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Photo 37: Erosion protection at downstream side of culvert
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Photo 38: Material used in gabion construction
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Welcome to the Drainage

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Supporting material Geometric Design Guide (SANRAL, 2003)

Software National Water Act (Act No 36 of 1998)

Links Hydraulic Design of Culverts (FHWA, 2001)

Urban Drainage (FHWA, 2001)

Design of Small Dams (USBR, 1987)

Standard Design Flood method (Additional comparisons) (2005)

Design rainfall and flood estimation in South Africa (WRC report

Drainage Manual Floods 18 photos Video clips

Sub-surface drainage 19 photos

Erosion protection 38 photos

Drainage Manual Utility Programs for Drainage (demo)

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Supporting material Installation instructions and user manual

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Movie 1: Apies River in flood

Movie 1: Channel flow – Trapezoidal channel

Movie 2: Drop in channel bed level

Movie 3: Drop in channel bed level

Movie 4: Channel flow

Movie 5: Channel flow

Movie 6: Rectangular channel with side inlet and shape change

Movie 1: Blocked kerb inlet

Movie 2: Side drain and drop inlet with down pipe

Movie 1: Box culverts

Movie 2: Culvert discharging into and open channel

Movie 3: Culvert wing wall with additional gabion protection

Movie 4: Sediment deposition in box culvert

Movie 1: Bridge pier in open channel

Movie 2: Side slope stabilization

Movie 3: Side slope stabilisation

Movie 4: Gabions at culvert outlet

Photo 1: Changing catchment characteristics

Photo 2: Steep slopes and grass veld catchment

Photo 3: Flat barren landscape

Photo 4: Developed area (significant portion impermeable areas)

Photo 5: Different rainfall events

Photo 7: River during a low flow event

Photo 8: Sociological consequence of bridge failure

Photo 9: Washed away bridge

Photo 10: Washed away bridge

Photo 11: Bridge submerged during a flood

Photo 12: Typical debris build up on piers

Photo 13: Debris – Sand river (2000)

Photo 14: Apies river in flood – high flow velocity

Photo 15: Apies river in flood leading to road closures

Photo 16: Apies river in flood causing damage to road infrastructure

Photo 18: Sediment deposition - Lower Gamtoos River (1971)

Photo 1: Klip River (roughness parameter k s = 10 mm)

Photo 2: Steenkool River (roughness parameter k s = 10 mm)