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Computer fundamental

A computer is a machine that performs calculations by using logic and

algorithms. Computers can do much more than we think they can. They can store
manipulate.control, and communicate data in a variety of ways.

Computers are programmed to perform various tasks with

the help of various programs which are stored on the computer's hard drive or flash
memory card.
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Different Types of Computer System

There are three types of computer system, which names are given below.

• Analog Computer
• Digital Computer
• Hybrid Computer
1. Analog Computer: Such computers, with the help of which we can
measure physical quantities such as length,height,pressure,temperature, etc.
Computer systems that measure such physical quantities are called analog
computers.
2. Digital Computer: A computer system that after taking input data from
the user, converts that input data into binary language and then does
processing after that. Well, the computer system is called a digital computer.
Digital computers are always electrically powered devices, digital computers
cannot run without electricity.
3. Hybrid Computer: Such computer systems which are capable of
performing the work of both analog and digital computers, those computers are
called hybrid computers.
Simply put, hybrid computers are a mixture of both types of
computers. Meaning that hybrid computers are also capable of doing the work of
analog computers and are also capable of doing the work of digital computers.

Generations of Computer System

There are five generations of computer system, which are given below.

• 1st Generations of Computer

• 2nd Generations of Computer
• 3rd Generations of Computer
• 4th Generations of Computer
• 5th Generations of Computer

First Generation: The main purpose of the first generation was to store data.
This includes paper tape, punched cards, and magnetic tapes.
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Second Generation: The main purpose of this generation is that it stores and
processes data. These include disk drives, magnetic core memory, integrated
circuits, semiconductor memories, etc.
Third Generation: This is the current era where computers are working at
speeds of millions of instructions per second with a capacity of thousands of
megabytes or gigabytes and hard drives storing hundreds of gigabytes.

Fourth Generation: The new generation is expected to be more powerful

than all previous ones combined because they will have unlimited storage
capacity, processing power, and wireless capabilities.

Fifth Generations: The fifth generation of Computers is a computer system

designed on the basis of the new age. The latest technology has been used in
the computer system of this generation so that the computer of this
generation is capable of doing very advanced tasks.

Generations Period Technology Used

First Generation 1940 - 1956 Vacuum Tube

Second Generation 1956 - 1963 Transistors

Third Generation 1964 - 1971 Integrated Circuit

Fourth Generation 1972 - 2010 Microprocessor

Fifth Generation 2010 - Present Artificial Intelligence

Classifications of Computer System

➢ Classification of Computers On the Basis of Size: On the basis of
size, the computer system is divided into four parts, whose names are given
below.
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe computer
4. Super Computer
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➢ Classification of Computer On the Basis of Type: On the basis of

type, the computer system is divided into three parts, whose names are given
below.
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

Characteristics of Computer System

Computers do not get tired and they work without interruption. They are faster than
human beings and they process a lot of data. In the future, computers will be more
useful to people because they can take care of all the tasks which human beings
cannot do.
example, people can now buy things online using their computers instead of
going to stores or malls. Computers also help us in our daily life as we use them for
shopping, banking, etc.

There are various important characteristics of computer system, which are given
below.

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Diligence
• Reliability
• Versatility
• Storage Capacity
• Automatic
• Quick Decision
• Multitasking
• Power of Remembering
• No IQ
• No Feeling

Components of Computer System

There are five important components of a computer system, which are given below.

1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Memory or Storage Unit
4. Control Unit
5. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
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➢ Hardware Components of Computer System: A computer is a

device that helps you to perform different tasks. It consists of different
components which include:

Picture of Hardware components of Computer

• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Monitor
• Motherboard
• CPU
• RAM Memory
• ROM Memory
• Hard Disk Drive
• Optical Drive
• IO System
• External Ports
• CPU Fan
• Sound Card
• Video Display Controller
➢ Block Diagram of Computer System: Block diagram in computer
system means how the computer system executes an instruction block by
block. The computer system completes that instruction by giving block by
block any instruction received from the user.
There are three important block of computer system, which are given below.
• Input Block
• CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) Block
• Output Block
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Parts of Computer System

There are various important parts of a computer system, which names are
given below.

1. Monitor
2. CPU
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
5. Storage Unit
6. Memory Unit
7. UPS
8. Motherboard
9. Power Supply Unit
10. GPU
11. Computer Case
12. Printer
13. Speaker

Advantages of Computer System

A computer is a very important tool in today's world. It helps us do almost
everything from our homes or offices.

Computers are also used for storing, transferring, and sharing data which is
used to make money.

They are also essential for playing games, searching for information on the
internet, and communicating with people all over the world.
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The computer is a great invention that changed the way we work today
because it allows us to work at home or anywhere else without any restrictions

There are various important advantages of computer system, which are given
below.

• Cost-effective
• Multitasking of Computer
• Keep Your Entertained
• Save Your Time
• Get Information
• Can Make Money
• Data store Capability
• Connect on the internet to get all things
• Product Employment
• Problem Solves by using the Internet
• Increase job opportunity

Disadvantages of Computer System

The computer is a wonderful invention, but it has some disadvantages as well.

Computer viruses are one of the major issues that people have with computers
today.

The virus attacks our system and when we try to access any website or
download anything from the internet, our system gets blocked by the virus.

Also, there is spyware that keeps track of all our activity on the computer, this
is called malware.

Another disadvantage of computers is when you lose your hard drive or get a
new one then everything you have done on your computer will be lost forever!

That's why I always recommend using an external hard drive so that you can
save all your important files in case something happens to your internal hard
drive.

There are various disadvantages of computer system, which are given below.
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• Computers affect our society

• Computer waste your time
• Computer increasing unemployment
• Loss of your digital data
• Computers affect our student life
• Computers' effects on our environment
• Today, Cybercrime is growing
• Computer damage your eyes
Computer Hardware
Computers hardware is a collective term referring to various parts of a
computer system such as CPU (Central processing unit), Motherboard, Hard
Drive, Memory, Graphics cards, Power Supply, Casing, and other related parts.

The class of hardware is not unique to any one particular product and
encompasses a wide range of devices to the atomized components of a single
computer system.

Computer Software
Software refers to all the programs that run on a computer. It includes
software that you install directly onto your computer as well as apps such
as word processors and spreadsheets.

It also includes operating systems like Windows and Mac OS X, which are pre-
installed on most computers today.

There are two types of software: packaged software (also known as "off-the-
shelf" or "pre-loaded") and open source software (also known as "free" or
"open").
Packaged software is sold in CD/DVD form and usually comes with instructions
for installation by the end-user; this method was largely used before digital
downloads became popular.
There are two types of computer software, which names are given below.

• System Software
• Applications Software
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Uses of Computer System

The computer is the most important invention of the 20th century. It has
brought in a new era of fast and accurate communication.

In today’s world, widespread use of computers is seen everywhere. Computers

are used in our school curriculum, offices, hospitals, and almost every sector of
the country.

It has made the administration and communication easier for everyone.

The uses of computers are countless. It is used for the preparation of different
kinds of accounts, conducts several types of audits, keeps a check on the cash
and securities, and much more.

Limitations of Computer System

A computer is a programmable machine that can be programmed to do a specific
task by giving it a set of instructions.

It has limitations because a computer is just a machine, which is programmed

by humans, and it does as it is told. If a computer is programmed with the wrong
program, it will give wrong results.To fix this issue and to make the computer more
powerful, we have to program it in a proper way. Most of the human errors come
from the lack of experience of the programmer.
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There are various limitations of computer systems, which are given below.

• Lack of common-sense
• Zero IQ
• No Feeling
• Computers can’t Decide
• Computers can’t Express their Ideas
• Computers can’t Implement
• Computers can’t Think
• Depend on the user input.
• An expert user can work on a computer
Input Device of Computer System
There are various input device of a computer system, which are given below.
• Keyboard.
• Mouse.
• Joy Stick.
• Light pen.
• Track Ball.
• Scanner.
• Graphic Tablet.
• Microphone.

Output Device of Computer System

There are various output device of computer, which names are given below.
• Monitor
• Printer
• Headphones
• Computer Speakers
• Projector
• GPS
• Sound card