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MA1301 Help Sheet

This document discusses various mathematical concepts including: 1. Set theory identities like complement laws, commutative laws, and distributive laws. 2. Properties of quadratic equations like their relationship to the discriminant and number of real roots. 3. Basic functions like logarithms, their laws and properties involving indices, exponentials, and conditions for domains. 4. Sequences and series including arithmetic progressions, geometric progressions, and standard series formulas. 5. Trigonometry definitions, ratios, relationships, angle properties in different quadrants, sum and difference formulas, and expressions involving trigonometric functions.

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Chng Pei Sze
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609 views3 pages

MA1301 Help Sheet

This document discusses various mathematical concepts including: 1. Set theory identities like complement laws, commutative laws, and distributive laws. 2. Properties of quadratic equations like their relationship to the discriminant and number of real roots. 3. Basic functions like logarithms, their laws and properties involving indices, exponentials, and conditions for domains. 4. Sequences and series including arithmetic progressions, geometric progressions, and standard series formulas. 5. Trigonometry definitions, ratios, relationships, angle properties in different quadrants, sum and difference formulas, and expressions involving trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

Chng Pei Sze
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Venn Diagrams & Their Application

AuB Sets-theoretic Identities 1. Complement Laws A u A = U A n A = (A) = A Commutative Laws AuB=BuA AnB=BnA Associative Laws A u (B u C) = (Au B) u C A n (b n C) = (An B) n C

AnB 4. 5. 6.

AcB

Disjoint sets A and B

2. 3.

Distributive Laws A n (B u C) = (A n B) u (A n C) A u (B n C) = (A u B) n (A u C) De Morgan Laws (A n B) = A u B (A u B) = A n B Let A and B be two finite sets and let n(E) = no. of elements in E n(A u B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A n B) No real roots Real + Distinct Roots Identical Roots

Quadratic Equation Completing the squares: ax + bx + c = a[x + (b/2a)]2 + [c-(b2-4a)] Basic Curves Sketching

b2 4ac < 0 b2 4ac > 0 b2 4ac = 0

Indices & Logarithms Indices Laws of Indices

Logarithms Laws of Logarithms

(an)m = anm Negative, Zero and Rational Indices

an x am = an+m an am = an-m

an = 1 / an a0 = 1 a
n/m

= (a1/m)n Summary Function u(x) In u(x) 1 / u(x)

Function (Summary) f:A R f(x) : rule A : domain = Df {f(x) | x Df} : range = Rf Partial Fractions Linear ax + b Repeated Factor (ax + b)2 Quadratic Factor (ax2 + bx +c) where b2 4ac < 0

log a x + log log log log log log


a a a a a x

a a

y = log y = log
a

a a

xy (x/y) a

x log b = log a=1 1=0

xn = n log
c

x
c

b / log

ln e = x (e.g. b = ea ---- a = ln b) Condition (max domain) u(x) >=0 u(x) >0 u(x) 0

A / (ax + b) A /(ax + b) + B / (ax+b)2 (Ax + B) / (ax2 + bx +c)

Arithmetic progressions Tn = a + (n-1)d (Term) Geometric progressions Tn = arn-1 (Term) notation cTr = c Tr (when c is constant)

Sn = n/2[ 2a + (n-1)d ]

(Sum)

Sn = a(1-rn) ( |r| <1) 1- r (Tr Ur) Tr Ur

or

a(rn-1) (|r|>1) r1

(Sum) S =

(sum of infinity) 1r

(when there are 2 sequences Tr n Ur)

Standard Series r = 1/2n(n+1)


r=1 n

r2 = 1/6n(n+1)(2n+1)
r=1

r3 = 1/4(n(n+1))2
r=1

Trigonometry Tan = O/A

Cos = A/H

Sin = O/H (TOA CAH SOH)

For angles in the 2nd Quadrant sin (180 ) = sin cos (180 ) = -cos tan (180 ) = -tan sin cos tan 0, 360 0 1 0

For angles in the 3rd Quadrant sin (180 + ) = -sin cos(180 + ) = -cos tan (180 + ) = tan 45 1 / Sqrt2 1 / Sqrt2 1 60 Sqrt3 / 2 1/2 Sqrt3

For angles in the 4th Quadrant sin (360 ) = - sin cos (360 ) = cos tan (360 ) = -tan 90 1 0 undefined 180 0 -1 0 270 -1 0 undefined

30 1/2 Sqrt3 / 2 1 / Sqrt3

Other Trigonometry Ratios & Relationship tan = sin / cos cot = 1 / tan = cos / sin cosec = 1 / sin cos (90 ) = sin tan (90 ) = 1 / tan , tan !=0 = cot Trigonometry Identities sin^2 + cos^2 = 1 1 + cot^2 = cosec^2

sec = 1 / cos sin (90 ) = cos

tan^2 + 1 = sec^2

Sum & Difference of 2 angles sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B tan (A + B) = tan A + B / 1 (- +) tan A tan B Double Angle Formula sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A tan 2A = 2 tan A / 1 tan^2 A Note: sin A = 2 sin A/2 cos A/2

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B (- +) sin A sin B

cos 2A = cos^2 A sin^2 A = 2cos^2 A 1 = 1 2 sin^2 A sin 4A = 2 sin 2A cos 2A cos 6A = 2 cos^2 3A 1

Triple Angle Formula sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin^3 A cos 3A = 4 cos^3A 3 cos A tan 3A = 3 tan A tan^3 A / 1 3 tan^2 A The Expression a cos + b sin If a, b > 0 a cos + b sin = R cos ( -+ ) a sin + b cos = R sin ( + ) where R = Sqrt(a^2 + b^2) and tan = b / a

The maximum value of R cos ( - + ) is R, when cos ( - + ) = 1 R sin ( + ) is R, when sin ( + ) = 1 The minimum value of R cos ( - + ) is -R, when cos ( - + ) = -1 R sin ( + ) is -R, when sin ( + ) = -1 Interval Notations (a,b) = { x R : a < x < b [a,b) = { x R : a < x < b (a,b] = { x R : a < x < b [a,b] = { x R : a < x < b (a,) = { x R : x > a } [a,) = { x R : x > a } (-,b) = { x R : x < b } (-,b] = { x R : x < b } c^2 = b^2+a^2-2ab cos C } } } }

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