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Tutorial 5, Design and Analysis of Algorithms, 2024

Tutorial 5, Design and Analysis of Algorithms, 2024

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abhishek.mishra
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34 views

Tutorial 5, Design and Analysis of Algorithms, 2024

Tutorial 5, Design and Analysis of Algorithms, 2024

Uploaded by

abhishek.mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial 5, Design and Analysis of Algorithms, 2024

1. (a) Consider the set { 1, 2, . . . n − 1, n }. We generate a subset X of this set as follows: a fair
coin is flipped independently for each element of the set: if the coin lands heads then the
element is added to X, and otherwise it is not. Prove that the resulting set X is equally
likely to be anyone of the 2n possible subsets.
(b) Suppose that two sets X and Y are chosen independently and uniformly at random
from all the 2n subsets of { 1, 2, . . . n − 1, n }. Determine Pr(X ⊆ Y ) and Pr(X ∪ Y =
{ 1, 2, . . . n − 1, n }).
2. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be a random permutation of { 1, 2, . . . , n }, equally likely to be any of the
n! possible permutations. When sorting the list a1 , a2 , . . . , an , the element ai must move a
distance of |ai − i| places from its current position to reach its position in the sorted order.
Find " #
n
E ∑ |ai − i| ,
i=1
the expected total distance that elements will have to be moved.
3. We have a function f : { 0, . . . , n − 1 } → { 0, . . . , m − 1 }. We know that, for 0 ≤ x, y ≤
n − 1, f ((x + y) mod n) = ( f (x) + f (y)) mod m. The only way we have for evaluating f
is to use a lookup table that stores the values of f . Unfortunately, an Evil Adversary has
1
changed the value of of the table entries when we were not looking. Describe a simple
5
randomized algorithm that, given an input z, outputs a value that equals f (z) with probability
1
at least . Your algorithm should work for every value of z, regardless of what values the
2
Adversary changed. Your algorithm should use as few lookups and as little computation as
possible.
4. Prove that a coin with Pr[Heads] = ρ can be simulated by a PTM in expected time O(1)
provided the i’th bit of ρ is computable in time polynomial in i.
1
5. Prove that a coin with Pr[Heads] = can be simulated by a PTM with access to a stream of
2  
1
ρ−biased coins (Pr[Heads] = ρ) in expected time O .
ρ(1 − ρ)
6. Prove that a language L is in ZPP if and only if there exists a polynomial-time Probabilis-
tic Turing Machine M with outputs in { 0, 1, ? } such that ∀x ∈ { 0, 1 }∗ , with probability 1,
M(x) ∈ { L(x), ? } and Pr[M(x) =?] ≤ 12 .
7. Prove that the following is an alternative definition of BPP:
A Language L is in BPP if there exists a polynomial-time DTM M and a polynomial p : N →
2
N such that for every x ∈ { 0, 1 }∗ , Prr∈R { 0,1 } p(|x|) [M(x, r) = L(x)] ≥ .
3
Notation: ∈R means randomly chosen. L(x) = 1 if x ∈ L and L(x) = 0 if x ∈ / L.

1
8. Let L ∈ { 0, 1 }∗ be such that there exists a polynomial-time PTM M satisfying for every
x ∈ { 0, 1 }∗ :
(1) If x ∈ L, then Pr[M(x) = 1] ≥ n−c and
(2) If x ∈/ L, then Pr[M(x) = 1] = 0.
Prove that for every d > 0 there exists a polynomial-time PTM M ′ such that for every x ∈
{ 0, 1 }∗ :
d
(1) If x ∈ L, then Pr[M ′ (x) = 1] ≥ 1 − 2−n and
(2) If x ∈/ L, then Pr[M ′ (x) = 1] = 0.

9. A probabilistic expected polynomial-time algorithm A accepts a language L and ∃(n0 , c) ∈ N2


such that ∀|x| > n0 ,
1
x ∈ L =⇒ P[A(x) = 1] ≥ c ,
|x|
and
x∈
/ L =⇒ P[A(x) = 1] = 0.

Prove or disprove:
L ∈ RP .

10. A probabilistic expected polynomial-time algorithm A accepts a language L and ∃(n0 , c, α) ∈


N2 × [0, 1) such that ∀|x| > n0 ,

1
x ∈ L =⇒ P[A(x) = 1] ≥ α + ,
|x|c

and
x∈
/ L =⇒ P[A(x) = 1] ≤ α.
Prove or disprove:
L ∈ BPP .

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