A Technical Proposal On Electromagnetic

A TECHNICAL PROPOSAL ON ELECTROMAGNETIC (PQWT) AND
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHODS FOR GROUNDWATER

DEVELOPMENT AROUND OYO STATE HOUSING CORPORATION FOR
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AT OWODE ESTATE, OFF
ABEOKUTA - IBADAN ROAD, OYO STATE.
INTRODUCTION
Groundwater is one of the most precious natural resources which determines the health and well-
being of people living in any environment. Groundwater is referred to as the waters found under
the surface of the ground (Bear and Verruijt, 1987). It is very important because it is the source
of water for some communities that depend on it for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses.
Naturally, groundwater is being replenished by rain which infiltrates the soil or through
secondary pores of the subsurface rocks (Nampak et al., 2014). Therefore, the occurrence and
distribution of groundwater in an area can be influenced by; climatic conditions, geology, the
structural features present in the subsurface rock, geomorphological features, land use type and
their interplay with the hydrological features (Edet et al., 1998, Jaturon et al., 2014, Kumar et al.,
2007). FAO, (2003) affirmed that globally 26% of the renewable freshwater resources are from
groundwater.
Detailed structural geology and hydrogeology of Oyo State Housing Corporation, Owode Estate
must be fully understood, to be able to evaluate the yield of any borehole that is to be drilled
within this area in order not to drill abortive holes. In complex geologic locations like this,
groundwater occurrence in relation to geology and geological structures existing within the rocks
has to be known.
Locating promising groundwater zones in complex basement terrain is a difficult task and very
challenging especially when it is associated with fractured, faulted, jointed and brecciated
structures. Al-Garni, 2009, observed that the availability of groundwater in this area depends
solely on the weathered layer thickness overlying the fresh crystalline rocks or fractured
basement. The overburden layer which weathers from the basement contains a substantial
amount of water because of its high porosity and likewise, the relatively high clay content within
it contributes to its low permeability (Baker, 2001). Primarily, the sources of water storage and
movement in basement terrain are fractures, (Sharma and Baranwal, 2005). The amount of water
that can be extracted from basement terrain depends on several factors which are; fracture
location and size, fracture interconnectivities, the amount of particles that clog the fractures and
source(s) of fractures recharge. Fractures in a geologic medium can increase the hydraulic
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conductivity of impermeable rocks greatly in the direction of the dominant fractures. Louis et al.,
2002 observed that the presence of fractures, their extent, their intensity and the direction of the
fractures play significant roles in hydraulic engineering projects.
In Earth Sciences, geophysical methods are very useful in exploration because they are rapid,
cover large hectares in limited time and can also penetrate subsurface to greater depths.
Consequently, geophysical exploration techniques have been extensively used in mapping and
delineating subsurface structures, monitoring hydro-geologic processes, estimating aquifer
parameters, monitoring pollution in the subsurface and monitoring geo-hazard events (Hubbard
and Rubin, 2006). It has also found usefulness in delineating salt/freshwater boundaries (Hodlur
et al., 2010, Hodlur et al., 2006), fresh/weathered layer interface, fracture patterns, joints and
faults, and monitoring groundwater quality and pollution (Griffiths and Barker, 1993 and Sharma
and baranwal, 2005). The most used geophysical methods in delineating aquifer composition,
groundwater potentials, fresh basement and salt or freshwater interface are electromagnetic and
electrical resistivity methods (Robinson and Coruh, 1988; Burger, 1992; Telford et. al., 1990).
Oyo State Housing Corporation, Owode Estate in Ibadan located within the basement complex of
southwestern Nigeria is underlain by undifferentiated gneiss which is seen as outcrops in part of
the study area. Groundwater exploration and exploitation within this community require detailed
geophysical assessment as a result of the erratic nature of the groundwater availability within the
Basement Complex terrain to avoid abortive boreholes. The inadequacies in mapping regions of
complex geology by the one-dimensional model of electrical resistivity sounding and profiling,
coupled with the assumption of horizontally stratified earth model in resistivity sounding
interpretation fail to reveal the real geologic model and the limitation to map vertical changes in
resistivity with depth by profiling are major drawbacks of these techniques (Griffiths and bakers,
1993). To assess the presence of groundwater in Oyo State Housing Corporation, Owode Estate,
Ibadan, a two-dimensional (2-D) Electromagnetic method using PQWT and 1-D vertical
electrical sounding (VES) will be carried out. The electromagnetic-PQWT will help to map
geological structures that can serve as groundwater reservoirs while VES will help to estimate
the overburden thickness, lithology contrast and possible saturation within the geological
structures.
The data obtained from the field will be analysed and interpreted to delineate its geological
structures to identify the groundwater potential of the area.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE INVESTIGATION
The study aims to determine the groundwater potentials of the Oyo State Housing Corporation,
Owode Estate, Ibadan.
The objectives are to:

(i) Carry out a geologic/hydro-geologic reconnaissance survey involving rock identification,
and structural mapping within the premises of Oyo State Housing Corporation, Owode
Estate, Ibadan, to locate suitable site(s) for the geophysical survey,
(ii) Delineate near-surface geologic structures and geologic formation that are saturated with
freshwater.
(iii) Delineate the geo-electric/geologic sequence beneath the depth sounding stations and
determine the geo-electric parameters (layer resistivities and thicknesses),
(iv) Identification of the aquifer units and determination of their depths and lateral extent,
(v) Evaluating, based on the above, the groundwater potential of the survey area and the
feasibility of groundwater development and,
(vi) Location of suitable site(s) for hand-dug well/borehole drilling, where groundwater
development is considered feasible.
PROPOSED PROFILES AND AREA OF COVERAGE FOR THE GROUND

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
Based on the site layout for the Oyo State Housing Corporation, we plan to carry out 25 EM-
PQWT of 100 m in length and 80 VES points (Fig. 1) across the identified areas. Figure 1
below shows the plan work for the ground geophysical survey.
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Figure 1: Proposed work plan for ground geophysical survey for the Study Area
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FINANCIAL PROPOSAL
COST ESTIMATE
The cost estimate for the proposed study is based on the following subheadings:
(i) PRE-DATA ACQUISITION LOGISTICS
The mobilisation and demobilisation of the equipment and the personnel in the study area
(ii) DATA ACQUISITION
(a) Geophysical Investigations
(iii) Evaluation of the Groundwater potential of the area
(iii) REPORT PREPARATION
(a) Data Processing and Interpretation/Analysis.
(b) Report Preparation, Production and Presentation.
Item Activity Unit Qty Rate Amount

5
Item N N
No.
A. MOBILIZATION/DEMOBILIZATION
1 Mobilization of Electromagnetic-PQWT and
Electrical resistivity equipment, labour, all
support services, personnel including other
logistics.
2 Demobilization of automated
Electromagnetic-PQWT and Electrical
resistivity equipment, labour, all support
services, personnel including other logistics.
TRAVERSE ESTABLISHMENT
B Site visitation and traverse establishment
1. using handheld GPS
2. FIELDWORK AND DATA

PROCESSING
C EM-PQWT Data acquisition
VES Data acquisition
Processing Using different software
3. GIS EVALUATION
D REPORT
Submit 2 Copies of the Interpretative
geophysical report, bounded.
E
GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D+E+F)
__________________________________________________________
Terms of Payment
Mobilization- 70%
On Completion of Field Work - 15%
Submission of Reports - 15%
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A TECHNICAL PROPOSAL ON ELECTROMAGNETIC (PQWT) AND

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHODS FOR GROUNDWATER

Owode Estate, Ibadan.

The objectives are to:

PROPOSED PROFILES AND AREA OF COVERAGE FOR THE GROUND

Item Activity Unit Qty Rate Amount

2. FIELDWORK AND DATA

VES Data acquisition

Processing Using different software

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